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    "judges": [
      "Judges HUNTER and THOMAS concur."
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    "parties": [
      "PRISCILLA M. FLOYD, PRISCILLA M. FLOYD, Administratrix of the Estate of JAMES KENNETH FLOYD, Deceased, and CHRISTIAN ETHAN WALTER FLOYD, by his Guardian Ad Litem, ROBERT V. KNOTT, Plaintiffs v. INTEGON GENERAL INSURANCE CORPORATION, Defendant"
    ],
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      {
        "text": "WYNN, Judge.\nThis appeal presents us with two narrow questions of law: (1) Can an insured under a motor vehicle liability policy in North Carolina \u201cuse\u201d more than one insured vehicle at a given time? and (2) Does North Carolina\u2019s Financial Responsibility Act, embodied in Article 9A of Chapter 20 in the General Statutes, N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7\u00a7 20-279.1 et seq. (2001), prevent motor vehicle liability insurers from placing limits on their liability regardless of the number of insureds or insured vehicles involved, or the number of claims made? Based on our existing case law, we are compelled to conclude as a matter of law that: (1) an insured may \u201cuse\u201d more than one insured motor vehicle at any given time, as that term is used in the Financial Responsibility Act, see N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 20-279.21 (2001); and (2) the Financial Responsibility Act requires motor vehicle liability insurers to provide minimum liability coverages with respect to each insured motor vehicle designated in the policy, insuring against loss arising out of the \u201cuse\u201d of such vehicles by the insured(s).\nOn 22 November 1996, Jerry McNeill was driving his 1977 GMC truck when it became disabled. He pushed the disabled truck completely off the roadway and into a small ditch along the shoulder of the southbound lane of the road. In the early evening of the following day, Mr. McNeill and his wife, Mary McNeill, returned to the disabled GMC truck, this time operating a 1973 Chevrolet. The McNeills then attempted to move the disabled GMC truck with the Chevrolet using a chain and steel pipe. In doing so, Mr. McNeill situated the Chevrolet across the southbound lane of traffic, and initially hooked the two vehicles together but the chain became unhooked from the GMC truck; he then attempted to back the Chevrolet closer to the GMC truck to re-attach it.\nIn the process of doing so, Mr. McNeill noticed vehicle headlights approaching in the distance in the southbound lane of travel; he therefore exited from the Chevrolet vehicle and walked with a flashlight toward the approaching headlights in an attempt to alert the approaching vehicle that the southbound lane was blocked by the Chevrolet vehicle.\nJames Kenneth Floyd drove the approaching vehicle, a 1983 Pontiac, in which his wife (Priscilla Floyd) and minor son (Christian Ethan Walter Floyd) rode as passengers. Despite Mr. McNeill\u2019s attempts to warn the Floyds, the Floyd vehicle collided in the southbound lane of the roadway with Mr. McNeill\u2019s Chevrolet, killing Mr. Floyd and injuring his wife and son.\nAt the time of the accident, both of the McNeill vehicles \u2014 the 1977 GMC truck and the 1973 Chevrolet \u2014 were specifically designated as insured vehicles under a motor vehicle liability policy issued by defendant-appellant Integon General Insurance Corporation to Mr. McNeill. The insurance policy provided for bodily injury liability up to $25,000 per person and $50,000 per accident. Additionally, the policy provided as follows:\nThe limit of liability shown in the Declarations for each person for Bodily Injury Liability Coverage is our maximum limit of liability for all damages for bodily injury, including damages for care, loss of services or death, sustained by any one person in any one auto accident. Subject to this limit for each person, the limit of liability shown in the Declarations for each accident for Bodily Injury Liability Coverage is our maximum limit of liability for all damages for bodily injury resulting from any one auto accident. . . . This is the most we will pay as a result of any one auto accident regardless of the number of:\n1. Insured\u2019s\n2. Claims made;\n3. Vehicles or premiums shown in the Declarations, or\n4. Vehicles involved in the auto accident.\nIn September 1999, plaintiffs filed a declaratory judgment action seeking an adjudication of the parties\u2019 relative rights, liabilities and obligations. Plaintiffs contended that both the Chevrolet and the GMC truck were in \u201cuse\u201d at the time of the accident, and accordingly requested that the trial court declare that the total amount of liability coverage provided by Integon\u2019s policy was $50,000 per person and $100,000 per accident, i.e. $25,000 per person and $50,000 per accident for each of the McNeills\u2019 insured vehicles. Defendant answered and the parties subsequently filed cross-motions for summary judgment, stipulating to all material facts.\nOn 13 June 2001, Superior Court Judge William C. Gore, Jr., entered an order denying defendant\u2019s summary judgment motion and granting summary judgment in favor of plaintiffs, declaring that Integon\u2019s policy provided coverage for the 23 November 1996 accident in the amount of $25,000 per person and $50,000 per accident for each of the McNeills\u2019 insured vehicles. Defendant appeals; we affirm.\nSummary judgment is appropriate where \u201cthe pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact\u201d and that a party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 1A-1, Rule 56 (2001). Furthermore, summary judgment may be appropriate in a declaratory judgment action, under the same rules applicable in other actions. See Meachan v. Board of Education, 47 N.C. App. 271, 267 S.E.2d 349 (1980). As noted above, in the instant case the parties stipulated to all material facts, leaving only questions of law; accordingly, summary judgment was proper in this case. We need only determine whether summary judgment was properly entered in plaintiffs\u2019 favor, or conversely should have been entered in favor of defendant.\nThe parties stipulated before the trial court that the Floyds\u2019 Pontiac and the McNeills\u2019 Chevrolet were the only vehicles involved in the collision; neither vehicle struck the disabled GMC truck. Additionally, the parties stipulated that Mary McNeill neither drove nor parked the Chevrolet, nor was she involved in the attempts to link the GMC truck to the Chevrolet.\nPlaintiffs contend that Mr. McNeill was \u201cusing\u201d both the 1977 GMC truck and the 1973 Chevrolet at the time of the accident. Furthermore, plaintiffs contend that G.S. \u00a7 20-279.21 requires defendant to provide minimum liability coverage for each insured vehicle involved in the accident, effectively doubling defendant\u2019s liability coverage under the policy, regardless of any contrary language in defendant\u2019s policy.\nDefendant\u2019s argument on appeal is twofold: (1) There is no basis in law for concluding that Jerry McNeill was \u201cusing\u201d more than one vehicle at the time of the accident, and (2) even assuming arguendo that Mr. McNeill was \u201cusing\u201d both the 1977 GMC truck and the 1973 Chevrolet at the time of the accident, the policy\u2019s express \u201cLimit of Liability\u201d language places a $25,000 per person, $50,000 per accident upper limit on defendant\u2019s coverage liability. Based on our case law and the plain language of the Financial Responsibility Act, we must disagree.\nThe Financial Responsibility Act requires all motor vehicle liability policies issued by insurers in North Carolina to \u201cdesignate by explicit description or by appropriate reference all motor vehicles with respect to which coverage is to be granted[.]\u201d G.S. \u00a7 20-279.21(b)(l). Additionally, such policies must:\ninsure the person named therein . . . using any such motor vehicle or motor vehicles . . . against loss from the liability imposed by law for damages arising out of the . . . use of such motor vehicle or motor vehicles .. . subject to limits exclusive of interest and costs, with respect to each such motor vehicle, as follows: thirty thousand dollars ($30,000) because of bodily injury to or death of one person in any one accident and, subject to said limit for one person, sixty thousand dollars ($60,000) because of bodily injury to or death of two or more persons in any one accident[.]\nG.S. \u00a7 20-279.21(b)(2) (emphasis added). These provisions are written into every motor vehicle liability policy issued in North Carolina as a matter of law, see, e.g., Wilmoth v. State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co., 127 N.C. App. 260, 488 S.E.2d 628, disc. review denied, 347 N.C. 410, 494 S.E.2d 601 (1997), and the terms of the statute prevail over any conflicting policy provisions. See, e.g., State Capital Ins. Co. v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 78 N.C. App. 542, 337 S.E.2d 866 (1985) (\"State Capital I\u201d), affirmed, 318 N.C. 534, 350 S.E.2d 66 (1986) (\u201cState Capital II\").\nUnder its plain language, therefore, at the time of the accident herein the Financial Responsibility Act required all motor vehicle liability policies issued by insurers in North Carolina to provide the insured therein with liability coverage of at least $25,000 per person and $50,000 per accident for each insured vehicle being \u201cused\u201d by the insured at the time of the accident. Such a requirement must therefore be written into every motor vehicle liability policy issued in this state as a matter of law, see Wilmoth, regardless of any conflicting provisions in the insurance policy. See State Capital I. G.S. \u00a7 20-279.21(b)(2) does not limit an insured\u2019s \u201cuse\u201d of insured motor vehicles to one at a time, and we decline to read such a restriction into the statute. We must therefore determine in the instant case whether, as a matter of law, Mr. McNeill was \u201cusing\u201d the insured GMC truck at the time of the accident, such that the accident arose out of the \u201cuse\u201d of said truck.\nIn State Capital II, our Supreme Court affirmed this Court\u2019s decision in State Capital I, recognizing that \u201cprovisions of insurance policies and compulsory insurance statutes which extend coverage must be construed liberally so as to provide coverage, whenever possible by reasonable construction.\u201d 318 N.C. at 538, 350 S.E.2d at 68. The Court stated that \u201cthe test for determining whether an automobile liability policy provides coverage for an accident is not whether the automobile was a proximate cause of the accident. Instead, the test is whether there is a causal connection between the use of the automobile and the accident.\u201d Id. at 539-40, 350 S.E.2d at 69.\nIn Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company v. Davis, 118 N.C. App. 494, 455 S.E.2d 892, disc. review denied, 341 N.C. 420, 461 S.E.2d 759 (1995), the parties stipulated that:\nOn 15 August 1990, six-year-old Tiffany Diane Matthews, a pedestrian, was struck by a truck operated by Michael Sain. Immediately before the accident, Tiffany had been a passenger in a van driven by defendant Artie Davis, her grandmother. Ms. Davis had parked the van near the Cat Square Superette and turned off the motor. Ms. Davis exited the van and started walking toward the Superette. Tiffany then called to Ms. Davis and asked her if she could come in and get some ice cream. When Ms. Davis told her that she could, Tiffany got out of the passenger side of the van, walked around the van, and walked into the one-lane roadway separating the van and the store. Tiffany was then struck by the truck operated by Mr. Sain.\nDavis, 118 N.C. App. at 495-96, 455 S.E.2d at 893. At issue in Davis was whether the Davis\u2019 van was in \u201cuse\u201d at the time of the accident. This Court construed the term \u201cuse\u201d liberally, rejecting the insurer\u2019s contention that the van was not in \u201cuse\u201d at the time of the accident since Ms. Davis was not driving or otherwise operating it at the time of the accident. This Court concluded that the van was in \u201cuse\u201d at the time of the accident, as \u201cMs. Davis was purposefully using the van as a means of transportation to get to her destination, the Cat Square Superette. The van was [therefore] instrumental in the trip to the Superette where the accident happened.\u201d Id. at 498, 455 S.E.2d at 895. This Court also found a \u201ccausal connection\u201d between Ms. Davis\u2019 use of the van and the accident, see State Capital II, and concluded that the Davis\u2019 auto liability policy provided coverage. See Davis, 118 N.C. App. at 498, 455 S.E.2d at 895.\nLikewise, in the instant case we conclude that Mr. McNeill was using the GMC truck at the time of the accident; furthermore, there is a causal connection between his use of the truck and the accident giving rise to this action. The parties stipulated that Mr. McNeill\u2019s intention on the afternoon of 23 November 1996 was to tow the GMC truck home with the Chevrolet using a chain and steel pipe. Additionally, Mr. McNeill attached the two vehicles at some time prior to the accident, but the chain became unhooked from the GMC truck. Mr. McNeill was then attempting to re-attach the vehicles using the chain when the Floyds\u2019 car approached and the accident occurred. Under these circumstances and our courts\u2019 liberal construction of the term \u201cuse,\u201d we conclude as a matter of law that Mr. McNeill was using the GMC truck at the time of the accident even though the GMC was not struck nor was it being driven or otherwise operated at the time of the accident. See Davis; see also Whisnant v. Aetna Cas. Ins. Co., 264 N.C. 303, 141 S.E.2d 502 (1965) (holding that the plaintiff, who was injured while pushing his disabled vehicle off the road, was using the vehicle at the time of the accident); Leonard v. N.C. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co., 104 N.C. App. 665, 411 S.E.2d 178 (1991) (holding that the plaintiff, who was injured while changing a flat tire, was using the vehicle at the time he was injured), rev\u2019d on other grounds, 332 N.C. 656, 423 S.E.2d 71 (1992).\nFurthermore, we conclude as a matter of law that there' was a causal connection between Mr. McNeill\u2019s use of the GMC truck and the accident, thereby giving rise to coverage under his motor vehicle liability policy issued by Integon. See id. Mr. McNeill\u2019s Chevrolet would not have been parked across the southbound lane of traffic and would not have been struck had he not been attempting to attach and tow the disabled GMC truck. Accordingly, the trial court\u2019s 13 June 2001 order awarding plaintiffs summary judgment is,\nAffirmed.\nJudges HUNTER and THOMAS concur.\n. At the time of the accident at issue herein, G.S. \u00a7 20-279.21(b)(2) provided for minimum bodily injury liability limits of $25,000 per person and $50,000 per accident; these limits were changed to the current limits of $30,000 per person and $60,000 per accident by 1999 N.C. Sess. Laws ch. 228, \u00a7 4 (effective 1 July 2000).\n. We note that, with respect to uninsured motorist (UM) coverage, G.S. \u00a7 20-279.21(b)(3) specifically prohibits \u201cany combination of coverage within a policy ... to determine the total amount of coverage available\u201d where UM coverage \u201cis provided on more than one vehicle insured on the same policy[.]\u201d However, such a limitation is notably absent from G.S. \u00a7 20-279.21(b)(2).\n. The parties do not dispute that the accident arose out of Mr. McNeill\u2019s ownership, maintenance or use of the 1973 Chevrolet, leaving only the question whether the accident also arose out of his simultaneous \u201cuse\u201d of the GMC truck.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "WYNN, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Gordon, Home, Hicks and Floyd, PA., by William P. Floyd, Jr., for the plaintiff s-appellees.",
      "Anderson, Johnson, Lawrence, Butler & Bock, L.L.P., by A. David Bock, for the defendant-appellant."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "PRISCILLA M. FLOYD, PRISCILLA M. FLOYD, Administratrix of the Estate of JAMES KENNETH FLOYD, Deceased, and CHRISTIAN ETHAN WALTER FLOYD, by his Guardian Ad Litem, ROBERT V. KNOTT, Plaintiffs v. INTEGON GENERAL INSURANCE CORPORATION, Defendant\nNo. COA01-1072\n(Filed 20 August 2002)\n1. Insurance\u2014 automobile \u2014 simultaneous use of two vehicles \u2014 amount of coverage\nThe Financial Responsibility Act requires all motor vehicle liability policies to provide minimum liability coverages for each insured vehicle being \u201cused\u201d by the insured at the time of an accident, and the Act does not limit an insured\u2019s \u201cuse\u201d of insured vehicles to one at a time. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 20-279.21(b)(2).\n2. Insurance\u2014 automobile \u2014 towing truck from ditch \u2014 use of both vehicles \u2014 double coverage\nThe amount of liability coverage provided by the insured\u2019s policy for an accident that occurred when an oncoming vehicle struck insured\u2019s car while the car blocked a lane of traffic as the insured attempted to pull his disabled truck from a ditch was the total of the per person and per accident coverages for each of insured\u2019s two vehicles because (1) the insured was \u201cusing\u201d the disabled truck as well as the car at the time of the accident even though the truck was not struck and was not then being driven or otherwise operated; and (2) there was a causal connection between insured\u2019s use of the disabled truck and the accident since insured\u2019s car would not have been parked across a lane of traffic and would not have been struck had the insured not been attempting to attach and tow the disabled truck.\nAppeal by defendant from order entered 13 June 2001 by Judge William C. Gore, Jr., in Superior Court, Scotland County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 5 June 2002.\nGordon, Home, Hicks and Floyd, PA., by William P. Floyd, Jr., for the plaintiff s-appellees.\nAnderson, Johnson, Lawrence, Butler & Bock, L.L.P., by A. David Bock, for the defendant-appellant."
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