{ "id": 9380713, "name": "THE NORTH CAROLINA STATE BAR v. ROBERT M. TALFORD, ATTORNEY", "name_abbreviation": "North Carolina State Bar v. Talford", "decision_date": "2001-12-18", "docket_number": "No. COA00-952", "first_page": "581", "last_page": "596", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "147 N.C. App. 581" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "358 S.E.2d 534", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "censure for failure to file required documents in connection with settlement of estate, and failure to respond to repeated official notices about estate deadlines" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "86 N.C. App. 496", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 12135686 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "censure for failure to file required documents in connection with settlement of estate, and failure to respond to repeated official notices about estate deadlines" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/86/0496-01" ] }, { "cite": "326 S.E.2d 320", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "three year suspension for failure to keep trust account records, failure to withdraw from case that he was neglecting, failure to disburse settlement funds" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "73 N.C. App. 349", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8524018 ], "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "three year suspension for failure to keep trust account records, failure to withdraw from case that he was neglecting, failure to disburse settlement funds" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/73/0349-01" ] }, { "cite": "511 S.E.2d 15", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "two year suspension, stayed, where attorney commingled personal funds with rent monies received on behalf of client" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "132 N.C. App. 110", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11237075 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "two year suspension, stayed, where attorney commingled personal funds with rent monies received on behalf of client" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/132/0110-01" ] }, { "cite": "247 S.E.2d 230", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "twelve month suspension for refusal to file application for writ of certiorari for client on death row, on grounds that he did not expect to be paid for its preparation" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "294 N.C. 740", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8574795 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "twelve month suspension for refusal to file application for writ of certiorari for client on death row, on grounds that he did not expect to be paid for its preparation" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/294/0740-01" ] }, { "cite": "261 S.E.2d 207", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "three year suspension for fraudulent real estate transaction" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "44 N.C. App. 447", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8553495 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "three year suspension for fraudulent real estate transaction" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/44/0447-01" ] }, { "cite": "313 S.E.2d 272", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "ninety day suspension for attorney who failed to perfect appeal; made knowing misrepresentations to client and to State Bar" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "67 N.C. App. 456", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8526576 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "ninety day suspension for attorney who failed to perfect appeal; made knowing misrepresentations to client and to State Bar" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/67/0456-01" ] }, { "cite": "330 S.E.2d 280", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "one year suspension for knowing use of perjured evidence, misleading tribunal, preparation of false affidavit" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "74 N.C. App. 777", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8526214 ], "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "one year suspension for knowing use of perjured evidence, misleading tribunal, preparation of false affidavit" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/74/0777-01" ] }, { "cite": "400 S.E.2d 123", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "three year suspension for embezzling funds from client" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "101 N.C. App. 524", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8527937 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "three year suspension for embezzling funds from client" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/101/0524-01" ] }, { "cite": "183 S.E. 392", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1936, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "failure to disclose to North Carolina State Bar that attorney had previously been disbarred in Pennsylvania for reasons of \"moral turpitude\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "209 N.C. 320", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2221397 ], "year": 1936, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "failure to disclose to North Carolina State Bar that attorney had previously been disbarred in Pennsylvania for reasons of \"moral turpitude\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/209/0320-01" ] }, { "cite": "162 S.E.2d 649", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1968, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "attempting to traffic in counterfeit money, preparation of false affidavits, altering note and deed of trust" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2 N.C. App. 91", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8551146 ], "year": 1968, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "attempting to traffic in counterfeit money, preparation of false affidavits, altering note and deed of trust" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/2/0091-01" ] }, { "cite": "331 S.E.2d 166", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "conspiracy and fraudulent burning of uninhabited house" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "75 N.C. App. 504", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8526238 ], "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "conspiracy and fraudulent burning of uninhabited house" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/75/0504-01" ] }, { "cite": "339 S.E.2d 95", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "attorney receives prison terms after pleading guilty to eleven felony forgery charges" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "79 N.C. App. 166", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8519781 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "attorney receives prison terms after pleading guilty to eleven felony forgery charges" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/79/0166-01" ] }, { "cite": "527 S.E.2d 728", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "attorney steals settlement check from client who had previously discharged him" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "137 N.C. App. 207", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11092737 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "attorney steals settlement check from client who had previously discharged him" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/137/0207-01" ] }, { "cite": "444 S.E.2d 198", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "extortion and conspiracy to commit extortion" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "336 N.C. 543", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2534339 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "extortion and conspiracy to commit extortion" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/336/0543-01" ] }, { "cite": "347 S.E.2d 60", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "82 N.C. App. 531", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8359318 ], "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/82/0531-01" ] }, { "cite": "442 S.E.2d 98", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "114 N.C. App. 430", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8527665 ], "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/114/0430-01" ] }, { "cite": "449 S.E.2d 215", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "116 N.C. App. 723", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8525555 ], "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/116/0723-01" ] }, { "cite": "197 S.E. 705", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1938, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "214 N.C. 95", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8628815 ], "year": 1938, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/214/0095-01" ] }, { "cite": "3 S.E.2d 425", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1939, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "216 N.C. 19", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8594858 ], "year": 1939, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/216/0019-01" ] }, { "cite": "353 S.E.2d 254", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "attorney solicited another to disrupt trial" }, { "parenthetical": "soliciting another to disrupt trial with loud outburst" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "84 N.C. App. 491", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 12168756 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "attorney solicited another to disrupt trial" }, { "parenthetical": "soliciting another to disrupt trial with loud outburst" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/84/0491-01" ] }, { "cite": "540 S.E.2d 758", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "attorney pressured witness to recant truthful testimony" }, { "parenthetical": "misappropriation of client funds, advising client not to attend hearing, and pressuring witness to recant prior truthful testimony" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "141 N.C. App. 514", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 9441854 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "attorney pressured witness to recant truthful testimony" }, { "parenthetical": "misappropriation of client funds, advising client not to attend hearing, and pressuring witness to recant prior truthful testimony" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/141/0514-01" ] }, { "cite": "303 S.E.2d 175", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "attorney offered false testimony, and counseled clients in illegal conduct" }, { "parenthetical": "false testimony about having paid estate taxes; counseling clients in fraudulently obtaining stock certificates" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "62 N.C. App. 355", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8522496 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "attorney offered false testimony, and counseled clients in illegal conduct" }, { "parenthetical": "false testimony about having paid estate taxes; counseling clients in fraudulently obtaining stock certificates" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/62/0355-01" ] }, { "cite": "274 S.E.2d 396", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "defendant argues sanction imposed was unreasonably harsh; this Court evaluates sanction in context of defendant's actions and the range of sanctions available to DHC, and concludes it was properly imposed" }, { "parenthetical": "public censure for suborning perjury" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "50 N.C. App. 450", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 2674357 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "defendant argues sanction imposed was unreasonably harsh; this Court evaluates sanction in context of defendant's actions and the range of sanctions available to DHC, and concludes it was properly imposed" }, { "parenthetical": "public censure for suborning perjury" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/50/0450-01" ] }, { "cite": "421 S.E.2d 163", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "defendant alleges DHC abused its discretion in choice of sanction; Court holds that sanction may not be modified if within statutory range, and finds no abuse of discretion" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "107 N.C. App. 543", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8527776 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "defendant alleges DHC abused its discretion in choice of sanction; Court holds that sanction may not be modified if within statutory range, and finds no abuse of discretion" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/107/0543-01" ] }, { "cite": "548 S.E.2d 793", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "796", "parenthetical": "citations omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "144 N.C. App. 479", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11435274 ], "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "483", "parenthetical": "citations omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/144/0479-01" ] }, { "cite": "475 S.E.2d 727", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "counseled client to commit fraud, advised unrepresented party, and engaged in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, and deceit" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "124 N.C. App. 22", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11888386 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "counseled client to commit fraud, advised unrepresented party, and engaged in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, and deceit" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/124/0022-01" ] }, { "cite": "286 S.E.2d 89", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "adopting standard" }, { "parenthetical": "six month suspension for procuring false testimony by a witness" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "304 N.C. 627", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8570279 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "adopting standard" }, { "parenthetical": "six month suspension for procuring false testimony by a witness" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/304/0627-01" ] }, { "cite": "451 S.E.2d 293", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "298" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "339 N.C. 396", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2559439 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "406" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/339/0396-01" ] }, { "cite": "533 S.E.2d 487", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "139 N.C. App. 370", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 9496763 ], "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/139/0370-01" ] }, { "cite": "540 S.E.2d 775", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "141 N.C. App. 203", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 9440648 ], "year": 2000, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/141/0203-01" ] }, { "cite": "360 S.E.2d 129", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "factual findings of DHC conclusive on appeal if supported by substantial evidence" }, { "page": "132" }, { "parenthetical": "three year suspension for conversion of client's funds, failure to honor subpoena" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "87 N.C. App. 116", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8357962 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "factual findings of DHC conclusive on appeal if supported by substantial evidence" }, { "page": "119-20" }, { "parenthetical": "three year suspension for conversion of client's funds, failure to honor subpoena" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/87/0116-01" ] }, { "cite": "71 S.E.2d 49", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1952, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "facts are those found by jury" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "235 N.C. 728", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8626743 ], "year": 1952, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "facts are those found by jury" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/235/0728-01" ] }, { "cite": "177 S.E. 176", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1934, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "207 N.C. 362", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8626000 ], "year": 1934, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/207/0362-01" ] }, { "cite": "316 S.E.2d 246", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "311 N.C. 101", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4679227 ], "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/311/0101-01" ] }, { "cite": "398 S.E.2d 68", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "100 N.C. App. 677", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8527464 ], "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/100/0677-01" ] }, { "cite": "252 S.E.2d 784", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "adopting standard" }, { "parenthetical": "public censure for failure to withdraw from case in which attorney knows that client intends to offer perjured testimony" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "296 N.C. 638", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8569874 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "adopting standard" }, { "parenthetical": "public censure for failure to withdraw from case in which attorney knows that client intends to offer perjured testimony" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/296/0638-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1239, "char_count": 34998, "ocr_confidence": 0.775, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.44433932655305e-07, "percentile": 0.8034026308097499 }, "sha256": "29c80a37b5f5b7c40e7d36b7c31e6927da782cee87b2da025d91a72a80378cae", "simhash": "1:2b517eea9c8b34d3", "word_count": 5564 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:07:10.251034+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judges WYNN and CAMPBELL concur." ], "parties": [ "THE NORTH CAROLINA STATE BAR v. ROBERT M. TALFORD, ATTORNEY" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "BIGGS, Judge.\nRobert M. Talford (defendant) appeals from an order entered by the Disciplinary Hearing Commission of the North Carolina State Bar (DHC) disbarring him from the practice of law. We affirm in part, and reverse and remand in part.\nDefendant practiced law for over twenty years in the Charlotte area, having received a license to practice in 1976. His practice focused primarily on the representation of plaintiffs who filed claims for disability settlements such as workers\u2019 compensation, social security disability, and medical claims arising from accidents. Defendant operated his practice from a small house in Charlotte, and had no permanent employees. He had maintained a trust account since 1978. In 1998, the North Carolina State Bar (State Bar) audited defendant\u2019s trust account, and discovered discrepancies and irregularities in his bookkeeping practices.\nOn 19 October 1999 the State Bar filed a complaint against defendant, alleging the following misconduct:\n1. That defendant failed to reconcile his trust account at least quarterly;\n2. That defendant failed to maintain adequate records to determine whose funds were deposited into the account;\n3. That defendant commingled his own funds with client funds;\n4. That defendant was paying office expenses and personal expenses from the trust account in order to avoid having the funds seized by the Internal Revenue Service;\n5. That defendant appropriated to his own use funds received in a fiduciary capacity, thus committing a criminal act re-fleeting adversely on his honesty, trustworthiness, and fitness as a lawyer;\n6. That defendant entered into an unfair business transaction with a client;\n7. That defendant engaged in willful attempts to evade or defeat payment of federal taxes, behavior involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation;\n8. That defendant overpaid himself attorney\u2019s fees;\n9. That defendant disbursed payment of client settlements before the settlement checks were received;\n10. That defendant failed to pay certain of his clients\u2019 medical fees in a timely manner;\n11. That defendant appropriated client funds to his own use; and\n12. That defendant was grossly negligent in the management of his trust account, and benefitted from his own gross negligence.\nAt a hearing before the DHC on 25 February 2000, Edward White (White), an investigator with the State Bar, testified concerning his investigation of defendant\u2019s record keeping and accounting habits. White testified about defendant\u2019s business records in relation to some ten to fifteen clients. This evidence established that defendant had not maintained a financial ledger or other written record of his income and expenses, and had not reconciled his trust account on a quarterly basis, as required by North Carolina Revised Rules of Professional Conduct 1.15-1 and 1.15-2. White began his audit with defendant\u2019s records for 1994, at which time defendant\u2019s trust account balance was approximately $37,000. Defendant\u2019s records did not document the source of all of this money, nor whether any of this amount was owed to someone else. White termed this money \u201cunidentified funds.\u201d\nDefendant testified that none of his clients had ever claimed any of the \u201cunidentified\u201d funds in his trust account, that all his clients had been paid what was due to them, and that he had never misappropriated any client\u2019s funds. He contended that it was necessary to have some of his own money in the trust account to avoid bank charges, and prevent any checks from being returned for insufficient funds. Defendant acknowledged failing to regularly reconcile his trust account, but testified that he kept a sufficient \u201cvisual reconciliation\u201d to make this unnecessary. Defendant also conceded that he did not maintain a ledger or other written records for his trust account. He offered explanations for some of the bookkeeping discrepancies, but was unable to account for many of them.\nThe State Bar did not present evidence that any client or creditor had complained to the State Bar about defendant, nor that any client had failed to receive monies owed to him.\nThe DHC issued an order on 14 March 2000. Of the allegations in the complaint summarized above, the DHC dismissed numbers four, five, six, and seven, finding that they were not proven by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence. The allegations dismissed were those that alleged misappropriation of client funds; commission of criminal acts; conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation; involvement in an unfair business transaction; and attempted evasion of federal income tax liability.\nThe DHC made extensive findings of fact regarding defendant\u2019s representation of twelve of his prior clients. The DHC\u2019s findings of fact were similar for each of these clients, and may be generally summarized as follows:\n1. In 1994, defendant had approximately $37,000 in his trust account, for which he could identify neither the source nor the appropriate disposition of the money. These unidentified funds were never escheated to the State.\n2. Defendant had on several occasions written checks attributable to expenses for a case prior to depositing a settlement check in the case, or for cases in which he never received a settlement check.\n3. Defendant had on several occasions written checks attributable to his fees in a case, in excess of the amount that could be documented as owing to him for the settlement.\n4. Defendant had several times been very dilatory in paying medical providers, on occasion delaying over a year after receipt of a settlement check in the case.\n5. Defendant had on several occasions failed to deposit a settlement check into his trust account.\n6. Defendant had written checks from the trust account attributable to a case in which he had been hired to perform legal research and writing, and for which no settlement check would be received.\nThe DHC also found that defendant generally had been grossly negligent in the management of his trust account and had benefitted from his own gross negligence. The DHC concluded that defendant\u2019s acts and omissions were in violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct in that he:\n(1) failed to maintain proper trust account records in violation of N.C. Revised Rules of Professional Conduct 1.15-1 and 1.15-2 (and superceded Rules 10.1 and 10.2); and\n(2) failed to preserve funds in a fiduciary capacity, failed to deposit trust funds into trust account when received, failed to properly disburse funds, failed to reconcile his trust account at least quarterly, and commingled client and personal funds, in violation of N.C. Revised Rules of Professional Conduct 1.15-1 and 1.15-2 (and superceded Rules 10.1 and 10.2).\nThe DHC further concluded that the defendant\u2019s \u201cacts and omissions set forth herein were grossly negligent and committed in reckless disregard of his obligations under the [Rules of Professional Conduct.]\u201d\nIn the dispositional part of its order, the DHC found several factors that aggravated defendant\u2019s violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct, including: (1) a pattern of misconduct, (2) the commission of multiple offenses, (3) a refusal to acknowledge the wrongfulness of his actions, (4) substantial experience in the practice of law, and (5) defendant\u2019s apparent indifference to determining the ownership of the \u201cunidentified\u201d funds and making any restitution that was owed. The DHC found as a mitigating factor that the defendant had no previous disciplinary record. The DHC concluded that the aggravating factors outweighed the mitigating factor, and ordered the defendant disbarred. From this order, defendant appeals.\nI.\nWe first r\u00e9view the law generally applicable to an appeal from a DHC order. The State Bar\u2019s discipline of attorneys is governed by N.C.G.S. \u00a7 84-28, which authorizes the State Bar to impose sanctions on attorneys who have engaged in acts constituting \u201cmisconduct.\u201d The statute defines misconduct to include (1) conviction of offenses showing professional unfitness, (2) violation of the N.C. Rules of Professional Conduct, and (3) misrepresentation or evasion in response to a State Bar inquiry or complaint.\nThe standard of proof in disciplinary and disbarment proceedings is clear, cogent, and convincing evidence. 27 NCAC 1.0114(u). See In re Palmer, 296 N.C. 638, 252 S.E.2d 784 (1979) (adopting standard); N.C. State Bar v. Beaman, 100 N.C. App. 677, 398 S.E.2d 68 (1990). \u201cClear, cogent, and convincing\u201d is an evidentiary standard that is stricter than \u201cpreponderance of the evidence,\u201d although not as high as the criminal burden of proof, \u201cbeyond a reasonable doubt.\u201d In re Montgomery, 311 N.C. 101, 316 S.E.2d 246 (1984). \u201cClear, cogent, and convincing\u201d evidence is \u201cevidence which should fully convince.\u201d Williams v. Building and Loan Assn, 207 N.C. 362, 177 S.E. 176 (1934).\nIn the present case, discipline was based upon the State Bar\u2019s finding that defendant had violated certain Rules of Professional Conduct. A finding of misconduct allows the DHC to impose sanctions, which include admonition, private reprimand, public censure, suspension of law license, or disbarment.\nAppellate review of State Bar orders is authorized under N.C.G.S. \u00a7 84-28(h) which provides that:\nThere shall be an appeal of right from any final order imposing admonition, reprimand, censure, suspension, stayed suspension, or disbarment upon an attorney. . . . Review by the appellate division shall be upon matters of law or legal inference. The procedures governing any appeal shall be as provided by statute or court rule for appeals in civil cases. . . .\nAppeal is thus allowed \u201con matters of law and legal inference,\u201d which is the generally established basis of appeals from a trier of fact. See e.g., N.C.G.S. \u00a7 7A-26, (North Carolina Supreme Court and Court of Appeals have jurisdiction to review \u201cmatters of law or legal inference\u201d); N.C.G.S. \u00a7 1-277, (granting appeal from district and superior court upon orders and judgments \u201cinvolving a matter of law or legal inference\u201d); N.C. Const. Art. IV, \u00a7 12 (the jurisdiction of appellate courts is generally limited to issues of \u201claw or legal inference,\u201d while the superior court has \u201coriginal general jurisdiction\u201d except as otherwise provided by statute).\nThis Court does not sit as a fact-finder, and does not take new evidence or make new findings of fact. Lamm v. Lorbacher, 235 N.C. 728, 71 S.E.2d 49 (1952) (facts are those found by jury); N.C. State Bar v. Speckman, 87 N.C. App. 116, 360 S.E.2d 129 (1987) (factual findings of DHC conclusive on appeal if supported by substantial evidence). Where no issue of legal interpretation is raised, we may review only for abuse of discretion. Smith v. Beaufort County Hosp. Ass\u2019n, 141 N.C. App. 203, 540 S.E.2d 775 (2000); Kinsey v. Spann, 139 N.C. App. 370, 533 S.E.2d 487 (2000). A ruling committed to the fact finder\u2019s discretion is to be accorded great deference, and \u201c[a]n abuse of discretion occurs only when a court makes a patently arbitrary decision, manifestly unsupported by reason.\u201d Buford v. General Motors Corp., 339 N.C. 396, 406, 451 S.E.2d 293, 298 (1994).\nThis Court\u2019s review of the record in appeals from a DHC order is conducted under the whole record test. N.C. State Bar v. Dumont, 304 N.C. 627, 286 S.E.2d 89 (1982) (adopting standard); N.C. State Bar v. Maggiolo, 124 N.C. App. 22, 475 S.E.2d 727 (1996). In N.C. State Bar v. Speckman, 87 N.C. App. 116, 119-20, 360 S.E.2d 129, 132 (1987), this Court summarized the whole record standard as applied to appeals from a DHC order:\nIn attorney discipline and disbarment proceedings, findings of fact must be supported by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence drawn from the whole record. The \u201cwhole record test\u201d is the standard for judicial review of attorney discipline cases and requires the reviewing court to consider the evidence which in and of itself justifies or supports the administrative findings and . . . also [to] take into account the contradictory evidence or evidence from which conflicting inferences can be drawn. . . . Under the whole record test there must be substantial evidence to support the findings, conclusions and result. . . . The evidence is substantial if, when considered as a whole, it is such that a reasonable person might accept as adequate to support a conclusion, (citations omitted).\n\u201cSubstantial evidence is \u2018more than a scintilla\u2019 and is \u2018such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.\u2019 \u201d Williams v. Dept. of Env. and Natural Res., 144 N.C. App. 479, 483, 548 S.E.2d 793, 796 (2001) (citations omitted). Although the whole record test requires this Court to consider all the evidence in the record, it does not allow the Court to substitute its judgment for that of the DHC, even if the evidence is conflicting, and the Court might have reached a different conclusion. North Carolina State Bar v. Nelson, 107 N.C. App. 543, 421 S.E.2d 163 (1992).\nIn sum, this Court must determine whether the DHC\u2019s findings were supported by substantial evidence in view of the whole record; whether its findings support its conclusions of law; and whether the DHC abused its discretion in ordering defendant disbarred.\nII.\nDefendant argues first the State Bar presented insufficient evidence to support its findings of fact and conclusion that he had violated the Rules of Professional Conduct. We disagree.\nThe DHC found that defendant had violated N.C. Revised Rules of Professional Conduct 1.15. This Rule requires, in pertinent part, that an attorney: (1) Keep clients\u2019 money segregated in a trust fund; (2) Deposit all settlement checks and other entrusted funds into the trust account promptly upon receipt; (3) Not commingle funds of the attorney in the trust account with client funds; (4) Maintain current, accurate, bookkeeping records, including quarterly reconciliation of the trust account, a ledger, and retention of receipts, canceled checks, and other documentation for the trust account; and (6) Escheat abandoned funds to the State.\nThe defendant testified diming the hearing that he did not reconcile his trust account; that he had not maintained accounting records; that he had commingled his and his clients\u2019 money; that he had not always deposited settlement checks or paid creditors promptly; that there was money in his trust account whose origin he could not establish; and that he had not escheated any of this money to the State. We find that defendant\u2019s own testimony, in conjunction with that of White, amply established by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence that defendant was in violation of Rule 1.15 of the Rules of Professional Conduct. This assignment of error is without merit.\nIII.\nDefendant argues also that the State Bar failed to demonstrate by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence that he was grossly negligent in managing his trust account. The DHC specifically found that defendant had been grossly negligent in the management of his trust account, and that he had benefitted from his own gross negligence. Defendant correctly points out that the term \u201cgross negligence\u201d is not defined in the Rules of Professional Conduct or in the relevant statutes; that the DHC did not define the standard it was employing in its determination that defendant had been grossly negligent; and that the record fails to establish what definition or standard was applied to the term \u201cgross negligence.\u201d While this is true, we do not find it dis-positive on the issue of whether a violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct occurred. DHC\u2019s conclusion that defendant was \u201cgrossly negligent\u201d provides no independent basis for imposition of sanctions. In that we have concluded that there is substantial evidence that defendant violated the Rules of Professional Conduct, we overrule this assignment of error. However, we also note that the order fails to set forth what \u201cbenefit,\u201d if any, defendant derived. This is particularly relevant in light of the dismissal of allegations of misappropriation of funds.\nIV.\nDefendant also asserts error in the DHC\u2019s imposition of disbarment, the most severe sanction available to the DHC. For the reasons that follow, we must agree.\nN.C.G.S. \u00a7 84-28 authorizes the imposition of sanctions against an attorney who has engaged in misconduct, including violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct. Upon a finding of misconduct, the DHC has a choice of five possible sanctions. In order of increasing severity, the statutory definitions of these are as follows:\n1. Admonition: An admonition is a written form of discipline imposed in cases in which an attorney has committed a minor violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct.\n2. Reprimand: A reprimand is a written form of discipline more serious than an admonition issued in cases in which an attorney has violated one or more provisions of the Rules of Professional Conduct, but the protection of the public does not require a censure. A reprimand is generally reserved for cases in which the attorney\u2019s conduct has caused harm or potential harm to a client, the administration of justice, the profession, or members of the public.\n3. Public Censure: A censure is a written form of discipline more serious than a reprimand issued in cases in which an attorney has violated one or more provisions of the Rules of Professional Conduct and has caused significant harm or potential significant harm to a client, the administration of justice, the profession, or members of the public, but the protection of the public does not require a suspension of the attorney\u2019s license.\n4. Suspension for a period up to but not exceeding five years, any portion of which may be stayed upon reasonable conditions to which the offending attorney consents.\n5. Disbarment.\nN.C.G.S. \u00a7 84-28(c). The choice of which sanction is most appropriate rests in the discretion of the DHC and, accordingly, this Court will review the DHC\u2019s order of disbarment under an abuse of discretion standard. See North Carolina State Bar v. Nelson, 107 N.C. App. 543, 421 S.E.2d 163 (1992) (defendant alleges DHC abused its discretion in choice of sanction; Court holds that sanction may not be modified if within statutory range, and finds no abuse of discretion); N.C. State Bar v. Graves, 50 N.C. App. 450, 274 S.E.2d 396 (1981) (defendant argues sanction imposed was unreasonably harsh; this Court evaluates sanction in context of defendant\u2019s actions and the range of sanctions available to DHC, and concludes it was properly imposed).\nOur analysis of whether the DHC\u2019s decision to disbar defendant was \u2018supported by reason\u2019 is undertaken against the backdrop of the stated policy underlying the State Bar\u2019s imposition of sanctions against an attorney. The Rules of Professional Conduct state that sanctions against an attorney are not \u201cintended as punishment for wrongdoing,\u201d but are imposed \u201cfor the protection of the public, the courts, and the legal profession.\u201d 27 NCAC 1.0101. See also N.C. State Bar v. Talman, 62 N.C. App. 355, 303 S.E.2d 175 (1983). Therefore, a sanction imposed by the DHC should be reasonably related to the \u201cprotection of the public, the courts, and the legal profession,\u201d in view of the nature and gravity of a defendant\u2019s misconduct, and of the other evidence in the record.\nThis policy is further reflected in the statutory guidelines articulated in N.C.G.S. \u00a7 84-28(c) for the DHC\u2019s determination of the most appropriate sanction. These include (1) whether the attorney\u2019s acts or omissions have caused harm or potential harm to a client, the administration of justice, the profession, or members of the public, (2) whether the attorney\u2019s acts or omissions have caused significant harm or significant potential harm to a client, the administration of justice, the profession, or members of the public, and (3) the extent to which the attorney\u2019s acts and omissions demonstrate a need to protect the public.\nThe DHC\u2019s order does not reference these factors; its findings and conclusions do not address the degree of potential harm that defendant\u2019s acts and omissions might cause, why disbarment would be necessary to protect the public, or how the defendant\u2019s failure to maintain accurate records might threaten the public, the legal profession, or the administration of justice. Thus, the order does not disclose whether the DHC\u2019s decision to disbar defendant was connected to any of these considerations.\nThe DHC\u2019s order made no findings that the defendant\u2019s actions threatened harm to the legal profession or to the administration of justice. Our own examination of the record discloses no evidence that defendant\u2019s acts and omissions operated as a threat to our legal system, or undermined the administration of justice. Defendant\u2019s violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct did not evince an intent to defraud the court, and did not affect proceedings in court; instead, his errors were confined to his bookkeeping and to his attorney/client relationships. Compare with, e.g., Disciplinary Hearing Comm\u2019n, N.C. State Bar v. Frazier, 141 N.C. App. 514, 540 S.E.2d 758 (2000) (attorney pressured witness to recant truthful testimony); In re Paul, 84 N.C. App. 491, 353 S.E.2d 254 (1987) (attorney solicited another to disrupt trial); N.C. State Bar v. Talman, 62 N.C. App. 355, 303 S.E.2d 175 (1983) (attorney offered false testimony, and counseled clients in illegal conduct).\nThe DHC\u2019s order also contains no findings or conclusions that establish that any individual client was harmed. It may be argued that the defendant\u2019s failure to keep accurate records poses an inherent risk of harm to clients; however, the record does not reveal any actual harm to any client.\nThe other factor articulated in N.C.G.S. \u00a7 84-28(c) is the degree to which defendant\u2019s acts and omissions demonstrate a need to protect the public from the attorney. In this regard, we find it most significant that those charges originally brought by the State Bar that alleged dishonesty, fraud, tax evasion, misrepresentation, unfair business transaction, misappropriation of funds, and deceit, were dismissed at the end of the hearing. We conclude that the dismissal of all charges implicating intentional malfeasance and moral turpitude reduces the apparent extent to which the public needs protection from defendant.\nFinally, although N.C.G.S. \u00a7 84-28 does not require a \u201cproportionality review,\u201d fundamental fairness requires that the DHC not act with unbridled license, and that its decisions not be arbitrary. To this end, we examine the factual context of other cases in which sanctions were imposed against an attorney. Such review suggests that disbarment historically has been reserved for situations in which an attorney is shown by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence to have engaged in conduct that is dishonest, immoral, or criminal. We find that the present case appears to be an anomaly. This defendant was disbarred for violation of the accounting requirements of the Rules of Professional Conduct, although none of his clients had lodged a complaint against him, or were shown to have suffered any harm.\nThe most frequent predicate for disbarment appears to be proof of embezzlement. See, e.g., In re Escoffery, 216 N.C. 19, 3 S.E.2d 425 (1939); In re Brittain, 214 N.C. 95, 197 S.E. 705 (1938); Boomer v. Caraway, 116 N.C. App. 723, 449 S.E.2d 215 (1994); GE Capital Mortgage Services v. Avent, 114 N.C. App. 430, 442 S.E.2d 98 (1994); N.C. State Bar v. Whitted, 82 N.C. App. 531, 347 S.E.2d 60 (1986). Commission of other serious criminal offenses also has been the basis for disbarment. See, e.g., In re Delk, 336 N.C. 543, 444 S.E.2d 198 (1994) (extortion and conspiracy to commit extortion); N.C. State Bar v. Harris, 137 N.C. App. 207, 527 S.E.2d 728 (2000) (attorney steals settlement check from client who had previously discharged him); Vann v. N.C. State Bar, 79 N.C. App. 166, 339 S.E.2d 95 (1986) (attorney receives prison terms after pleading guilty to eleven felony forgery charges); State v. Singletary, 75 N.C. App. 504, 331 S.E.2d 166 (1985) (conspiracy and fraudulent burning of uninhabited house); State Bar v. Temple, 2 N.C. App. 91, 162 S.E.2d 649 (1968) (attempting to traffic in counterfeit money, preparation of false affidavits, altering note and deed of trust).\nThe North Carolina State Bar also has disbarred attorneys who demonstrated an intention to perpetrate a fraud upon the court, subvert the trial process, or disrupt the court\u2019s functioning. See Attorney General v. Gorson, 209 N.C. 320, 183 S.E. 392 (1936) (failure to disclose to North Carolina State Bar that attorney had previously been disbarred in Pennsylvania for reasons of \u201cmoral turpitude\u201d); Disciplinary Hearing Comm\u2019n, N.C. State Bar v. Frazier, 141 N.C. App. 514, 540 S.E.2d 758 (2000) (misappropriation of client funds, advising client not to attend hearing, and pressuring witness to recant prior truthful testimony); N.C. State Bar v. Maggiolo, 124 N.C. App. 22, 475 S.E.2d 727 (1996) (counseled client to commit fraud, advised unrepresented party, and engaged in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, and deceit); In re Paul, 84 N.C. App. 491, 353 S.E.2d 254 (1987) (soliciting another to disrupt trial with loud outburst); N.C. State Bar v. Talman, 62 N.C. App. 355, 303 S.E.2d 175 (1983) (false testimony about having paid estate taxes; counseling clients in fraudulently obtaining stock certificates).\nIn sum, disbarment generally serves to protect \u201cthe public, the courts, and the legal profession\u201d from an attorney\u2019s misconduct. Taiman id. However, our review has revealed no reported cases wherein an attorney was disbarred for conduct akin to this defendant\u2019s: violation of regulations for trust account management, unaccompanied by proof of injury to specific persons, or of dishonesty, fraud, or criminal behavior.\nSuspension from practice for a period of time, and public censure, are less serious sanctions than disbarment. Like disbarment, suspension frequently has been imposed in response to proof that an attorney has engaged in dishonest or criminal behavior. See, e.g., N.C. State Bar v. Dumont, 304 N.C. 627, 286 S.E.2d 89 (1982) (six month suspension for procuring false testimony by a witness); N.C. State Bar v. Mulligan, 101 N.C. App. 524, 400 S.E.2d 123 (1991) (three year suspension for embezzling funds from client); N.C. State Bar v. Speckman, 87 N.C. App. 116, 360 S.E.2d 129 (1987) (three year suspension for conversion of client\u2019s funds, failure to honor subpoena); N.C. State Bar v. Wilson, 74 N.C. App. 777, 330 S.E.2d 280 (1985) (one year suspension for knowing use of perjured evidence, misleading tribunal, preparation of false affidavit); N. C. State Bar v. Braswell, 67 N.C. App. 456, 313 S.E.2d 272 (1984) (ninety day suspension for attorney who failed to perfect appeal; made knowing misrepresentations to client and to State Bar); State Bar v. Combs, 44 N.C. App. 447, 261 S.E.2d 207 (1980) (three year suspension for fraudulent real estate transaction).\nSuspension also has been imposed upon attorneys whose acts and omissions have caused a client to suffer harm. See, e.g., In re Hunoval, 294 N.C. 740, 247 S.E.2d 230 (1977) (twelve month suspension for refusal to file application for writ of certiorari for client on death row, on grounds that he did not expect to be paid for its preparation); N.C. State Bar v. Barrett, 132 N.C. App. 110, 511 S.E.2d 15 (1999) (two year suspension, stayed, where attorney commingled personal funds with rent monies received on behalf of client); N.C. State Bar v. Sheffield, 73 N.C. App. 349, 326 S.E.2d 320 (1985) (three year suspension for failure to keep trust account records, failure to withdraw from case that he was neglecting, failure to disburse settlement funds).\nPublic censure, the third most severe sanction, also has been employed to protect others from an attorney who has been dishonest, unprofessional, or who has injured a client. See, e.g., In re Palmer, 296 N.C. 638, 252 S.E.2d 784 (1979) (public censure for failure to withdraw from case in which attorney knows that client intends to offer perjured testimony); N.C. State Bar v. Shuping, 86 N.C. App. 496, 358 S.E.2d 534 (1987) (censure for failure to file required documents in connection with settlement of estate, and failure to respond to repeated official notices about estate deadlines); State Bar v. Graves, 50 N.C. App. 450, 274 S.E.2d 396 (1981) (public censure for suborning perjury).\nOur examination of the reported cases involving discipline of an attorney for misconduct leads us to conclude that the sanction imposed in this case is an aberration. We find it significant that the charges implicating dishonesty were dismissed. We also note that none of defendant\u2019s clients had lodged a complaint, or were shown to have suffered any harm. Neither do the DHC\u2019s findings regarding aggravating and mitigating factors establish a readily apparent reason for disbarring defendant. In addition, we cannot discern the extent to which the DHC relied upon its finding of gross negligence in imposing the ultimate sanction against this defendant. However, assuming arguendo that defendant\u2019s conduct did rise to the level of gross negligence as found by DHC, our review shows that the lesser sanctions of suspension and public censure have been imposed for far more serious conduct than has been established in this case. Finally, the State Bar failed to establish that defendant has received any benefit from his actions.\nThe statutory framework for discipline of attorneys allows the DHC wide latitude in fashioning an appropriate and constructive sanction against an attorney who has engaged in misconduct: As fact-finder, the DHC has discretion to consider demeanor, credibility, and other intangible factors in its decision to sanction an attorney, and in its choice of sanction. Thus, the DHC is not required to \u201cmatch\u201d particular offenses to specific sanctions. However, this discretion cannot be exercised arbitrarily. We conclude that the imposition of the sanction of disbarment, based on the record before us, is such a departure from DHC\u2019s application of disbarment in prior cases, that we are unable to conclude that it is based upon a reasoned decision as to the sanction imposed. The record does not demonstrate a rational basis for disbarment; nor is such rational basis evident in the DHC order. Accordingly, we conclude that the imposition of disbarment was, on the facts of this case, an abuse of discretion. Of particular note is the detailed discussion in the transcript, by counsel for both the State Bar and the defendant, regarding sanctions other than disbarment that might be appropriate. The State Bar, because of its enormous power to control one\u2019s ability to practice law, which is a property right, has a responsibility to be fair and evenhanded in the exercise of this power and, equally important, to exhibit the appearance of even-handedness in its judgments.\nThe decision herein does not diminish the DHC\u2019s discretion. Nor does it do any damage to cases that have held that as long as the sanction is within the statutory parameters, this Court is without authority to enter a different sanction. We are not replacing disbarment with another sanction of our choosing, but are exercising our customary and established power to review discretionary rulings on appeal for abuse of discretion.\nFor the reasons discussed above, we hold that DHC\u2019s findings and conclusion that defendant violated Rule 1.15 of the Rules of Professional Conduct is supported by substantial evidence in the record; and we remand for the DHC to review the sanction imposed in light of the discussion herein, and for entry of a new order consistent with this opinion.\nAffirmed in part, reversed and remanded in part.\nJudges WYNN and CAMPBELL concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "BIGGS, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Clayton W. Davidson, III and Carotin Bakewell for plaintiff-appellee.", "Irving Joyner for defendant-appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE NORTH CAROLINA STATE BAR v. ROBERT M. TALFORD, ATTORNEY\nNo. COA00-952\n(Filed 18 December 2001)\n1. Attorneys\u2014 discipline by State Bar \u2014 appeal \u2014 standards\nThe State Bar\u2019s discipline of attorneys is governed by N.C.G.S. \u00a7 84-28, with the standard of proof in disciplinary and disbarment proceedings being clear, cogent, and convincing evidence. A finding of misconduct allows the Disciplinary Hearing Commission of the State Bar to impose sanctions which include admonition, private reprimand, public censure, suspension of law license, or disbarment. Appellate review of State Bar orders is under N.C.G.S. \u00a7 84-28(h), which allows appeal on matters of law and legal inference. The appellate court does not sit as fact-finder and may only review for abuse of discretion where no issue of legal interpretation is raised, and the review is under the whole record test. In this case, the appellate court must determine whether the DHC\u2019s findings were supported by substantial evidence in the whole record, whether its findings support its conclusions of law, and whether the DHC abused its discretion in ordering defendant disbarred.\n2. Attorneys\u2014 mismanagement of trust account \u2014 sufficiency of evidence\nThere was sufficient evidence for the Disciplinary Hearing Commission of the State Bar to conclude that defendant violated N.C. Revised Rules of Professional Conduct 1.15, which deals with trust accounts, where defendant testified that he did not reconcile his trust account, had not maintained accounting records, had commingled his own and his clients\u2019 money, had not always deposited settlement checks or paid creditors promptly, that there was money in his trust account of unknown origin, and that he had not escheated any of this money to this State.\n3. Attorneys\u2014 trust account \u2014 management grossly negligent\nAn assignment of error to a State Bar Disciplinary Hearing Commission conclusion that defendant was grossly negligent in managing his trust account was overruled because the conclusion provided no independent basis for imposition of sanctions and there was substantial evidence that defendant violated the Rules of Professional Conduct.\n4. Attorneys\u2014 disbarment \u2014 mismanagement of trust account\nThe Disciplinary Hearing Commission of the State Bar abused its discretion by disbarring an attorney who mismanaged his trust account where there were no findings or conclusions that established that any individual client was harmed, defendant\u2019s violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct did not evince an intent to defraud the court and did not affect proceedings in court, and the DHC\u2019s order made no findings that the defendant\u2019s actions threatened harm to the legal profession or to the administration of justice. No reported cases similar to this were found in which an attorney was disbarred and lesser sanctions have been imposed for far more serious conduct.\nAppeal by defendant from order entered 14 March 2000 by the North Carolina State Bar Disciplinary Hearing Commission in Wake County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 6 June 2001.\nClayton W. Davidson, III and Carotin Bakewell for plaintiff-appellee.\nIrving Joyner for defendant-appellant." }, "file_name": "0581-01", "first_page_order": 611, "last_page_order": 626 }