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  "name": "DALLAS SWINSON, Plaintiff v. LEJEUNE MOTOR COMPANY, INC., Defendant",
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    "judges": [
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    "parties": [
      "DALLAS SWINSON, Plaintiff v. LEJEUNE MOTOR COMPANY, INC., Defendant"
    ],
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      {
        "text": "WYNN, Judge.\nTo grant a directed verdict for a defendant under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 1A-1, Rule 50, the trial court must determine that the evidence, when considered in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, was insufficient for submission to the jury. Smith v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 128 N.C. App. 282, 495 S.E.2d 149 (1998). In this appeal, Dallas Swinson argues that a jury should have been allowed to determine whether her trip and fall resulted from an obvious condition, and whether she was contributorily negligent in causing her injury. Since the record shows controverted issues of fact for a jury to decide, we reverse the trial court\u2019s directed verdict favoring defendant.\nThis appeal arises from allegations that after having her car serviced by Lejeune Motor Company, Ms. Swinson tripped, fell and broke her arm while walking in the company\u2019s parking lot to get her car. However, at the close of her evidence during the trial, the trial court granted directed verdict in favor of Lejeune Motor stating that \u201cthe plaintiff has failed to offer any evidence from which a jury might find actionable negligence on the part of the defendant and the plaintiff\u2019s evidence shows that the plaintiff was contributorily negligent as a matter of law.\u201d\nIn ruling on a motion for directed verdict under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 1A-1, Rule 50, the trial court must consider \u201cwhether the evidence, when considered in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, was sufficient for submission to the jury.\u201d Smith v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 128 N.C. App. at 285, 495 S.E.2d at 149. \u201cThe plaintiff must receive the benefit of every inference which may reasonably be drawn in his favor.\u201d Hill v. Williams, 144 N.C. App. 45, 54, 547 S.E.2d 472, 477 (2000). The trial court should deny a motion for directed verdict when it finds any evidence more than a scintilla to support plaintiff\u2019s prima facie case. See Broyhill v. Coppage, 79 N.C. App. 221, 339 S.E.2d 32 (1986); Clark v. Moore, 65 N.C. App. 609, 309 S.E.2d 579 (1983).\n\u201cDirected verdict in a negligence case is rarely proper because it is the duty of the jury to apply the test of a person using ordinary care.\u201d Stallings v. Food Lion, Inc., 141 N.C. App. 135, 138, 539 S.E.2d 331, 333 (2000). \u201c[A] landowner has a duty to any lawful visitor on his property \u2018to take reasonable precautions to ascertain the condition of [his] property and to either make it reasonably safe or give warnings as may be reasonably necessary to inform ... of any foreseeable danger.\u2019 \u201d Hussey v. Seawell, 137 N.C. App. 172, 175, 527 S.E.2d 90, 92 (2000) (quoting Lorinovich v. K Mart Corp., 134 N.C. App. 158, 161, 516 S.E.2d 643, 645, cert. denied, 351 N.C. 107, 541 S.E.2d 148 (1999)). Moreover, a store owner has a duty of \u201cordinary care to keep in a reasonably safe condition those portions of its premises which it may expect will be used by its customers during business hours, and to give warning of hidden perils or unsafe conditions insofar as they can be ascertained by reasonable inspection and supervision.\u201d Raper v. McCrory-McLellan Corp., 259 N.C. 199, 203, 130 S.E.2d 281, 283 (1963). However, \u201c[t]here is no duty to protect a lawful visitor against dangers which are either known to him or so obvious and apparent that they reasonably may be expected to be discovered.\u201d Lorinovich v. K Mart Corp., 134 N.C. App. at 162, 516 S.E.2d at 646.\nApplying this case law which requires looking at the evidence in the light most favorable to Ms. Swinson, we hold that she presented sufficient evidence to submit this case to the jury. The record reveals there are factual questions as to whether the condition in the sidewalk was open and obvious. In their brief, Lejeune Motor Company argued that the condition of the pavement was obvious because nothing blocked the view of where Ms. Swinson was walking. It contended that Ms. Swinson should have or could have seen any defect, hole or elevation in the pavement and avoided the area. The president of Lejeune Motor, Leonard O. Stevenson, described the condition in the pavement where Ms. Swinson fell as being \u201cprobably three-quarters of an inch to an inch.\u201d Mr. Stevenson testified that the area was not a hole, where Ms. Swinson fell but that the area was raised or elevated. Mr. Stevenson was aware that the condition was present in the parking lot for many years and had never taken any steps toward repairing it or providing warnings. Mr. Stevenson also testified that he did not see Ms. Swinson fall, and personally he did not know where she fell in the parking lot.\nAt trial, Ms. Swinson testified that on the day of the incident, she was looking for her car and did not see the depression. She stated that she \u201cjust stepped into it.\u201d She referred to the depression as a hole, and stated that \u201cI didn\u2019t look back to see how deep it was.\u201d She also testified that no one warned her about the hole in the parking lot. Indeed, the depression was in the asphalt pavement of the parking lot. The asphalt had come off the concrete and the depression was eight to twelve inches wide and several feet long. Moreover, there were no markers to indicate its presence. After a careful review of the record, we find that the resolution of these factual issues are for the jury to discern. \u201cContradictions or discrepancies in the evidence even when arising from plaintiffs evidence must be resolved by the jury rather than the trial judge.\u201d Clark v. Bodycombe, 289 N.C. 246, 251, 221 S.E.2d 506, 510 (1976).\nIn her final argument, Ms. Swinson contends that the trial court erred in granting defendant\u2019s motion for directed verdict on the grounds that plaintiffs evidence did not show that plaintiff was con-tributorily negligent as a matter of law. For issues of contributory negligence, a motion for directed verdict is appropriate when the \u201cplaintiffs evidence, considered in the light most favorable to him, together with inferences favorable to him that may be reasonably drawn therefrom, so clearly establishes the defense of contributory negligence that no other conclusion can reasonably be drawn.\u201d Wilburn v. Honeycutt, 135 N.C. App. 373, 375, 519 S.E.2d 774, 775 (1999). \u201cConsequently, the issue of contributory negligence is ordinarily a question for the jury rather than an issue decided as a matter of law.\u201d Hill v. Williams, 144 N.C. App. at 56, 547 S.E.2d at 479.\n\u201cAs a general rule, one who has capacity to understand and avoid a known danger and fails to take advantage of that opportunity ... is chargeable with contributory negligence.\u201d Presnell v. Payne, 272 N.C. 11, 13, 157 S.E.2d 601, 602 (1967).\nEvery person having the capacity to exercise ordinary care for his own safety against injury is required by law to do so, and if he fails to exercise such care ... he is guilty of contributory negligence. Ordinary care is such care as an ordinarily prudent person would exercise under the same or similar circumstances to avoid injury.\nClark v. Roberts, 263 N.C. 336, 343, 139 S.E.2d 593, 597 (1965). \u201cCircumstances may exist under which forgetfulness or inattention to a known danger may be consistent with the exercise of ordinary care, as ... where conditions arise suddenly which are calculated to divert one\u2019s attention momentarily from the danger.\u201d Walker v. Randolph, 251 N.C. 805, 808, 112 S.E.2d 551, 553 (1960). When a plaintiff does not discover and avoid an obvious defect, that plaintiff will usually be considered to have been contributorily negligent as a matter of law. However, where there is some fact, condition, or circumstance which would or might divert the attention of an ordinarily prudent person from discovering or seeing an existing dangerous condition, the general rule does not apply. Price v. Jack Eckerd Corp., 100 N.C. App. 732, 736, 398 S.E.2d 49, 52 (1990).\nIn the case at bar, again we note the controverted evidence of what Ms. Swinson actually saw or should have seen in the exercise of ordinary care. Ms. Swinson testified that she was looking for her automobile in defendant\u2019s parking lot. When she initially surrendered her car at Lejeune Motor she was at the entrance to the service department. However, when the repairs were completed, no one told her where her car was located. It was difficult for Ms. Swinson to find her car in the parking lot because her car was white and there were a lot of white cars in the lot. Lejeune Motors argues that plaintiff should have or could have seen the condition of the parking lot because there was nothing blocking her view of the area where she was walking.\n\u201cThe basic issue with respect to contributory negligence is whether the evidence shows that, as a matter of law, plaintiff failed to keep a proper lookout for [her] own safety.\u201d Wal-Mart, 128 N.C. App. at 287, 495 S.E.2d at 152 (citing Norwood v. Sherwin-Williams Co., 303 N.C. 462, 468, 279 S.E.2d 559, 563 (1981)). The question is not whether a reasonably prudent person would have seen a depression in the parking lot had he or she looked but whether a person using ordinary care for his or her own safety under similar circumstances would have looked down at the condition of the pavement. See Smith v. Wal-Mart, 128 N.C. App. at 287, 495 S.E.2d at 152.\nApplying these principles to this case, the question is whether the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff allows no reasonable inference except her negligence; i.e., whether \u201ca reasonably prudent and careful person exercising due care for his or her safety would have looked down\u201d and seen the indentation of the pavement. Id. Because there is conflicting evidence of whether or not Ms. Swinson acted as a reasonably prudent person would have acted under like circumstance, this is an issue for a jury to resolve. Id. Directed verdict is not appropriate for defendant because the evidence is insufficient, as a matter of law, to support a verdict for the moving party. See Hill v. Williams, supra.\nThe dissent\u2019s comparison to Grady v. J.C. Penney Co., 260 N.C. 745, 133 S.E.2d 678 (1963), fails to note the obvious difference between a plaintiff failing to see a stairway and the case at bar, where the plaintiff did not see an indentation in asphalt pavement. An appellate court examining the cold record would indeed find it quite difficult to believe that plaintiff would not see a stairway in front of her; in the case such as the one at hand, however determining whether a plaintiff could not see an indentation in a pavement of the size and color of this one requires a jury voice; not ours. Moreover, recently our Court in Barber v. The Presbyterian Hospital, 147 N.C. App. 86, 555 S.E.2d 303 (2001), held that the trial court erred in granting a directed verdict for defendant, where the plaintiff was unfamiliar with the layout of the hospital and had never gone down the staircase and through the doorway in question. When the plaintiff pushed the door open, she looked straight ahead and stepped through the doorway. As she stepped forward with her left foot to go through the door, she lost her balance and fell forward; she twisted her ankle and landed on her left knee. Our Court distinguished Barber from Grady by stating that \u201c[I]n the present case, plaintiff did not take any steps before falling down, and the step down was not in plain view when she opened the door.\u201d Our Court in Barber pointed out that the plaintiff looked straight ahead as she pushed the bar on the door and proceeded through the doorway. Based on those facts, our Court in Barber concluded that:\nIt is not for us to say whether plaintiff behaved reasonably. We believe that \u201c[Reasonable men may differ as to whether plaintiff was negligent at all... . What would any reasonably prudent person have done under the same or similar circumstances? Only a jury may answer that question . . ..\u201d\nBarber (quoting Rappaport, 296 at 387, 250 S.E.2d at 249). In the present case, we also find that is not for us to say whether Ms. Swinson behaved reasonably.\n\u201cWhen more than one interpretation of the facts is possible the issues of negligence and contributory negligence are matters to be decided by a jury.\u201d Maness v. Fowler-Jones Const. Co., 10 N.C. App. 592, 179 S.E.2d 816, cert. denied, 278 N.C. 522, 180 S.E.2d 610 (1971). Based on the foregoing, we must conclude that Ms. Swinson is entitled to a new trial.\nReversed.\nJudge BRYANT concurs.\nJudge McCULLOUGH dissents in a separate opinion.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "WYNN, Judge."
      },
      {
        "text": "McCULLOUGH, Judge,\ndissenting.\nThe majority cites the correct law and appropriate standard for reviewing directed verdicts in negligence and contributory negligence cases, but holds that there was sufficient evidence of a question of fact to go to the jury. Because I would hold that there were no questions of fact for the jury, I respectfully dissent.\n\u201cAs a general proposition, there is no duty to protect a lawful visitor against dangers which are either known to him or so obvious and apparent that they reasonably may be expected to be discovered.\u201d Lorinovich v. K Mart Corp., 134 N.C. App. 158, 162, 516 S.E.2d 643, 646 (1999).\n\u201cFor issues of contributory negligence, a motion for directed verdict is appropriate when the \u2018plaintiff\u2019s evidence, considered in the light most favorable to him, together with inferences favorable to him that may be reasonably drawn therefrom, so clearly establishes the defense of contributory negligence that no other conclusion can reasonably be drawn.\u2019 \u201d Wilburn v. Honeycutt, 135 N.C. App. 373, 375, 519 S.E.2d 774, 775 (1999) (quoting Peeler v. Railway Co., 32 N.C. App. 759, 760, 233 S.E.2d 685, 686 (1977)).\nThe majority held that there are factual questions as to whether the condition in the sidewalk was open and obvious, and whether plaintiff acted as a reasonably prudent person would have acted.\nThe record shows that the president of Lejeune Motors testified that the place in the parking lot in which plaintiff fell was three-quarters of an inch to an inch deep, eight to twelve inches wide, and several feet long. The judge had photographs that were admitted into evidence which showed the place plaintiff \u201cstubbed her toe\u201d and fell.\nIn the majority\u2019s review of plaintiff\u2019s testimony, it recites the facts that she was not warned by employees or markers about the potential irregularities in the parking lot. Plaintiff was just looking for her car and fell.\nFurther review of the record shows the rest of the picture that the trial court had before it. In response to the question of why she did not see the hole, plaintiff testified, \u201cI wasn\u2019t looking for a hole. I was looking for the car.\u201d The record shows that the area in which plaintiff fell was an open area, anywhere from 30 to 70 feet. Plaintiff testified that:\n[Plaintiff]: I come out of the door and looked around, and I saw these white cars parked over to the right, and I went over to the right to look for [her car]. And I didn\u2019t see it over where they park \u2014 they park it at a lot of times, so I looked to the right and looked over that way and finally saw it. About that time, I fell in the hole.\nFurther testimony followed:\n[Question]: All right. Now, you had been to the dealership on numerous occasions, had you not?\n[Plaintiff]: Yes, sir.\n[Question]: In fact, y\u2019all had bought several cars from this dealership, had you not?\n[Plaintiff]: Yes.\n[Question]: And on the day in question here, you took [her car] there, I believe, for some maintenance and also a warranty item?\n[Plaintiff]: Yes, sir.\n[Question]: Now, the weather was dry, pretty, was it not?\n[Plaintiff]: Yes, sir.\n[Question]: Parking lot at the time of this accident was dry?\n[Plaintiff]: Yes, sir.\n[Question]: When you left \u2014 when you were given the keys to the vehicle \u2014 you said you paid your bill and were given the keys?\n[Plaintiff]: Yes, sir.\n[Question]: And you walked out of the service door?\n[Plaintiff]: Yes, sir.\n[Question]: Out into the parking lot and took a right; is that right?\n[Plaintiff]: Yes, sir.\n[Question]: And started looking for your car?\n[Plaintiff]: Sure, did.\n[Question]: There were no cars parked in the area you were walking in, were there?\n[Plaintiff]: No, sir.\n[Question]: I believe I asked you earlier about the distance. If there were testimony in this case that the distance from the point you were walking out to where the raised \u2014 the asphalt is is [sic] about 50 feet \u2014 45 or 50 feet, you would not object to that?\n[Plaintiff]: It could be that. I do not know for sure.\n[Question]: And while you were walking that distance, whatever it was, you were looking for your car?\n[Plaintiff]: Yes, sir.\n[Question]: Were you talking to anybody?\n[Plaintiff]: No, sir. I was alone.\n[Question]: Anything to keep you from looking down to see\u2014\n[Plaintiff]: No, sir.\n[Question]: \u2014what was on the pavement?\n[Plaintiff]: Just looking for the car.\nI do not find that sufficient evidence of a question of fact existed and thus would vote to affirm the trial court\u2019s decision. This case seems to be more like Grady v. Penney Co., 260 N.C. 745, 133 S.E.2d 678 (1963). In that case, the plaintiff fell down a flight of stairs. There was no sign posted indicating a stairway, and an exit sign previously above the door had been removed. No employee had mentioned or warned the plaintiff of the stairway. Plaintiff admitted to taking two steps on the stairs before falling and that there was nothing to prevent her from seeing the stairs if she had just looked. The Court held that the stairs were in plain view and obvious, and I would hold the same here. Plaintiff had the \u201ccapacity to exercise ordinary care for [her] own safety against injury,\u201d and was required by law to do so. See Clark v. Roberts, 263 N.C. 336, 343, 139 S.E.2d 593, 597 (1965).\nThe majority\u2019s reliance on Barber v. The Presbyterian Hospital, 147 N.C. App. 86, \u2014 S.E.2d - (6 November 2001) is misplaced. The plaintiff in Barber was entering a doorway in which the door completely blocked the potential dangerous condition. The first step could not be seen prior to opening the door regardless of due diligence by the plaintiff in keeping a lookout. The step dropped down without warning. Thus, there are no factual similarities between Barber and the instant case where the accident occurred in an open parking lot on a clear, dry day with no obstructions in view. Likewise, the majority\u2019s quotation of Walker v. Randolph, 251 N.C. 805, 112 S.E.2d 551 (1960) adds little to the case as there is no evidence of a \u201csudden condition.\u201d The evidence shows the plaintiff was eye searching the parking lot for her car and was inattentive to where she was walking at the time she fell. See Benton v. Building Co., 223 N.C. 809, 28 S.E.2d 491 (1943).\nFor the reasons set forth above I would affirm the trial judge\u2019s granting of a directed verdict for defendant as I believe plaintiffs testimony with the other evidence in the record establishes contributory negligence as a matter of law.",
        "type": "dissent",
        "author": "McCULLOUGH, Judge,"
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Jeffrey S. Miller, for plaintiff-appellant.",
      "Wallace, Morris & Barwick, P.A., by P.C. Barwick, Jr., for defendant-appellee."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "DALLAS SWINSON, Plaintiff v. LEJEUNE MOTOR COMPANY, INC., Defendant\nNo. COA00-1447\n(Filed 18 December 2001)\nPremises Liability\u2014 customer\u2019s trip and fall in parking lot\u2014 indentation in asphalt pavement \u2014 directed verdict\nThe trial court erred in a negligence case by granting a directed verdict under N.C.G.S. \u00a7 1A-1, Rule 50 in favor of defendant company arising out of an incident where plaintiff customer tripped, fell, and broke her arm based on her failure to see an indentation in the asphalt pavement while walking in the company\u2019s parking lot to get her car, because: (1) there are factual questions as to whether the condition of the pavement was open and obvious; and (2) there is conflicting evidence as to whether plaintiff acted as a reasonable person using ordinary care for her own safety under similar circumstances.\nJudge McCULLOUGH dissenting.\nAppeal by plaintiff from judgment entered 22 August 2000 by Judge Steve A. Balog in Superior Court, Onslow County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 10 October 2001.\nJeffrey S. Miller, for plaintiff-appellant.\nWallace, Morris & Barwick, P.A., by P.C. Barwick, Jr., for defendant-appellee."
  },
  "file_name": "0610-01",
  "first_page_order": 640,
  "last_page_order": 649
}
