{ "id": 8548521, "name": "GRACE JERNIGAN v. STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY AND INDIANA LUMBERMEN'S MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY AND SHELBA J. JERNIGAN v. STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY AND INDIANA LUMBERMEN'S MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY", "name_abbreviation": "Jernigan v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance", "decision_date": "1972-08-30", "docket_number": "No. 7211DC415", "first_page": "46", "last_page": "52", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "16 N.C. App. 46" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "48 N. C. L. Rev. 984", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "N.C. L. Rev.", "year": 1970, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "991" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "126 S.E. 2d 161", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1962, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "166-67" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "257 N.C. 381", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8567993 ], "year": 1962, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "387" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/257/0381-01" ] }, { "cite": "41 N. C. L. Rev. 232", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "N.C. L. Rev.", "year": 1963, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "234" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "180 S.E. 2d 823", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "829" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "278 N.C. 523", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8561041 ], "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "533" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/278/0523-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 626, "char_count": 15315, "ocr_confidence": 0.525, "pagerank": { "raw": 3.0833517390190907e-07, "percentile": 0.8581342001020137 }, "sha256": "7f49b2bc4d1c00c6945df8728b13060965ebbc105014c7b2bda948e7db50b51b", "simhash": "1:2ceeb4944753963a", "word_count": 2466 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:27:31.279819+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judges Brock and Morris concur." ], "parties": [ "GRACE JERNIGAN v. STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY AND INDIANA LUMBERMEN\u2019S MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY AND SHELBA J. JERNIGAN v. STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY AND INDIANA LUMBERMEN\u2019S MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "HEDRICK, Judge.\nThe defendant Lumbermen\u2019s assigns as error the denial of its motion for summary judgment as to plaintiffs\u2019 claims and as to the cross claim of the defendant State Farm. \u201c(T)he movant is allowed to preserve his exception to the denial of the motion for consideration on appeal from the final judgment.\u201d The question thus presented on appeal is whether the pleadings and stipulations of the parties show there is a genuine issue as to any material fact and whether any party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. G.S. 1A-1, Rule 56.\n\u201cEvidence which may be considered under Rule 56 includes admissions in the pleadings, depositions on file, answers to Rule 33 interrogatories, admissions on file whether obtained under Rule 36 or in any other way, affidavits, and any other material which would be admissible in evidence or of which judicial notice may properly be taken.\u201d Kessing v. Mortgage Corp., 278 N.C. 523, 533, 180 S.E. 2d 823, 829 (1971).\nThe detailed stipulation of facts made by the parties shows clearly there was no genuine issue as to any material fact; therefore, the question presented to the trial judge by Lumbermen\u2019s motion for summary judgment was whether, under the stipulated facts, it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. We hold that it was.\nThis appeal presents for resolution a question of first impression in North Carolina \u2014 the construction to be given to the phrase \u201cpersons in lawful possession\u201d as used in G.S. 20-279.21 (b) (2), which is by statute made a part of the policy of automobile liability insurance issued by defendant Lumbermen\u2019s. By the terms of that statute, coverage is extended to the named insured, those operating the motor vehicle with the express or implied permission of the named insured and to \u201cpersons in lawful possession.\u201d The phrase \u201cpersons in lawful possession\u201d appeared in the original 1947 version of this statute, was deleted by the 1953 Legislature and was reinstated by Chapter 1162 of the Session Laws of 1967.\nAppellent contends, \u201cNeither the owner nor Ellen, who had been given permission to use the car, told Margaret she could drive it and Margaret did not ask for permission. . . .\u201d It thus becomes necessary for the court to determine whether permission, express or implied, is an essential element of \u201clawful possession.\u201d We hold that it is. To hold otherwise would constitute anyone other than a thief a person in \u201clawful possession.\u201d\nIt is stated in 12 Couch On Insurance 345 \u00a7 45:340 (2d ed. 1964), \u201cOmnibus coverage clauses protect others than the named insured only when such other persons are using or operating the insured motor vehicle with the \u2018permission\u2019 or \u2018consent\u2019 of the named insured. Conversely, there is no coverage by virtue of the omnibus clause in the absence of such permission.\u201d In 4 A.L.R. 3d \u00a7 3 (A), p. 25, it is stated, \u201cIt appears well settled that the named insured\u2019s mere permission to another to use the automobile does not of itself authorize the permittee to delegate his right of user to a third person so as to bring the latter within the coverage of the omnibus clause.\u201d And at page 24, \u201cThe consent of the first permittee is likewise essential where a second user claims coverage by virtue of the named insured\u2019s initial permission.\u201d\nThree rules of construction are utilized by the courts of different states in construing omnibus clauses. Regardless of which rule is applied, permission, whether express or implied, is required. It is stated in 41 N. C. L. Rev. 232, 234 (1963) :\n\u201c(1) Under the strict or \u2018conversion\u2019 rule, any deviation from the time, place, or purpose specified by the person granting permission is sufficient to take the permittee outside the coverage of the omnibus' clause.\n(2) Under the moderate or \u2018minor deviation\u2019 rule, a material deviation from the permission granted constitutes a use without permission, but a slight deviation is not sufficient to exclude the permittee from coverage.\n(3) Under the liberal or \u2018initial permission\u2019 rule, if the permittee has permission to use the automobile in the first instance, any subsequent use while it remains in his possession, though not within the contemplation of the parties at the time of the bailment, is a permissive use within the terms of the clause.\u201d\nIn 1953 the Legislature deleted the phrase . . any other person in lawful possession\u201d from the statute [G.S. 20-227 (2) (b) ]. Mr. Justice Moore, writing for the court in Hawley v. Insurance Co. stated, \u201cWe interpret this statutory change to mean that the Legislature intended no more radical coverage than is expressed in the moderate rule of construction, i.e., coverage shall include use with permission, express or implied.\u201d The court indicated that prior to this deletion, the statute \u201cwas sufficiently broad to embrace the liberal rule. It required that policies of insurance insure all operators irrespective of limits of permission, if in the lawful possession of the vehicle.\u201d 257 N.C. 381, 387, 126 S.E. 2d 161, 166-67 (1962).\nThe 1967 amendment, adding the words \u201cany other person in lawful possession\u201d is interpreted to signify that the Legislature favors adoption of a liberal rule of construction in applying and interpreting the scope of permission under the omnibus clause. It is stated in 48 N. C. L. Rev. 984, 991 (1970), \u201cAs the 1967 amendment clearly provides the opportunity for adoption of the liberal rule in North Carolina as to the scope of permission once granted, it appears permissible for the courts to similarly liberalize the view of what constitutes initial permission. . . .\u201d\nA statute prescribing an omnibus clause is a remedial act and should be liberally construed to assure fulfillment of the beneficial goal for which it was enacted. 12 Couch On Insurance 326 \u00a7 45:313 (2d ed. 1964). Regardless of the liberality of the rule of construction applied, permission of the named insured or of the original permittee is essential to extend coverage to a second permittee. Here, there was no evidence signifying either express or implied permission for Margaret Blue to operate the vehicle. Accordingly, she was not a \u201cperson in lawful possession\u201d and the trial court erred in failing to grant summary judgment for defendant Lumbermen\u2019s. The judgment of the trial court is therefore\nReversed.\nJudges Brock and Morris concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "HEDRICK, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Bryan, Jones, Johnson, Hunter & Greene by C. McFarland Hunter for plaintiff appellees (Grace Jernigan and Shelba J. Jernigan).", "Butler, High & Baer by Ervin I. Baer for defendant ap-pellee (State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company).", "Anderson, Nimocks & Broadfoot by Henry L. Anderson for defendant appellant (Indiana Lumbermen\u2019s Mutual Insurance Company)." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "GRACE JERNIGAN v. STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY AND INDIANA LUMBERMEN\u2019S MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY AND SHELBA J. JERNIGAN v. STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY AND INDIANA LUMBERMEN\u2019S MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY\nNo. 7211DC415\n(Filed 30 August 1972)\nInsurance \u00a7 87\u2014 automobile liability policy \u2014 person in lawful possession \u2014 permission of owner or original permittee\nThe driver of an automobile was not a \u201cperson in lawful possession\u201d within the meaning of G.S. 20-279.31 (b) (2), and thus was not covered under a liability policy on the automobile, where neither the insured owner nor his daughter, who had the owner\u2019s permission to use the automobile, gave the driver permission to use the automobile and the driver, who did not have a driver\u2019s license, did not ask for permission.\nAppeal by defendant Indiana Lumbermen\u2019s Mutual Insurance Company, from Morgan, District Judge, 14 February 1972 Session of District Court held in Harnett County.\nThese are civil actions consolidated for trial by consent, instituted by plaintiffs, holders of judgments for personal injury and property damage, to recover in the alternative from: (1) defendant, State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company (State Farm) on the \u201cuninsured motorist\u201d provision of its liability policy issued to plaintiff Shelba J. Jernigan or (2) defendant, Indiana Lumbermen\u2019s Mutual Insurance Company (Lumbermen\u2019s) on its automobile liability insurance policy issued to William James Blue. Defendant, State Farm filed a cross claim against the defendant Lumbermen\u2019s to recover $585.00 legal expenses and costs incurred by it in defending plaintiffs\u2019 suits against Lumbermen\u2019s insured, which suits Lumbermen\u2019s had refused to defend. The facts stipulated by the parties are summarized as follows: There is outstanding and unpaid of record in the office of the Clerk of Superior Court of Harnett County, North Carolina, a judgment in favor of plaintiff, Shelba J. Jernigan, against one Margaret Blue in the sum of Two Thousand Two Hundred and Fifty Dollars ($2,250.00) for personal injuries and Six Hundred Dollars ($600.00) for property damages and a judgment in favor of plaintiff, Grace Jernigan, against the said Margaret Blue in the sum of Two Thousand Dollars ($2,000.00) for personal injuries. Each judgment resulted from a civil action instituted by the respective plaintiffs against Margaret Blue as operator of a certain 1967 Buick automobile owned by William James Blue on 27 March 1970. On 27 March 1970 Lumbermen\u2019s had outstanding and in force, pursuant to the Motor Vehicle Safety and Financial Responsibility Act of 1953, as amended, and The Vehicle Financial Responsibility Act of 1957, as amended, a policy of automobile liability insurance on the 1967 Buick automobile owned by and registered in the name of William James Blue. On March 27, 1970, defendant, State Farm had outstanding and in force, pursuant to the Motor Vehicle Safety and Financial Responsibility Act of 1953, as amended, and The Vehicle Financial Responsibility Act of 1957, as amended, a policy of automobile liability insurance on the 1968 Ford automobile owned by and registered in the name of plaintiff, Shelba J. Jernigan and occupied by the said Shelba J. Jernigan and plaintiff, Grace Jernigan, which provided uninsured motorist insurance. On March 27, 1970, Margaret Blue was not a resident of the household of William James Blue and she and William James Blue were living separate and apart and had so lived for ten years or more. Ellen Blue Darden was and is the daughter of William James Blue and Margaret Blue and was given permission by the said William James Blue to drive his aforesaid 1967 Buick automobile. Shortly prior to the accident herein involved, Ellen Blue Darden had driven said 1967 Buick automobile to South Third Street in the Town of Smithfield, Johnston County, North Carolina, accompanied by her mother, Margaret Blue, and she parked said 1967 Buick automobile in a parallel parking space on South Third Street in Smithfield, North Carolina. Ellen Blue Darden then went to shop and left her mother, Margaret Blue, in the parked automobile and left the keys to the automobile in the car. While the car was parked, Margaret Blue was asked by someone to move the parked car to facilitate another car being moved. She acceded to this request and while moving said 1967 Buick automobile, she collided with the 1968 Ford automobile owned by plaintiff, Shelba J. Jernigan, out of which collision the previous lawsuits and resulting judgments arose. At the time of the collision referred to, on March 27, 1970, Margaret Blue did not know how to drive a car and had never had a driver\u2019s license; and neither Ellen Blue Darden nor William James Blue had told Margaret Blue that she could drive the car. The defendant Lumbermen\u2019s automobile liability policy defined \u201cpersons insured\u201d as:\n\u201c(1) The named insured and any resident of the same household\n(2) Any other person using such automobile with the permission of the named insured, provided his actual operation ... is within the scope of such permission, and\n(8) Any other person or organization but only with respect to his or its liability because of acts or omissions of an insured under (a) 1 or 2 above.\u201d\nThe provisions of Section 20-279.21 (b) (2) of the General Statutes of North Carolina are incorporated in and made a part of the policy of automobile liability insurance issued by defendant Lumbermen\u2019s. The provisions of North Carolina General Statutes Section 20-279.21 (b) (3) are incorporated in and made a part of the policy of automobile liability insurance issued by defendant State Farm. Defendant Lumbermen\u2019s has denied coverage to Margaret Blue as an insured under its policy of automobile liability insurance and did not provide any defense to the suits by plaintiffs against Margaret Blue arising out of her operation of said automobile on the 27th day of March, 1970. Pursuant to the provisions of North Carolina General Statutes Section 20-279.21 (b) (3) defendant State Farm was as Uninsured Motorist Insurer made a party to the action instituted in the District Court of Harnett County, North Carolina, by Grace Jernigan and Shelba J. Jernigan against Margaret Blue. Defendant State Farm filed answers to the suits, appeared in the trial of the actions, and in investigating and defending plaintiffs\u2019 suits against Margaret Blue incurred expenses in the amount of $585. Defendant State Farm has refused to pay plaintiffs\u2019 judgments against Margaret Blue. The plaintiffs contend in the alternative that (1) Lumbermen\u2019s policy of insurance extended coverage to Margaret Blue in her operation of William James Blue\u2019s 1967 Buick automobile or (2) said Margaret Blue was an \u201cUninsured Motorist\u201d coming within the provisions of State Farm\u2019s policy on the 1968 Ford automobile belonging to Shelba J. Jernigan, and by reason of \u201ccoverage\u201d or \u201cno coverage\u201d extending to said Margaret Blue are entitled to recover of either (a) Lumbermen\u2019s or (b) State Farm for the amounts of their respective judgments, less such credits for payments made by State Farm as may be by law allowed for payments under medical payments provisions and/or collision insurance.\nBased on the stipulations of the parties, the trial judge in pertinent part concluded: The 1967 Buick automobile was an insured motor vehicle and the tort-feasor, Margaret Blue, was an insured operator within the provisions of the liability insurance policy issued by defendant Lumbermen\u2019s. The 1967 Buick automobile was not an uninsured motor vehicle and the tort-feasor, Margaret Blue, was not an uninsured operator within the provisions of the policy of the automobile insurance issued by defendant State Farm. Defendant Lumbermen\u2019s has, by denying coverage to Margaret Blue as an insured under its policy of automobile liability insurance and by refusing to pay plaintiffs\u2019 judgments herein sued on and by failing to provide any defense to the suits by plaintiffs against Margaret Blue, breached the provisions of its policy of automobile liability insurance, and the General Statutes of North Carolina applicable thereto, and made a part thereof. By so doing, defendant Lumbermen\u2019s has wrongfully caused defendant State Farm to incur expenses in defense of said suits in the amount of Five Hundred and Eighty-Five Dollars ($585.00).\nFrom a judgment that the plaintiff Shelba J. Jernigan and the plaintiff Grace Jernigan recover of the defendant Lumbermen\u2019s $2,850 and $2,250, respectively, and that the defendant State Farm recover of the defendant Lumbermen\u2019s $585, the defendant Lumbermen\u2019s appealed.\nBryan, Jones, Johnson, Hunter & Greene by C. McFarland Hunter for plaintiff appellees (Grace Jernigan and Shelba J. Jernigan).\nButler, High & Baer by Ervin I. Baer for defendant ap-pellee (State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company).\nAnderson, Nimocks & Broadfoot by Henry L. Anderson for defendant appellant (Indiana Lumbermen\u2019s Mutual Insurance Company)." }, "file_name": "0046-01", "first_page_order": 70, "last_page_order": 76 }