{ "id": 9251514, "name": "JERRY T. WHITMIRE, JAMES F. MILLER, III, and MARK SEARCY, for themselves and on behalf of all other taxpayers of the State of North Carolina similarly situated, and TRUDI WALEND, a duly elected Representative to the North Carolina House of Representatives, Plaintiffs v. ROY A. COOPER, Attorney General of the State of North Carolina; JOSEPH M. HESTER, JR., CAROLINE B. ANSBACHER, JOHN DeFOREST COSTLOW, KAREN CRAGNOLIN, ALLAN HOLT GWYN, JOHN CARTER HOGAN, ALLEN MAYNARD HARDISON, WILLIAM E. HOLLAND, JR., ROBERT DARE HOWARD, ELIZABETH JOHNS, LELAND McKINLEY SIMMONS, C. LEROY SMITH, CHARLES R. WAKILD, CLAUDETTE WESTON, and AUGUSTUS DREWRY WILLIS, III, individually and as Trustees of the North Carolina Clean Water Management Trust Fund; BILL HOLMAN; THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA; THE NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION; and THE NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES, Defendants", "name_abbreviation": "Whitmire v. Cooper", "decision_date": "2002-11-05", "docket_number": "No. COA01-1566", "first_page": "730", "last_page": "736", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "153 N.C. App. 730" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "553 S.E.2d 43", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "46" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "145 N.C. App. 391", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11437952 ], "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "395" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/145/0391-01" ] }, { "cite": "508 S.E.2d 277", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "286", "parenthetical": "\"[t]his Court may take judicial notice of the public records of other courts within the state judicial system\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "349 N.C. 483", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 571662 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "497", "parenthetical": "\"[t]his Court may take judicial notice of the public records of other courts within the state judicial system\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/349/0483-01" ] }, { "cite": "65 S.E.2d 124", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1951, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "126" }, { "page": "126" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "233 N.C. 623", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8614497 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1951, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "625" }, { "page": "625" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/233/0623-01" ] }, { "cite": "345 S.E.2d 426", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "429" }, { "page": "429" }, { "page": "428" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "82 N.C. App. 112", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8358353 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "116-17" }, { "page": "117" }, { "page": "114" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/82/0112-01" ] }, { "cite": "N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 143-32", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "N.C. Gen. Stat.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "1988 WL 96537", "category": "reporters:specialty_west", "reporter": "WL", "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "911 F. Supp. 720", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 7822019 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "732" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/911/0720-01" ] }, { "cite": "68 S.W. 15", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "year": 1902, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "24 Ky. L. Rptr. 94", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ky. L. Rptr.", "year": 1902, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "128 S.E.2d 391", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1962, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "395" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "258 N.C. 220", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8560151 ], "year": 1962, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "225" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/258/0220-01" ] }, { "cite": "217 F.3d 225", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 11191289 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "231" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/217/0225-01" ] }, { "cite": "305 U.S. 456", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6142546 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1939, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "466" }, { "page": "291" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/305/0456-01" ] }, { "cite": "488 S.E.2d 838", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "840" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "127 N.C. App. 266", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11794534 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "268-69" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/127/0266-01" ] }, { "cite": "349 S.E.2d 552", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "557" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "318 N.C. 421", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4736107 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "428" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/318/0421-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 703, "char_count": 16307, "ocr_confidence": 0.74, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.735395372211006e-07, "percentile": 0.8314685527997965 }, "sha256": "e55506c174890905bd9f24c3a6ddd651b3136ed5bfa22afc0f8c4ae0f0f8bdeb", "simhash": "1:0939f412546597b0", "word_count": 2630 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:17:05.865609+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judges WYNN and McGEE concur." ], "parties": [ "JERRY T. WHITMIRE, JAMES F. MILLER, III, and MARK SEARCY, for themselves and on behalf of all other taxpayers of the State of North Carolina similarly situated, and TRUDI WALEND, a duly elected Representative to the North Carolina House of Representatives, Plaintiffs v. ROY A. COOPER, Attorney General of the State of North Carolina; JOSEPH M. HESTER, JR., CAROLINE B. ANSBACHER, JOHN DeFOREST COSTLOW, KAREN CRAGNOLIN, ALLAN HOLT GWYN, JOHN CARTER HOGAN, ALLEN MAYNARD HARDISON, WILLIAM E. HOLLAND, JR., ROBERT DARE HOWARD, ELIZABETH JOHNS, LELAND McKINLEY SIMMONS, C. LEROY SMITH, CHARLES R. WAKILD, CLAUDETTE WESTON, and AUGUSTUS DREWRY WILLIS, III, individually and as Trustees of the North Carolina Clean Water Management Trust Fund; BILL HOLMAN; THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA; THE NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION; and THE NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES, Defendants" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "GREENE, Judge.\nPlaintiffs appeal an order dated 26 October 2001 dismissing their complaint against the North Carolina Attorney General, the trustees of the North Carolina Clean Water Management Trust Fund (CWMTF), the State of North Carolina, the North Carolina Department of Administration, and the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR) (collectively Defendants).\nOn 24 September 2001, Plaintiffs, as taxpayers and citizens of Transylvania and Henderson County, filed their complaint in the Wake County Superior Court (the trial court) alleging Defendants\u2019 acquisition via condemnation of a tract of land (the Sterling Tract) lacked statutory authority and constituted an unauthorized expenditure of monies appropriated to the CWMTF. The Sterling Tract is located in Transylvania and Henderson Counties and, upon successful acquisition, was to be included in the Dupont State Forest. In their prayer for relief, Plaintiffs requested the trial court to: (1) declare the CWMTF expenditure to be illegal; (2) order the State, the North Carolina Department of Administration, and NCDENR to divest themselves of the ownership of the Sterling Tract and to recover the illegally expended funds; and (3) allow Plaintiffs to recover on behalf of the State from the CWMTF trustees in their individual and official capacities the sum of $12,500,000.00 for the wrongful expenditure or, in the alternative, by mandamus compel the North Carolina Attorney General to recover the same.\nAttached to Plaintiffs\u2019 complaint was a letter (the request letter) addressed to the Attorney General together with the Attorney General\u2019s response thereto. The request letter, sent by Plaintiffs\u2019 counsel, raised the issue of the unlawful expenditure of State funds and asked the Attorney General to \u201cproceed to recover these funds and restore them to the [CWMTF].\u201d In his response, the Attorney General stated the following:\nAs you are likely aware, the Attorney General provides legal counsel for the [CWMTF] Board of Trustees and the [NCDENR], as well as the Department of Administration and the Council of State. In this capacity we reviewed all legal issues relevant to the acquisition and provided appropriate advice to the involved state entities prior to [the] filing of the condemnation action. We do not believe that any improper diversion of funds has occurred in connection with this litigation.\nOn 1 October 2001, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 1A-1, Rules 12(b)(1) and (6). Some of the grounds for dismissal alleged by Defendants were: (1) Plaintiffs, as mere taxpayers, lacked standing to bring this action; (2) jurisdiction over the subject matter lay in the Henderson County Superior Court (the superior court) presiding over the pending condemnation action with respect to the Sterling Tract; (3) sovereign immunity barred suit against the State and its agencies in this case; (4) the state officials named in the complaint enjoyed qualified immunity; and (5) Plaintiffs failed to state a claim for which relief could be granted. In support of the motion to dismiss, Defendants, on 1 October 2001, filed with the trial court a certified copy of an order entered by the superior court in the condemnation action in Henderson County. In this order, the superior court denied a motion to dismiss by the landowners affected by the condemnation of the Sterling Tract. The superior court determined the landowners \u201cha[d] legal standing to challenge the statutory authority, procedure, and funding used by the State\u201d but concluded in pertinent part that \u201cthe funds used for the condemnation action were properly authorized by statute and by CWMTF Trustees in the lawful exercise of their duties.\u201d\nIn a motion to join additional parties dated 12 October 2001, Plaintiffs requested the trial court to allow the joinder of the secretary of the Department of Administration, the individual members of the Council of State, and the governor of the State of North Carolina. In an order dated 26 October 2001, the trial court, having reviewed the parties\u2019 pleadings and the documents filed in support thereof, granted Defendants\u2019 motion to dismiss pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1) and (6). The trial court further noted that \u201cjoinder of additional parties would not change or alter the legal effect of [its] ruling\u201d and therefore denied Plaintiffs\u2019 motion to join additional parties. All claims set forth in Plaintiffs\u2019 complaint were dismissed with prejudice.\nThe issues are whether: (I) the superior court\u2019s order denying the landowners\u2019 motion to dismiss in the condemnation action serves as collateral estoppel in this case; (II) the superior court\u2019s in rem jurisdiction over the Sterling Tract divested the trial court of jurisdiction to hear this case; and (III) Plaintiffs have standing to bring this action.\nI\nCollateral Estoppel\nCollateral estoppel has traditionally been defined as a doctrine whereby \u201ca final judgment on the merits prevents relitigation of issues actually litigated and necessary to the outcome of the prior action in a later suit involving a different cause of action between the parties or their privies.\u201d Thomas M. McInnis & Assoc., Inc. v. Hall, 318 N.C. 421, 428, 349 S.E.2d 552, 557 (1986). The doctrine has since been expanded to permit the use of non-mutual collateral estoppel; however, the requirement that there must have been a final judgment on the merits before the doctrine may be applied remains. See Rymer v. Estate of Sorrells, 127 N.C. App. 266, 268-69, 488 S.E.2d 838, 840 (1997). The order entered by the superior court in the condemnation action merely disposed of the landowners\u2019 motion to dismiss. Thus, its conclusion that \u201cthe funds used for the condemnation action were properly authorized by statute and by CWMTF Trustees in the lawful exercise of their duties\u201d is not a final judgment on the merits, and collateral estoppel is not applicable in this case.\nII\nIn Rem, Jurisdiction\nIt has been held that:\nif. . . two suits are in rem, or quasi in rem, so that the court, or its officer, has possession or must have control of the property which is the subject of the litigation in order to proceed with the cause and grant the relief sought, the jurisdiction of the one court must yield to that of the other.\nPrincess Lida v. Thompson, 305 U.S. 456, 466, 83 L. Ed. 285, 291 (1939). This holding, which has become known as the Princess Lida doctrine, requires a court to abstain from exercising jurisdiction if \u201cthe relief sought would require the court to control a particular property or res over which another court already has jurisdiction.\u201d Al-Abood ex rel. Al-Abood v. El-Shamari, 217 F.3d 225, 231 (4th Cir. 2000). Although the doctrine is typically applied to concurrent actions in federal and state court, the principle is equally applicable to concurrent in rem proceedings within a state.\n\u201cCondemnation under the power of eminent domain is a proceeding in rem\u2014against the property.\u201d Redevelopment Comm\u2019n v. Hagins, 258 N.C. 220, 225, 128 S.E.2d 391, 395 (1962). A taxpayers\u2019 action is also considered an in rem proceeding. 74 Am. Jur. 2d Taxpayers\u2019 Actions \u00a7 4 (2001); Home Const. Co. v. Duncan, 24 Ky. L. Rptr. 94, 68 S.W. 15 (1902). In this case, there are thus two in rem proceedings involving the same res: the Sterling Tract. As the superior court residing over the condemnation action was the first court to exercise in rem jurisdiction and the action has not been concluded thus far, the trial court could not exercise jurisdiction over Plaintiffs\u2019 taxpayers\u2019 action. Accordingly, the trial court properly dismissed the action. Dismissals pursuant to the Princess Lida doctrine, however, must be without prejudice. See U.S. v. $490,920 in U.S. Currency, 911 F. Supp. 720, 732 (S.D.N.Y. 1996); Silberman v. Worden, 1988 WL 96537 (N.D.Ill. 1988). In this case, the trial court dismissed the complaint with prejudice. We must therefore determine whether there exist other grounds warranting the trial court\u2019s dismissal of Plaintiffs\u2019 action with prejudice.\nIll\nStanding\nIn their complaint, Plaintiffs sought to recover on behalf of the State, by sale of the Sterling Tract, the expended CWMTF funds or, in the alternative, to compel the North Carolina Attorney General by mandamus to recover the same.\nIn Flaherty v. Hunt, this Court held that N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 143-32, which assigns the Attorney General as the proper authority to sue for the recovery of wrongfully expended State funds, \u201cprovides the explicit and exclusive remedy for the recovery of damages alleged to have occurred as a result of the alleged misuse of State [property].\u201d Flaherty v. Hunt, 82 N.C. App. 112, 116-17, 345 S.E.2d 426, 429 (1986); see N.C.G.S. \u00a7 143-32 (2001). This Court therefore concluded the taxpayer plaintiffs lacked standing to bring their damages action. This Court, however, noted that it was not addressing whether the plaintiffs had any remedies \u201cwith respect to seeking or obtaining action by the Attorney General concerning the matters asserted by [the] plaintiffs in their complaint.\u201d Flaherty, 82 N.C. App. at 117, 345 S.E.2d at 429.\nIn this case, Plaintiffs by themselves thus lack standing, leaving this Court to determine whether they possess standing on behalf of the State to bring this action. Plaintiffs argue in their brief to this Court that if taxpayers are not allowed to sue on behalf of the State, the Attorney General, having previously refused to act under section 143-32, will be \u201cbeyond the reach of the Courts\u201d and taxpayers will be without a remedy if the money has already been expended. We agree.\nThis Court has held that a plaintiff may have \u201cstanding to bring a taxpayer action, not as an individual taxpayer, but on behalf of a public agency or political subdivision,\u201d Fuller, 145 N.C. App. at 395, 553 S.E.2d at 46, if \u201cthe proper authorities have . . . wrongfully neglected or refused to act,\u201d Branch v. Bd. of Educ., 233 N.C. 623, 625, 65 S.E.2d 124, 126 (1951). The taxpayer must therefore allege that: (1) he is a taxpayer of the public agency or political subdivision, Fuller, 145 N.C. App. at 395, 553 S.E.2d at 47; (2) there has been both a demand on and refusal by the proper authorities to institute proceedings, id.; and (3) the refusal to act was wrongful, Branch, 233 N.C. at 625, 65 S.E.2d at 126.\nIn this case, Plaintiffs argue they have complied with these prerequisites to standing as they made a demand on the Attorney General that was refused. There is, however, no allegation in the complaint that the Attorney General\u2019s refusal to act was wrongful. Indeed, the response to the request letter explained that upon review of \u201call legal issues relevant to the acquisition\u201d of the Sterling Tract, the Attorney General did \u201cnot believe that any improper diversion of funds ha[d] occurred.\u201d This response in no way suggests that the Attorney General was derelict in his duties, and without such an allegation, Plaintiffs do not have standing to sue on behalf of the State and to compel the Attorney General to act. Accordingly, because Plaintiffs lacked standing to bring this action, the trial court was without subject matter jurisdiction to hear this case and thus properly dismissed the complaint with prejudice.\nAffirmed.\nJudges WYNN and McGEE concur.\n. The landowners raised several arguments in their motion to dismiss, some of which were similar to those argued by Plaintiffs in this case.\n. The superior-court also concluded there was proper statutory authority for the condemnation action and proper condemnation procedures had been followed.\n. While, after the denial of their motion to dismiss, the landowners chose to apply for disbursement of the deposited funds in the condemnation action, this does not change the nature of the superior court\u2019s order.\n. We take judicial notice of the fact that the condemnation action has not been fully resolved at this time. State v. Thompson, 349 N.C. 483, 497, 508 S.E.2d 277, 286 (1998) (\u201c[t]his Court may take judicial notice of the public records of other courts within the state judicial system\u201d).\n. \u201cStanding concerns the trial court\u2019s subject matter jurisdiction and is therefore properly challenged by a Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss.\u201d Fuller v. Easley, 145 N.C. App. 391, 395, 553 S.E.2d 43, 46 (2001).\n. If the funds have not yet been expended, taxpayers may bring suit to enjoin the future expenditure. See Flaherty, 82 N.C. App. at 114, 345 S.E.2d at 428.\n. Plaintiffs also argue the trial court erred in denying their motion to join additional parties. As this issue is not determinative to our holding, we do not address it.", "type": "majority", "author": "GREENE, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Van Winkle, Buck, Wall, Starnes and Davis, P.A., by Albert L. Sneed, Jr., for plaintiff appellants.", "Attorney General Roy Cooper, by Senior Deputy Attorney General James C. Gulick and Special Deputy Attorney General John F. Maddrey for defendant appellees." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "JERRY T. WHITMIRE, JAMES F. MILLER, III, and MARK SEARCY, for themselves and on behalf of all other taxpayers of the State of North Carolina similarly situated, and TRUDI WALEND, a duly elected Representative to the North Carolina House of Representatives, Plaintiffs v. ROY A. COOPER, Attorney General of the State of North Carolina; JOSEPH M. HESTER, JR., CAROLINE B. ANSBACHER, JOHN DeFOREST COSTLOW, KAREN CRAGNOLIN, ALLAN HOLT GWYN, JOHN CARTER HOGAN, ALLEN MAYNARD HARDISON, WILLIAM E. HOLLAND, JR., ROBERT DARE HOWARD, ELIZABETH JOHNS, LELAND McKINLEY SIMMONS, C. LEROY SMITH, CHARLES R. WAKILD, CLAUDETTE WESTON, and AUGUSTUS DREWRY WILLIS, III, individually and as Trustees of the North Carolina Clean Water Management Trust Fund; BILL HOLMAN; THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA; THE NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION; and THE NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES, Defendants\nNo. COA01-1566\n(Filed 5 November 2002)\n1. Collateral Estoppel and Res Judicata\u2014 collateral estop-pel \u2014 disposal of motion to dismiss \u2014 not a final judgment on merits\nThe trial court\u2019s order denying plaintiff landowners\u2019 motion to dismiss in the condemnation action did not serve as collateral estoppel in an action by taxpayers alleging that funds from the Clean Water Trust; Management Trust Fund were unlawfully used to acquire a tract of land by condemnation because the order entered by the trial court in the condemnation action merely disposed of the landowners\u2019 motion to dismiss, and thus, its conclusion that the funds used for the condemnation action were properly authorized by statute and by CWMTF Trustees in the lawful exercise of their duties is not a final judgment on the merits.\n2. Jurisdiction\u2014 in rem \u2014 Princess Lida doctrine\nThe superior court\u2019s in rem jurisdiction over the pertinent tract of land divested the trial court of jurisdiction to hear the case, because: (1) the Princess Lida doctrine requires a court to abstain from exercising jurisdiction if the relief sought would require the court to control a particular property or res over which another court already has jurisdiction; and (2) as the superior court residing over the condemnation action was the first court to exercise in rem jurisdiction and the action has not been concluded thus far, the trial court could not exercise jurisdiction over plaintiff taxpayers\u2019 action.\n3. Jurisdiction\u2014 subject matter \u2014 taxpayers\u2014lack of standing\nThe trial court did not err in an action challenging defendants\u2019 acquisition via condemnation of a tract of land by dismissing plaintiff taxpayers\u2019 complaint with prejudice based on lack of subject matter jurisdiction due to plaintiffs\u2019 lack of standing, because: (1) N.C.G.S. \u00a7 143-32, which assigns the Attorney General as the proper authority to sue for the recovery of wrongfully expended State funds, provides the explicit and exclusive remedy for the recovery of damages alleged to have occurred as a result of the alleged misuse of State property; and (2) although plaintiffs argue they have complied with the prerequisites to standing by making a demand on the Attorney General that was refused, there are no allegations in the complaint that the Attorney General\u2019s refusal to act was wrongful.\nAppeal by plaintiffs from order dated 26 October 2001 by Judge Donald W. Stephens in Wake County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 8 October 2002.\nVan Winkle, Buck, Wall, Starnes and Davis, P.A., by Albert L. Sneed, Jr., for plaintiff appellants.\nAttorney General Roy Cooper, by Senior Deputy Attorney General James C. Gulick and Special Deputy Attorney General John F. Maddrey for defendant appellees." }, "file_name": "0730-01", "first_page_order": 760, "last_page_order": 766 }