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    "judges": [
      "Judges TIMMONS-GOODSON and THOMAS concur."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "CAROLYN J. POOLE, Plaintiff-Employee v. TAMMY LYNN CENTER, Defendant-Employer, and AETNA LIFE & CASUALTY CO., Defendant-Carrier"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "MARTIN, Judge.\nPlaintiff appeals from an opinion and award of the North Carolina Industrial Commission, rejecting her claim for workers\u2019 compensation benefits as a result of her contracting the hepatitis C virus. The evidence presented to the deputy commissioner and reviewed by the Full Commission tended to show that plaintiff was employed by Tammy Lynn Center (\u201cCenter\u201d or \u201cdefendant-employer\u201d) from October 1989 until February 1995. The Center is a residential facility serving persons with severe and profound developmental disabilities and mental retardation. Plaintiff initially worked as an habilitation aide; as part of these duties, plaintiff assisted patients with \u201cbathing, feeding, brushing teeth, shaving, clothes washing, and other activities related to personal hygiene.\u201d Plaintiff worked in this capacity for one year, when she was transferred to a classroom setting at the Center as a teacher\u2019s aide. Although she was not required to bathe or shave residents in her new job capacity, she was called upon to clean residents when they soiled themselves due to vomiting, menstruation, or bowel movements. She also fed them and assisted them with brushing their teeth.\nIn 1991, the Center implemented a plan to protect employees from exposure to blood, which included wearing protective gloves when undertaking a task which could expose residents or employees to blood and/or infection. Plaintiff followed this new procedure during part of her employment at the Center.\nPlaintiff was diagnosed with the hepatitis C virus in 1994. Thereafter, plaintiff filed a claim for workers\u2019 compensation benefits, contending she contracted hepatitis C while employed at the Center. Plaintiff testified that she was exposed to the blood of residents while employed at the Center. She stated that she understood exposure to blood to be when \u201csomeone else\u2019s blood entered into a scratch or something or the other [sic] of my body, and it actually got in my body.\u201d Plaintiff identified the following residents as those to whose blood she may have been exposed: Jeff B., Tim A., Terry R., Kristen C., Jimmy M., Deborah C., Lauren E, Tim C., Steven E., Lindsey W., Lisa W., Haley C., June N., Alicia D., Melissa E., and Eric P. Plaintiff testified that she recalled working with several other residents, but that she could not remember whether she could have been exposed to the blood of these individuals.\nAfter plaintiff brought her claim for workers\u2019 compensation benefits, defendant-employer attempted to determine whether any resident of the Center carried the virus which could have infected plaintiff. Defendant-employer reviewed its Employee Accident/Incident Reports involving plaintiff, as well as the Client Accident/Incident Reports which directly or indirectly involved plaintiff. In addition, defendant-employer reviewed every incident report involving the residents to whose blood plaintiff claimed to have been exposed during her employment at the Center. Further, defendant-employer searched its personnel records and safety committee records. Jan Pope, director of nursing at the Tammy Lynn Center, testified that out of four incidents which plaintiff reported in written form during her employment at the Center, only one incident involved a patient biting plaintiff which could have exposed her to blood infected with the hepatitis C virus. This particular patient, Tim A., died in 1997, and an autopsy performed on him revealed no liver disease. Further, during his last hospitalization prior to his death, Tim A. tested negative for all strains of hepatitis. Plaintiff eventually identified fifteen residents to whose blood she may have been exposed while employed at the Center; thereafter, defendant-employer attempted to have the blood tested of each of these individuals. Consensual testing of ten of the individuals was completed; none were found to be positive for the hepatitis virus. Two patients refused to have the test taken because their parents believed the presence of the virus was not medically indicated; the parent of one patient refused because of the trauma of the blood draw; one patient died in 1993 and no autopsy had been performed, and one patient could not be located. Nevertheless, none of the medical records from these five patients who would not or could not be tested indicated the presence of the hepatitis C virus, and plaintiff provided no evidence at the hearing of any direct blood-to-blood contact with any of these five patients whose hepatitis C status was not known. Jan Pope testified that her staff found \u201cnothing to indicate that anyone that had been there [a resident at the Center] ever had hepatitis C.\u201d\nPlaintiff testified that she had never received a blood transfusion prior to 1994, never had a tattoo, never shared intravenous needles, never shared intra-nasal devices, and never engaged in sex with multiple sexual partners. Plaintiff had been married twice; although her current husband tested negative for hepatitis C, plaintiff did not know whether her first husband had been tested for the virus. Plaintiff\u2019s daughter also tested negative for hepatitis C.\nThe parties have stipulated that plaintiff has been totally disabled since she quit work on 23 February 1995 because of her hepatitis C infection. The Full Commission made the following findings of fact:\n24. Of those residents with whose blood plaintiff most likely came into contact the majority were proven to not have hepatitis C. There is no evidence of record that plaintiff came into contact with blood infected with the hepatitis C virus while employed by defendant-employer. Further, there is no evidence of record that the hepatitis C virus was ever present in plaintiffs work environment while she was employed by defendant-employer.\n26. The greater weight of the evidence shows only that plaintiffs employment exposed her to the blood of other persons and that this exposure to blood placed her at an increased risk of contracting hepatitis C as compared to persons not so employed.\n27. There is insufficient evidence of record to prove that plaintiff was exposed to or contracted hepatitis C virus while employed by defendant.\nBased on these findings, the Commission concluded that plaintiff was not entitled to compensation under G.S. \u00a7 97-53(13). Plaintiffs motion for reconsideration of the opinion and award was denied by the Industrial Commission. Plaintiff appeals.\nBy two arguments in support of eight assignments of error, plaintiff contends on appeal that the Commission erred \u201cin finding that plaintiff was not exposed to hepatitis C at work\u201d and \u201cin concluding that plaintiffs hepatitis C infection was not caused by her employment.\u201d We note at the outset that the Full Commission made no finding \u201cthat plaintiff was not exposed to hepatitis C at work\u201d; rather, the Commission found that insufficient evidence was presented to prove that plaintiff was exposed to or contracted the hepatitis C virus while employed by defendant-employer.\nWhen reviewing an opinion and award of the Industrial Commission, this Court is limited to a determination of \u201c(1) whether the findings of fact are supported by competent evidence, and (2) whether the conclusions of law are supported by the findings.\u201d Barham v. Food World, Inc., 300 N.C. 329, 331, 266 S.E.2d 676, 678, reh\u2019g denied, 300 N.C. 562, 270 S.E.2d 105 (1980) (citation omitted). Findings of fact of the Industrial Commission \u201care conclusive on appeal when supported by competent evidence, even though there be evidence that would support findings to the contrary.\u201d Jones v. Myrtle Desk Co., 264 N.C. 401, 402, 141 S.E.2d 632, 633 (1965). \u201cThe evidence tending to support plaintiffs claim is to be viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, and plaintiff is entitled to the benefit of every reasonable inference to be drawn from the evidence.\u201d Adams v. AVX Corp., 349 N.C. 676, 681, 509 S.E.2d 411, 414 (1998), reh\u2019g denied, 350 N.C. 108, 532 S.E.2d 522 (1999) (citation omitted). We review the Commission\u2019s conclusions of law, however, de novo. Snead v. Carolina Pre-Cast Concrete, Inc., 129 N.C. App. 331, 499 S.E.2d 470, cert. denied, 348 N.C. 501, 510 S.E.2d 656 (1998).\nPlaintiff has been diagnosed with hepatitis C, which is not one of the enumerated diseases listed in G.S. \u00a7 97-53. Accordingly, plaintiff must establish that her disease fits within G.S. \u00a7 97-53(13), which permits a party to receive benefits under the Act for\n[a]ny disease, other than hearing loss covered in another subdivision of this section, which is proven to be due to causes and conditions which are characteristic of and peculiar to a particular trade, occupation or employment, but excluding all ordinary diseases of life to which the general public is equally exposed outside of the employment.\nPlaintiff has the burden of proving that she suffers from an occupational disease which is compensable under G.S. \u00a7 97-53(13). Norris v. Drexel Heritage Furnishings, Inc./Masco, 139 N.C. App. 620, 534 S.E.2d 259 (2000), cert. denied, 353 N.C. 378, 547 S.E.2d 15 (2001). To establish a claim for compensation under G.S. \u00a7 97-53(13), the plaintiff must prove:\n(1) the disease is characteristic of and peculiar to persons engaged in a particular trade or occupation in which the plaintiff is engaged; (2) \u201cthe disease is not an ordinary disease of life to which the public is equally exposed;\u201d and (3) there is a causal connection between the disease and the plaintiffs employment.\nPressley v. Southwestern Freight Lines, 144 N.C. App. 342, 346, 551 S.E.2d 118, 120 (2001) (citing Hansel v. Sherman Textiles, 304 N.C. 44, 52, 283 S.E.2d 101, 106 (1981)). The degree of proof required of a plaintiff to establish a claim for benefits is the \u201c \u2018greater weight\u2019 of the evidence or \u2018preponderance\u2019 of the evidence.\u201d Phillips v. U.S. Air, Inc., 120 N.C. App. 538, 541, 463 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1995), affirmed, 343 N.C. 302, 469 S.E.2d 552 (1996) (citation omitted).\nIn the present case, the Commission found that the record evidence established that plaintiff\u2019s employment at the Center exposed her to an increased risk of contracting hepatitis C as compared to members of the public not so employed. However, the statute also requires proof of causation between the increased risk of exposure by reason of the employment and the contraction of the occupational disease. See Booker v. Duke Medical Center, 297 N.C. 458, 475, 256 S.E.2d 189, 200 (1979) (\u201cThe final requirement in establishing a compensable claim under subsection (13) is proof of causation.\u201d) In Booker, the North Carolina Supreme Court outlined three areas for consideration when utilizing circumstantial evidence to prove causation:\n(1) the extent of exposure to the disease or disease-causing agents during employment, (2) the extent of exposure outside employment, and (3) absence of the disease prior to the work-related exposure as shown by the employee\u2019s medical history.\nId. at 476, 256 S.E.2d at 200 (citations omitted). In Booker, the plaintiff\u2019s supervisor testified that the plaintiff had come in contact with blood samples containing the hepatitis virus \u201cat least once a day\u201d while employed as a lab technician at Duke Medical Center. Id. at 474, 256 S.E.2d at 199.\nIn the instant case, however, the Commission found plaintiff had failed to prove by the greater weight of the evidence her exposure to the disease or the disease-causing agent while working for defendant-employer. Plaintiff submitted one incident report dining her employment at the Center which involved the potential exposure to a resident\u2019s blood. The resident, \u201cTim A.,\u201d died in 1997, and his autopsy revealed no liver disease; in fact, during Tim A.\u2019s last hospitalization, he was tested for all the hepatitis strains and the results were negative. In spite of the absence of incident reports detailing plaintiff\u2019s possible exposure to other residents\u2019 blood, plaintiff was subsequently able to recall incidents with fifteen other residents to whose blood she was exposed, and who she contends may have infected her. Defendant-employer tested ten of those fifteen residents; all ten tested negative for hepatitis. Plaintiff was unable to provide evidence of blood-to-blood contact with any of the five remaining residents who were not tested.\nNevertheless, plaintiff argues that the Industrial Commission failed to make the proper finding regarding plaintiff\u2019s increased exposure at work based upon the circumstantial evidence presented because the Commission was without this Court\u2019s reasoning in the recent case of Pressley v. Southwestern Freight Lines, 144 N.C. App. 342, 551 S.E.2d 118 (2001). In Pressley, the plaintiff claimed that he had contracted coccidioidomycosis due to exposure to the coccid-ioidomycosis fungus while on a trip to California in connection with his employment as a long-distance truck driver. The fungus is indigenous to the southwestern United States but is not present east of the Mississippi River. The Commission determined that plaintiff\u2019s employment placed him at an increased risk of contracting the disease as compared to the general public; and that plaintiff had satisfied his burden of proving that he had, in fact, contracted the disease due to such exposure. We affirmed, holding that the term \u201cgeneral public\u201d pertained to the general public of North Carolina, so that plaintiff\u2019s employment requiring him to travel to the southwestern United States did place him at an increased risk of exposure as compared to the general public of North Carolina where the fungus is not present. We also held that evidence that plaintiff became symptomatic within two weeks of his trip supported the Commission\u2019s finding and conclusion that plaintiff had satisfied his burden of proving causation.\nBy contrast, plaintiff in the present case presented no evidence that she was exposed to the hepatitis C virus while employed at the Center; she relies on her alleged blood-to-blood exposure with residents at the Center as sufficient proof of causation. However, exposure to blood, standing alone, is not sufficient evidence of exposure to the hepatitis C virus; the holding in Booker requires proof of exposure \u201cto the disease or disease-causing agents during employment.\u201d Booker v. Duke Medical Center, 297 N.C. at 476, 256 S.E.2d at 200. Uninfected blood cannot be characterized as a disease-causing agent. Rather, the disease-causing agent is the hepatitis C virus, which can be found in blood infected with the virus.\nPlaintiff also argues the Full Commission failed to consider competent evidence of causation, specifically the deposition testimony of Dr. Robert S. Brown, M.D., a specialist in the area of liver disease, who testified that, \u201c[b]ased on the testimony that I reviewed and evidence that I reviewed and stipulations that I have been given, more likely than not she got it [the Hepatitis C virus] at the Tammy Lynn Center. No where else.\u201d Dr. Brown also stated that his conclusion was based in part on plaintiffs testimony regarding her alleged exposure to blood at the Center: \u201c[I]t depends on your belief in her [plaintiff\u2019s] honesty.\u201d The Full Commission, however, specifically refused to accept as credible portions of plaintiffs testimony regarding her recollection of having open wounds on her body which came in contact with residents\u2019 blood. Moreover, as explained above, findings of fact are conclusive on appeal \u201cwhen supported by competent evidence, even though there be evidence that would support findings to the contrary.\u201d Jones v. Myrtle Desk Co., 264 N.C. at 402, 141 S.E.2d at 633.\nOn this record, taking the evidence in a light most favorable to plaintiff, and giving plaintiff the benefit of every reasonable inference to be drawn from the evidence, Adams v. AVX Corp., supra, we cannot say the Full Commission erred in finding that plaintiff had not proved that she was exposed to or contracted hepatitis C by reason of her employment with defendant. The Commission\u2019s findings, in turn, support its conclusion that plaintiff\u2019s hepatitis C infection was not caused by her employment with defendant. Plaintiff\u2019s assignments of error to the contrary are overruled. The Commission\u2019s opinion and award are affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nJudges TIMMONS-GOODSON and THOMAS concur.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "MARTIN, Judge."
      }
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    "attorneys": [
      "The Jemigan Law Firm, by N. Victor Farah and Gina E. Cammarano, for plaintiff-appellant.",
      "Hedrick, Eatman, Gardner, & Kincheloe, L.L.P., by Thomas M. Morrow, for defendant-appellees."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "CAROLYN J. POOLE, Plaintiff-Employee v. TAMMY LYNN CENTER, Defendant-Employer, and AETNA LIFE & CASUALTY CO., Defendant-Carrier\nNo. COA01-1178\n(Filed 6 August 2002)\nWorkers\u2019 Compensation\u2014 occupational disease \u2014 hepatitis C virus\nThe Industrial Commission did not err by rejecting plaintiff employee\u2019s claim for workers\u2019 compensation benefits under N.C.G.S. \u00a7 97-53(13) as a result of her contracting the hepatitis C virus allegedly by coming into contact with blood of patients during her employment with the Tammy Lynn Center, a facility serving persons with severe developmental disabilities and mental retardation, because: (1) although plaintiff had an increased risk of exposure by reason of the employment, there must be proof of causation between the increased risk of exposure and the contraction of the occupational disease; and (2) plaintiff has failed to prove by the greater weight of the evidence her exposure to the disease or the disease-causing agent while working for defendant employer, and exposure to blood standing alone is not sufficient evidence of exposure to the hepatitis C virus.\nAppeal by plaintiff from opinion and award entered 1 March 2001 by the North Carolina Industrial Commission. Heard in the Court of Appeals 23 May 2002.\nThe Jemigan Law Firm, by N. Victor Farah and Gina E. Cammarano, for plaintiff-appellant.\nHedrick, Eatman, Gardner, & Kincheloe, L.L.P., by Thomas M. Morrow, for defendant-appellees."
  },
  "file_name": "0668-01",
  "first_page_order": 698,
  "last_page_order": 705
}
