{ "id": 9366016, "name": "BARBARA ANN CULLER, Plaintiff v. STACEY POTEAT HAMLETT, HOUSTON GWYNN HAMLETT, JR., and ANTHONY DALE GREEN, Defendants", "name_abbreviation": "Culler v. Hamlett", "decision_date": "2002-02-05", "docket_number": "No. COA00-1110", "first_page": "372", "last_page": "380", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "148 N.C. App. 372" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "392 S.E.2d 453", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "455" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "99 N.C. App. 102", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8521170 ], "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "104" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/99/0102-01" ] }, { "cite": "373 S.E.2d 557", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "323 N.C. 370", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2564495, 2561577, 2560493, 2565935 ], "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/323/0370-04", "/nc/323/0370-03", "/nc/323/0370-01", "/nc/323/0370-02" ] }, { "cite": "534 S.E.2d 240", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "243" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "139 N.C. App. 500", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 9497122 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "505" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/139/0500-01" ] }, { "cite": "147 S.E.2d 387", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1966, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "390" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "266 N.C. 778", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8563653 ], "year": 1966, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "781" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/266/0778-01" ] }, { "cite": "181 S.E.2d 770", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "772" }, { "page": "772" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "11 N.C. App. 537", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8555944 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "541" }, { "page": "541" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/11/0537-01" ] }, { "cite": "471 S.E.2d 82", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "343 N.C. 311", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 798881, 798793, 798799, 798970, 798875 ], "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/343/0311-04", "/nc/343/0311-01", "/nc/343/0311-02", "/nc/343/0311-03", "/nc/343/0311-05" ] }, { "cite": "468 S.E.2d 401", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "121 N.C. App. 611", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11919247 ], "year": 1996, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/121/0611-01" ] }, { "cite": "511 S.E.2d 6", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "7", "parenthetical": "quoting Trantham v. Sorrells, 121 N.C. App. 611, 468 S.E.2d 401, disc. review denied, 343 N.C. 311, 471 S.E.2d 82 (1996)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "132 N.C. App. 30", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11236856 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "32-33", "parenthetical": "quoting Trantham v. Sorrells, 121 N.C. App. 611, 468 S.E.2d 401, disc. review denied, 343 N.C. 311, 471 S.E.2d 82 (1996)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/132/0030-01" ] }, { "cite": "135 S.E.2d 636", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1964, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "638-39" }, { "page": "638" }, { "parenthetical": "citation omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "261 N.C. 630", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8575068 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1964, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "634-35" }, { "page": "634" }, { "parenthetical": "citation omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/261/0630-01" ] }, { "cite": "407 S.E.2d 854", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "329 N.C. 277", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2556440, 2556354 ], "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/329/0277-02", "/nc/329/0277-01" ] }, { "cite": "402 S.E.2d 375", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "376-77" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "328 N.C. 495", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2538234 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/328/0495-01" ] }, { "cite": "370 S.E.2d 62", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 5, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "64" }, { "page": "66" }, { "page": "65" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "90 N.C. App. 699", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8526005 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "702" }, { "page": "704" }, { "page": "704" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/90/0699-01" ] }, { "cite": "158 S.E.2d 607", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1968, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "611" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "272 N.C. 426", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8573200 ], "year": 1968, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "431" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/272/0426-01" ] }, { "cite": "157 S.E.2d 347", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "351-52" }, { "page": "350" }, { "page": "351-52" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "271 N.C. 690", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8566573 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "696" }, { "page": "696" }, { "page": "696" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/271/0690-01" ] }, { "cite": "291 S.E.2d 889", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "judgment as a matter of law proper where uncontroverted evidence shows that plaintiff's failure to use due care was at least one proximate cause of plaintiff's injuries" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "57 N.C. App. 556", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8525223 ], "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "judgment as a matter of law proper where uncontroverted evidence shows that plaintiff's failure to use due care was at least one proximate cause of plaintiff's injuries" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/57/0556-01" ] }, { "cite": "136 S.E.2d 214", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1964, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "216" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "262 N.C. 62", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8565425 ], "year": 1964, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "65" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/262/0062-01" ] }, { "cite": "261 S.E.2d 666", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "668", "parenthetical": "quoting Blake v. Mallard, 262 N.C. 62, 65, 136 S.E.2d 214, 216 (1964)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "299 N.C. 360", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8575106 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "364", "parenthetical": "quoting Blake v. Mallard, 262 N.C. 62, 65, 136 S.E.2d 214, 216 (1964)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/299/0360-01" ] }, { "cite": "337 S.E.2d 851", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "315 N.C. 383", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4718057 ], "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/315/0383-01" ] }, { "cite": "330 S.E.2d 47", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 7, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "50" }, { "page": "50" }, { "page": "89-90" }, { "page": "50" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "75 N.C. App. 86", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8524922 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "90" }, { "page": "90" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/75/0086-01" ] }, { "cite": "219 S.E.2d 214", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1975, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "220" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "288 N.C. 447", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8569639 ], "year": 1975, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "456" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/288/0447-01" ] }, { "cite": "N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 20-174", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "N.C. Gen. Stat.", "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(a)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "398 S.E.2d 913", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "915" }, { "page": "915" }, { "page": "916" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "101 N.C. App. 181", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8527435 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "185" }, { "page": "185" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/101/0181-01" ] }, { "cite": "492 S.E.2d 22", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1997, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "347 N.C. 137", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 551136, 551236, 551180, 551380, 551068 ], "year": 1997, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/347/0137-04", "/nc/347/0137-01", "/nc/347/0137-02", "/nc/347/0137-03", "/nc/347/0137-05" ] }, { "cite": "485 S.E.2d 840", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "842-43" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "126 N.C. App. 489", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11711448 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "493" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/126/0489-01" ] }, { "cite": "501 S.E.2d 710", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "713", "parenthetical": "quoting Lassiter v. English, 126 N.C. App. 489, 493, 485 S.E.2d 840, 842-43, disc. review denied, 347 N.C. 137, 492 S.E.2d 22 (1997)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "130 N.C. App. 119", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11465652 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "123", "parenthetical": "quoting Lassiter v. English, 126 N.C. App. 489, 493, 485 S.E.2d 840, 842-43, disc. review denied, 347 N.C. 137, 492 S.E.2d 22 (1997)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/130/0119-01" ] }, { "cite": "436 S.E.2d 822", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "825" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "335 N.C. 209", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2530532 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "214-15" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/335/0209-01" ] }, { "cite": "531 S.E.2d 476", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "479", "parenthetical": "citing Abels v. Renfro Corp., 335 N.C. 209, 214-15, 436 S.E.2d 822, 825 (1993)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "138 N.C. App. 425", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11080078 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "429", "parenthetical": "citing Abels v. Renfro Corp., 335 N.C. 209, 214-15, 436 S.E.2d 822, 825 (1993)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/138/0425-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 927, "char_count": 20248, "ocr_confidence": 0.738, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.7425568991413495e-07, "percentile": 0.8320639543077608 }, "sha256": "7526159cf9c0d1b1012f72b5f45b408847d00309c9927fc7a8d5a8b5fba11c26", "simhash": "1:8300c03acc3e1c5e", "word_count": 3337 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:14:25.013425+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judges McGEE and TIMMONS-GOODSON concur." ], "parties": [ "BARBARA ANN CULLER, Plaintiff v. STACEY POTEAT HAMLETT, HOUSTON GWYNN HAMLETT, JR., and ANTHONY DALE GREEN, Defendants" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "BIGGS, Judge.\nPlaintiff appeals the trial court\u2019s order granting directed verdict in favor of defendants, Stacy and Houston Hamlett, in an action for personal injuries. In addition to the Hamletts, plaintiff sued a third defendant, Anthony Dale Green. The trial against defendant, Green, was severed from the trial against the Hamletts and reported in a separate opinion. For the reasons herein, we affirm the trial court\u2019s grant of directed verdict in favor of the Hamletts.\nThe evidence at trial tended to show the following: On 30 June 1993, at approximately 3:00 a.m., plaintiff left work in Greensboro, North Carolina and started driving home to Providence, North Carolina. Plaintiff described the traveling conditions as slightly foggy and dark. She was driving a 1984 Ford Escort that she planned to purchase from a relative of co-defendant, Anthony Green. Plaintiff explained that she had not had any past mechanical problems with the vehicle; however, while driving easterly on the highway, plaintiff began to experience problems when the vehicle\u2019s stick shift kept \u201cpopping out of gear\u201d. After crossing Highway 86 onto Park Springs Road, the vehicle became disabled forcing her to stop on the side of the two-lane road.\nShortly thereafter, plaintiff saw a vehicle approaching from the opposite direction and recognized the vehicle as belonging to Anthony Green. Green, who was traveling westerly on the highway, slowed down, pulled his vehicle onto the shoulder of the roadway and parked it partially bn the roadway in the lane opposite of plaintiff\u2019s disabled vehicle. Plaintiff emerged from her car and walked across the roadway to Green\u2019s car, while he remained seated with the driver\u2019s door open and his engine running.\nWhile engaged in conversation with Green, plaintiff saw the headlights of defendants\u2019 vehicle from approximately \u201c300 yards away\u201d. The defendants, like Green, were traveling in a westerly direction on the roadway; Stacey Hamlett was driving. After telling Green that a car was approaching, plaintiff then turned away and began to walk back across the roadway towards her vehicle. Defendants\u2019 vehicle collided first with Green\u2019s vehicle, then struck and injured plaintiff, before colliding with plaintiff\u2019s vehicle. Plaintiff sustained a fractured left femur which required surgery.\nPlaintiff filed an action on 30 October 1998, against defendants and Green for the injuries she suffered when she was struck while crossing the roadway. More specifically, plaintiff alleges that defendant, Stacey Hamlett, was negligent in the operation of her vehicle. Defendants filed a reply denying any negligence and alleged contributory negligence of plaintiff. Plaintiff then filed a reply alleging last clear chance. The trial involving defendants was conducted before a jury.\nOn 8 March 2000, after plaintiff rested her case, the trial court entered an order granting a directed verdict in favor of defendants, finding that the plaintiff was contributorily negligent as a matter of law and further finding the doctrine of last clear chance inapplicable. From the entry of the directed verdict and dismissal of her action, plaintiff gave notice of appeal to this Court.\nThe sole issue for appellate review is whether the trial court erred in directing a verdict in favor of defendants.\nOur standard of review on the grant of a motion for directed verdict is \u201cwhether, upon examination of all the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party [with this] party be[ing] given the benefit of every reasonable inference drawn therefrom, the evidence is sufficient to be submitted to the jury.\u201d Fulk v. Piedmont Music Center, 138 N.C. App. 425, 429, 531 S.E.2d 476, 479 (2000) (citing Abels v. Renfro Corp., 335 N.C. 209, 214-15, 436 S.E.2d 822, 825 (1993)). A directed verdict should be granted in favor of the moving party only where \u201c \u2018the evidence so clearly establishes that fact in issue that no reasonable inferences to the contrary can be drawn,\u2019 and \u2018if the credibility of the movant\u2019s evidence is manifest as a matter of law.\u2019 \u201d Law Offices of Mark C. Kirby, P.A. v. Industrial Contractors, Inc. and Buddy Harrington, 130 N.C. App. 119, 123, 501 S.E.2d 710, 713 (1998) (quoting Lassiter v. English, 126 N.C. App. 489, 493, 485 S.E.2d 840, 842-43, disc. review denied, 347 N.C. 137, 492 S.E.2d 22 (1997)) (citation omitted).\nI.\nPlaintiff first assigns error to the trial court\u2019s grant of defendants\u2019 motion for directed verdict contending that defendant did not establish plaintiff\u2019s contributory negligence as a matter of law. We disagree.\nIn Wolfe v. Burke, 101 N.C. App. 181, 185, 398 S.E.2d 913, 915 (1990), this Court outlined the common law and statutory duty of a pedestrian in crossing a road:\nIn North Carolina, a pedestrian has \u2018a common law duty to exercise reasonable care for his own safety by keeping a proper lookout for approaching traffic before entering the road and while on the roadway\u2019. Further, N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 20-174(a) (1989) provides that a pedestrian \u2018crossing a roadway at any point other than within a marked crosswalk or within an unmarked crosswalk at an intersection shall yield the right-of-way to all vehicles upon the roadway.\u2019 (internal citations omitted).\nWolfe, 101 N.C. App. at 185, 398 S.E.2d at 915.\nThis Court noted in Wolfe that a plaintiff\u2019s failure to yield a right-of-way in violation of N.C.G.S. \u00a7 20-174(a) is not contributory negligence per se, but that such failure is \u201c \u2018evidence of negligence to be considered with other evidence in the case in determining whether the plaintiff is chargeable with negligence which proximately caused or contributed to his injury.\u2019 \u201d Wolfe at 186, 398 S.E.2d at 916 (quoting Dendy v. Watkins, 288 N.C. 447, 456, 219 S.E.2d 214, 220 (1975)). \u201cEven though failing to yield the right-of-way to an automobile is not contributory negligence per se, it may be contributory negligence as a matter of law.\u201d Id. at 186, 398 S.E.2d at 916 (citing Meadows v. Lawrence, 75 N.C. App. 86, 330 S.E.2d 47 (1985), aff\u2019d, 315 N.C. 383, 337 S.E.2d 851 (1986)). The trial court must direct a verdict for the defendants \u201cwhen all the evidence so clearly establishes [plaintiff\u2019s] failure to yield the right of way as one of the proximate causes of his injuries that no other reasonable conclusion is possible.\u201d Ragland v. Moore, 299 N.C. 360, 364, 261 S.E.2d 666, 668 (1980) (quoting Blake v. Mallard, 262 N.C. 62, 65, 136 S.E.2d 214, 216 (1964)); see also, e.g. Brooks v. Francis, 57 N.C. App. 556, 291 S.E.2d 889 (1982) (judgment as a matter of law proper where uncontroverted evidence shows that plaintiff\u2019s failure to use due care was at least one proximate cause of plaintiff\u2019s injuries).\nIn Meadows v. Lawrence, 75 N.C. App. at 90, 330 S.E.2d at 50, this Court held that the plaintiff was contributorily negligent as a matter of law where the evidence showed that the plaintiffs negligence in crossing a highway was at least one proximate cause of the accident. 75 N.C. App. at 90, 330 S.E.2d at 50. In that case, the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff revealed the following: that plaintiff was standing in the defendant\u2019s highway lane of travel; that the defendant, with his vehicle headlights burning, turned onto the highway at a distance at least 100 feet from the plaintiff; and that the road was straight and visibility unobstructed. Id.\nThis Court in Meadows found significant that \u201cbetween the time [defendants\u2019] car turned onto the highway and the time of the collision, [plaintiff] took one or two steps towards the center of the road.\u201d Id. Noting that it was the \u201cplaintiff\u2019s duty to look for approaching traffic before she attempted to cross the highway, this Court stated:\nThe courts of this State have, on numerous occasions, applied the foregoing standard of due care when the plaintiff was struck by a vehicle while crossing a road at night outside a crosswalk. If the road is straight, visibility unobstructed, the weather clear, and the headlights of the vehicle in use, a plaintiff\u2019s failure to see and avoid defendant\u2019s vehicle will consistently be deemed contributory negligence as a matter of law.\nId. at 89-90, 330 S.E.2d at 50.\nIn Price v. Miller, 271 N.C. 690, 696, 157 S.E.2d 347, 351-52 (1967), our Supreme Court held that the plaintiff\u2019s intestate was contributo-rily negligent as a matter of law where the evidence showed that the decedent was crossing the road at night and without the benefit of a crosswalk. The defendant\u2019s vehicle was approaching the decedent at a rate of 60 miles per hour in a 55 mile per hour zone, on a straight stretch of road, and with the vehicle headlights shining. Price, 271 N.C. at 696, 157 S.E.2d at 350. In holding that any liability for defendant\u2019s negligence was precluded by the plaintiff\u2019s own negligence, our Supreme Court stated in Price:\nIf defendant were negligent in not seeing plaintiff\u2019s intestate, who was dressed in dark clothes, in whatever length of time he might have been in the vision of her headlights, then plaintiff\u2019s intestate must certainly have been negligent in not seeing defendant\u2019s vehicle as it approached, with lights burning, along the straight and unobstructed highway. We must conclude that plaintiff\u2019s intestate saw defendant\u2019s automobile approaching and decided to take a chance of getting across the road ahead of it, or in the alternative, that he not only failed to yield the right of way to defendant\u2019s automobile, but by complete inattention started across the highway without looking. In any event. . . plaintiff\u2019s intestate\u2019s negligence was at least a proximate cause of his death.\nPrice, 271 N.C. at 696, 157 S.E.2d at 351-52.\nIn the case sub judice, we hold that the evidence establishes that plaintiff\u2019s own negligence was at least one proximate cause of her injuries. The plaintiff\u2019s own testimony reveals the following: while talking with defendant Green, plaintiff saw headlights from defendant Hamletts\u2019 car approaching from approximately 300 yards away; that even though she knew she was in an unsafe position standing in the roadway, she walked back across the road to her car; that nothing prevented her from running or stepping quickly to her car nor did anything prevent her from moving to the other side of Green\u2019s car away from the roadway; there was nothing to prevent her from keeping a continuous lookout as she crossed the roadway but she failed to do so; she knew her car and defendant Green\u2019s car were blocking part of their respective lanes of travel; and that visibility was poor in that it was dark and foggy. Our Supreme Court in Anderson v. Carter, 272 N.C. 426, 431, 158 S.E.2d 607, 611 (1968), stated the following rule regarding pedestrians:\nOrdinary care surely requires a . . . man, under no disability, who observes that he is in the path of an automobile approaching . . . to do more for his own protection than merely walk at the same pace across the path of the automobile . . . ordinary care requires the man to jump or run from the path of danger, even though there may be some risk or loss of dignity in that process.\nId.\nPlaintiff contends that she assumed that Mrs. Hamlett was going to stop and not collide with the automobile and that she assumed that Mrs. Hamlett was not going to cross over the center line of the highway and attempt to drive between the two automobiles. This Court has held that \u201cthe existence of contributory negligence does not depend on the injured party\u2019s subjective appreciation of the danger; rather the standard of ordinary care is an objective one \u2014 the care an ordinarily prudent person would exercise under the same or similar circumstances to avoid injury.\u201d William v. Odell, 90 N.C. App. 699, 702, 370 S.E.2d 62, 64 (1988). Moreover, we need not discuss whether any or all of the defendants were negligent in that, under the law of this state, if plaintiffs own negligence is one proximate cause of her own injury, she is precluded from recovery irrespective of the acts of others.\nWe conclude as did the trial court that \u201cthe record is replete with mostly uncontradicted evidence of plaintiffs own contributory negligence.\u201d Accordingly, we hold that plaintiff was contributorily negligent as a matter of law and the trial court did not err in directing a verdict in favor of defendant on that issue.\nII.\nNext, the plaintiff assigns error to the trial court\u2019s grant of defendant\u2019s motion for directed verdict on grounds that plaintiff presented sufficient evidence of last clear chance to submit that issue to the jury, notwithstanding plaintiff\u2019s contributory negligence. We disagree.\nIn Vancamp v. Burgner, 328 N.C. 495, 402 S.E.2d 375, reh\u2019g denied, 329 N.C. 277, 407 S.E.2d 854 (1991), our Supreme Court enumerated the elements that a plaintiff must establish to invoke the doctrine of last clear chance:\nWhen an injured pedestrian who has been guilty of contributory negligence invokes the last clear chance or discovered peril doctrine against the driver of a motor vehicle which struck and injured him, he must establish these four elements: (1) [t]hat the pedestrian negligently placed himself in a position of peril from which he could not escape by the exercise of reasonable care; (2) that the motorist knew, or by the exercise of reasonable care could have discovered, the pedestrian\u2019s perilous position and his incapacity to escape from it before the endangered pedestrian suffered injury at his hands; (3) that the motorist had the time and means to avoid injury to the endangered pedestrian by the exercise of reasonable care after he discovered, or should have discovered, the pedestrian\u2019s perilous position and his incapacity to escape from it; and (4) that the motorist negligently failed to use the available time and means to avoid injury to the endangered pedestrian, and for that reason struck and injured him. [Citing 26 cases as authority].\nId. at 498, 402 S.E.2d at 376-77 (quoting Clodfelter v. Carroll, 261 N.C. 630, 634-35, 135 S.E.2d 636, 638-39 (1964)).\nThe issue of last clear chance, \u201c[m]ust be submitted to the jury if the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, will support a reasonable inference of each essential element of the doctrine.\u201d Kenan v. Bass, 132 N.C. App. 30, 32-33, 511 S.E.2d 6, 7 (1999) (quoting Trantham v. Sorrells, 121 N.C. App. 611, 468 S.E.2d 401, disc. review denied, 343 N.C. 311, 471 S.E.2d 82 (1996)).\nMoreover, unless all the necessary elements of the doctrine of last clear chance are present, the case is governed by the ordinary rules of negligence and contributory negligence. Clodfelter v. Carroll, 261 N.C. at 634, 135 S.E.2d at 638. The doctrine contemplates a last \u201cclear\u201d chance, not a last \u201cpossible\u201d chance, to avoid the injury; it must have been such as would have enabled a reasonably prudent man in like position to have acted effectively. Grant v. Greene, 11 N.C. App. 537, 541, 181 S.E.2d 770, 772 (1971); accord, Battle v. Chavis, 266 N.C. 778, 781, 147 S.E.2d 387, 390 (1966).\nIn situations where this doctrine applies, the focus is not on the preceding negligence of the defendant or the contributory negligence of the plaintiff which would ordinarily defeat recovery. See generally, Clodfelter, 261 N.C. 630, 135 S.E.2d 636 (1964) (citation omitted). Rather, the doctrine, as discussed above, \u201ccontemplates that if liability is to be imposed the defendant must have a last \u2018clear\u2019 chance to avoid injury. Grant, 11 N.C. App. at 541, 181 S.E.2d at 772.\nThe first element is satisfied by a showing that \u201cplaintiff\u2019s coun-tributory negligence ha[d] placed [her] in a position from which [she was] powerless to extricate [her]self.\u201d Nealy v. Green, 139 N.C. App. 500, 505, 534 S.E.2d 240, 243 (quoting Williams v. Odell, 90 N.C. App. 699, 704, 370 S.E.2d 62, 66, disc. review denied, 323 N.C. 370, 373 S.E.2d 557 (1988)).\nIn Vancamp v. Burgner, we noted that a pedestrian who is attempting to walk across a street, and is about to walk in front of an oncoming vehicle, is \u201cobviously in peril before she steps directly in front of the car.\u201d 99 N.C. App. 102, 104, 392 S.E.2d 453, 455 (1990), aff\u2019d, 328 N.C. 495, 402 S.E.2d 375 (1991). To invoke the doctrine of last clear chance such peril must be helpless or inadvertent. Williams, 90 N.C. App. at 704, 370 S.E.2d at 65 (1988). Helpless peril arises when a person\u2019s prior contributory negligence has placed her in a position from which she is powerless to extricate herself; while inadvertent peril focuses on failure to focus on one\u2019s surroundings and discover her own peril. Id. The doctrine is, however, \u201cinapplicable where the injured party is at all times in control of the danger and simply chooses to take the risk.\u201d Id.\nIn the case sub judice, plaintiffs evidence fails to establish that she was either in helpless or inadvertent peril. Quite to the contrary, in spite of her knowledge that defendants\u2019 vehicle was steadily approaching, plaintiff chose to ignore the dangers from which she had the power to extricate herself. When asked during the deposition if there was anything that prevented her from running or stepping quickly to her car, she responded, \u201cNo, other than I didn\u2019t think I needed to run to my car.\u201d\nMoreover, while the defendants may have had the last possible chance to avoid the injury, defendant had neither the time nor the means to have the last clear chance to entitle the submission of the question to the jury. Plaintiff\u2019s evidence tended to show that the weather was foggy and dark; defendant had just round a curve before approaching the point of the accident and her vision would have been obstructed by the curve itself; plaintiff\u2019s vehicle and the vehicle driven by co-defendant Green were blocking portions of the roadway such that there was no place for another car to pull over; and the plaintiff\u2019s headlights were shining in the direction of defendants\u2019 approach. We find the doctrine of last clear chance inapplicable on the facts before us.\nThe trial court did not error in granting directed verdict in favor of the defendants in that plaintiff was contributorily negligent as a matter of law and further the doctrine of last clear chance was inapplicable on the facts of this case.\nAffirmed.\nJudges McGEE and TIMMONS-GOODSON concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "BIGGS, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "George B. Daniel, PA., by John M. Thomas, for plaintiff - appellant.", "Burton & Sue, L.L.P., by Walter K. Burton, for defendants-appellee Hamlett.", "Teague, Rotenstrich and Stanaland, L.L.P. by Stephen G. Teague, for defendant-appellee Green." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "BARBARA ANN CULLER, Plaintiff v. STACEY POTEAT HAMLETT, HOUSTON GWYNN HAMLETT, JR., and ANTHONY DALE GREEN, Defendants\nNo. COA00-1110\n(Filed 5 February 2002)\n1. Motor Vehicles\u2014 contributory negligence \u2014 pedestrian injured crossing road \u2014 directed verdict\nThe trial court did not err in an action arising out of an automobile accident by directing verdict in favor of defendants based on plaintiff injured pedestrian\u2019s contributory negligence as a matter of law while she was crossing the road at night, because: (1) the record is replete with mostly uncontradicted evidence of plaintiffs own contributory negligence; and (2) if plaintiff\u2019s own negligence is one proximate cause of her own injury, she is precluded from recovery irrespective of the acts of others.'\n2. Motor Vehicles\u2014 last clear chance \u2014 pedestrian injured crossing road \u2014 directed verdict\nThe trial court did not err in an action arising out of an automobile accident by directing verdict in favor of defendants even though plaintiff injured pedestrian presented evidence on the doctrine of last clear chance, because: (1) plaintiff\u2019s evidence failed to establish that she was either in helpless or inadvertent peril; (2) in spite of plaintiff\u2019s knowledge that defendants\u2019 vehicle was steadily approaching, plaintiff chose to ignore' the dangers from which she had the power to extricate herself; and (3) while defendants may have had the last possible chance to avoid the injury, defendant driver had neither the time nor the means to have the last clear chance to entitle the submission of the question to the jury.\nAppeal by plaintiff-appellant from a judgment entered 8 March 2000 by Judge David Q. LaBarre in Caswell County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 28 September 2001.\nGeorge B. Daniel, PA., by John M. Thomas, for plaintiff - appellant.\nBurton & Sue, L.L.P., by Walter K. Burton, for defendants-appellee Hamlett.\nTeague, Rotenstrich and Stanaland, L.L.P. by Stephen G. Teague, for defendant-appellee Green." }, "file_name": "0372-01", "first_page_order": 402, "last_page_order": 410 }