{ "id": 8413338, "name": "JAMES W. WHITE, Employee, Plaintiff v. WEYERHAEUSER COMPANY, Employer, SELF-INSURED, Defendant", "name_abbreviation": "White v. Weyerhaeuser Co.", "decision_date": "2005-01-04", "docket_number": "No. COA03-1337", "first_page": "658", "last_page": "673", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "167 N.C. App. 658" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "123 N.C. App. 228", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11912671 ], "year": 1996, "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/123/0228-01" ] }, { "cite": "599 S.E.2d 404", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 12631450 ], "year": 2004, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/se2d/599/0404-01" ] }, { "cite": "358 N.C. 545", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 12631458, 12631459, 12631448, 12631450, 12631451, 12631453, 12631454, 12631455 ], "year": 2004, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/se2d/599/0408-01", "/se2d/599/0409-01", "/se2d/599/0400-01", "/se2d/599/0404-01", "/se2d/599/0405-01", "/se2d/599/0406-01", "/se2d/599/0406-02", "/se2d/599/0407-02" ] }, { "cite": "595 S.E.2d 153", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 12631284, 12631285 ], "year": 2004, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/se2d/595/0153-02", "/se2d/595/0153-01" ] }, { "cite": "358 N.C. 235", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 12631282, 12631283, 12631284, 12631287, 12631227 ], "year": 2004, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/se2d/595/0152-02", "/se2d/595/0152-01", "/se2d/595/0153-02", "/se2d/595/0154-01", "/se2d/594/0188-01" ] }, { "cite": "379 S.E.2d 30", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "37", "parenthetical": "\"Where a panel of the Court of Appeals has decided the same issue, albeit in a different case, a subsequent panel of the same court is bound by that precedent, unless it has been overturned by a higher court.\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "324 N.C. 373", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2483734 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "384", "parenthetical": "\"Where a panel of the Court of Appeals has decided the same issue, albeit in a different case, a subsequent panel of the same court is bound by that precedent, unless it has been overturned by a higher court.\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/324/0373-01" ] }, { "cite": "444 S.E.2d 659", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "115 N.C. App. 293", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 12127138 ], "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/115/0293-01" ] }, { "cite": "597 S.E.2d 695", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "700" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "358 N.C. 488", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2986640 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "495" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/358/0488-01" ] }, { "cite": "509 S.E.2d 411", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "414", "parenthetical": "appellate court may not re-weigh the evidence or assess credibility" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "349 N.C. 676", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 571666 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "681", "parenthetical": "appellate court may not re-weigh the evidence or assess credibility" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/349/0676-01" ] }, { "cite": "565 S.E.2d 193", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2002, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "355 N.C. 747", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 219949, 220049, 219988, 220057, 219994 ], "year": 2002, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/355/0747-05", "/nc/355/0747-01", "/nc/355/0747-03", "/nc/355/0747-02", "/nc/355/0747-04" ] }, { "cite": "561 S.E.2d 298", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "302" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "149 N.C. App. 338", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 9127792 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "342" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/149/0338-01" ] }, { "cite": "342 S.E.2d 798", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "806", "parenthetical": "\"Proffered employment would not accurately reflect earning capacity if other employers would not hire the employee with the employee's limitations at a comparable wage level.\"" }, { "page": "807" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "316 N.C. 426", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4704100 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "438", "parenthetical": "\"Proffered employment would not accurately reflect earning capacity if other employers would not hire the employee with the employee's limitations at a comparable wage level.\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/316/0426-01" ] }, { "cite": "487 S.E.2d 746", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "750" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "346 N.C. 760", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 139324 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "764" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/346/0760-01" ] }, { "cite": "425 S.E.2d 454", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "457" }, { "page": "457", "parenthetical": "internal citations omitted" }, { "page": "457" }, { "page": "457" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "108 N.C. App. 762", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8525626 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "765" }, { "page": "765" }, { "page": "765" }, { "page": "765" }, { "page": "766" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/108/0762-01" ] }, { "cite": "290 S.E.2d 682", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "683" }, { "page": "683" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "305 N.C. 593", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8572767 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "595" }, { "page": "595" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/305/0593-01" ] }, { "cite": "588 S.E.2d 42", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "51", "parenthetical": "\"The decision regarding which inference to draw was for the Commission and may not be overturned on appeal.\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "161 N.C. App. 211", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8956500 ], "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "224", "parenthetical": "\"The decision regarding which inference to draw was for the Commission and may not be overturned on appeal.\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/161/0211-01" ] }, { "cite": "409 A.2d 164", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "case_ids": [ 7966766 ], "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "170", "parenthetical": "noting \"[i]t is unquestionably true\" that an employee, facing an imminent termination, reaps a benefit by quitting and \"hav[ing] a less-than-perfect work record erased\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/a2d/409/0164-01" ] }, { "cite": "324 S.E.2d 223", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "312 N.C. 618", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4749784 ], "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/312/0618-01" ] }, { "cite": "311 S.E.2d 372", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "373" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "66 N.C. App. 260", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8524329 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "262" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/66/0260-01" ] }, { "cite": "353 S.E.2d 219", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "222", "parenthetical": "\" '[A]n employee has not left his job voluntarily when events beyond the employee's control or the wishes of the employer cause the termination.' \" (quoting Eason v. Gould, Inc., 66 N.C. App. 260, 262, 311 S.E.2d 372, 373 (1984" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "319 N.C. 201", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4746366 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "205", "parenthetical": "\" '[A]n employee has not left his job voluntarily when events beyond the employee's control or the wishes of the employer cause the termination.' \" (quoting Eason v. Gould, Inc., 66 N.C. App. 260, 262, 311 S.E.2d 372, 373 (1984" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/319/0201-01" ] }, { "cite": "3 A. 2d 211", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "year": 1938, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "133 Pa. Super. 518", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pa. Super.", "case_ids": [ 1013131 ], "year": 1938, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/pa-super/133/0518-01" ] }, { "cite": "326 S.E.2d 31", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "313 N.C. 173", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4721315, 4726546, 4725555, 4721972, 4722039 ], "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/313/0173-05", "/nc/313/0173-01", "/nc/313/0173-04", "/nc/313/0173-02", "/nc/313/0173-03" ] }, { "cite": "321 S.E.2d 32", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "35" }, { "page": "34" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "70 N.C. App. 699", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8524520 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "704" }, { "page": "702" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/70/0699-01" ] }, { "cite": "263 S.E.2d 4", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "7" }, { "page": "7", "parenthetical": "\"Perceiving that well-intentioned employers may prefer to allow the unsuitable employee the dignity of resignation, we believe that there are strong public policy reasons for not discouraging employers from exercising this option.\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "44 N.C. App. 723", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8554939 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "727" }, { "page": "727" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/44/0723-01" ] }, { "cite": "N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 96-14", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "N.C. Gen. Stat.", "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(1)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "581 S.E.2d 778", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "787" }, { "page": "787" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "158 N.C. App. 341", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 9187488 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "354-55" }, { "page": "354" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/158/0341-01" ] }, { "cite": "N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7\u00a7 97-29", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "N.C. Gen. Stat.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "571 S.E.2d 48", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "51" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "153 N.C. App. 782", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 9251680 ], "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "787" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/153/0782-01" ] }, { "cite": "N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 97-32", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "N.C. Gen. Stat.", "weight": 3, "year": 2003, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "83 S.E.2d 785", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1954, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "791", "parenthetical": "appellant required to list a separate assignment of error for each finding of fact that appellant contends was not supported by evidence" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "240 N.C. 680", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8609216 ], "year": 1954, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "689", "parenthetical": "appellant required to list a separate assignment of error for each finding of fact that appellant contends was not supported by evidence" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/240/0680-01" ] }, { "cite": "158 S.E.2d 840", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1968, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "842" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "272 N.C. 659", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8574231 ], "year": 1968, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "662" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/272/0659-01" ] }, { "cite": "330 S.E.2d 616", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "313 N.C. 612", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4722697, 4725936, 4721340, 4722525, 4724158 ], "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/313/0612-03", "/nc/313/0612-05", "/nc/313/0612-01", "/nc/313/0612-02", "/nc/313/0612-04" ] }, { "cite": "325 S.E.2d 260", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "266" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "72 N.C. App. 372", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8526819 ], "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "375-76" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/72/0372-01" ] }, { "cite": "568 S.E.2d 305", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "308" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "152 N.C. App. 599", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 9250958 ], "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "603" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/152/0599-01" ] }, { "cite": "410 S.E.2d 875", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "879", "parenthetical": "Meyer, J., dissenting" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "330 N.C. 398", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2512114 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "404-05", "parenthetical": "Meyer, J., dissenting" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/330/0398-01" ] }, { "cite": "274 S.E.2d 365", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "368" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "50 N.C. App. 442", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 2672880 ], "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "446" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/50/0442-01" ] }, { "cite": "409 S.E.2d 103", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "104" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "104 N.C. App. 284", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8521328 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "285-86" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/104/0284-01" ] }, { "cite": "472 S.E.2d 397", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 6, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "401" }, { "page": "401" }, { "page": "401" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "123 N.C. App. 228", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11912671 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "233-34" }, { "page": "233" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/123/0228-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1393, "char_count": 38295, "ocr_confidence": 0.75, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.780047820160325e-07, "percentile": 0.7133479596686911 }, "sha256": "107d0292bc8892ae8e4fd333f9366855ff66091890bbf00ed6e7f3419c20c243", "simhash": "1:2586d52b26bf7852", "word_count": 6222 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:53:28.670431+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judges HUDSON and THORNBURG concur.", "Judge THORNBURG concurred prior to 31 December 2004." ], "parties": [ "JAMES W. WHITE, Employee, Plaintiff v. WEYERHAEUSER COMPANY, Employer, SELF-INSURED, Defendant" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "GEER, Judge.\nDefendant Weyerhaeuser Company appeals from the Full Commission\u2019s Opinion and Award awarding temporary disability benefits to plaintiff James W. White. Weyerhaeuser argues primarily that White\u2019s resignation of his position with Weyerhaeuser precluded any award of disability benefits. Because the Commission found that White\u2019s resignation was not voluntary, but rather was in response to Weyerhaeuser\u2019s expressed intent to terminate his employment, we hold that the Commission properly analyzed this case under Seagraves v. Austin Co. of Greensboro, 123 N.C. App. 228, 472 S.E.2d 397 (1996).\nStandard of Review\nIn reviewing a decision by the Commission, this Court\u2019s role \u201cis limited to determining whether there is any competent evidence to support the findings of fact, and whether the findings of fact justify the conclusions of law.\u201d Cross v. Blue Cross/Blue Shield, 104 N.C. App. 284, 285-86, 409 S.E.2d 103, 104 (1991). Under N.C.R. App. P. 10(a), our review is further limited to those findings of fact and conclusions of law properly assigned as error.\nIn this case, apparently operating based on an outdated version of our Appellate Rules, Weyerhaeuser has assigned error only to certain conclusions of law, but under each of the assignments of error has listed \u201cDefendant\u2019s Exception[s],\u201d referring to \u201c exception^]\u201d typed onto a copy of the Commission\u2019s Opinion and Award. Nowhere in Weyerhaeuser\u2019s assignments of error or in the typewritten exceptions does the company state any specific reason that the findings of fact are in error.\nThe former version of Rule 10 of our Rules of Appellate Procedure \u201crequire[d] that all assignments of error should be followed by a listing of the exceptions on which they are based, and that these exceptions should be identified by the pages of the record at which they appear.\u201d Peoples Serv. Drug Stores, Inc. v. Mayfair, N. V. (Micora, N. V.), 50 N.C. App. 442, 446, 274 S.E.2d 365, 368 (1981). It appears that Weyerhaeuser has adhered to the procedure set forth in this older version of the Rule.\nIn 1988, Rule 10 was amended \u201cto put an end to the formality of marking exceptions in the transcript of the proceedings as formerly required by Rule 10(b)(2). Accordingly, the language of the former Rule 10(b)(2), requiring that the record on appeal reflect a separate exception for each finding of fact assigned as error, was deleted from the current version of Rule 10(b)(2).\u201d State v. Canady, 330 N.C. 398, 404-05, 410 S.E.2d 875, 879 (1991) (Meyer, J., dissenting). The current Rule 10 provides:\nA listing of the assignments of error upon which an appeal is predicated shall be stated at the conclusion of the record on appeal, in short form without argument, and shall be separately numbered. Each assignment of error shall, so far as practicable, be confined to a single issue of law; and shall state plainly, concisely and without argumentation the legal basis upon which error is assigned. An assignment of error is sufficient if it directs the attention of the appellate court to the particular error about which the question is made, with clear and specific record or transcript references. Questions made as to several issues or findings relating to one ground of recovery or defense may be combined in one assignment of error, if separate record or transcript references are made.\nN.C.R. App. P. 10(c)(1).\nUnder this rule, an appellant is required to specifically assign error to each finding of fact that it contends is not supported by competent evidence. \u201c[F]hiding's of fact to which [an appellant] has not assigned error and argued in his brief are conclusively established on appeal.\u201d Static Control Components, Inc. v. Vogler, 152 N.C. App. 599, 603, 568 S.E.2d 305, 308 (2002). Thus, \u201c[a] single assignment [of error] generally challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to support numerous findings of fact ... is broadside and ineffective\u201d under N.C.R. App. P. 10. Wade v. Wade, 72 N.C. App. 372, 375-76, 325 S.E.2d 260, 266, disc. review denied, 313 N.C. 612, 330 S.E.2d 616 (1985). Since Weyerhaeuser has failed to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support the Commission\u2019s specific findings of fact, they are binding on appeal under the current rules.\nIn any event, a review of older cases applying the former rules reveals that, even under those rules, Weyerhaeuser has failed to properly present for appellate review the adequacy of the evidence to support the Commission\u2019s findings of fact. Under the former procedure, when, as here, assignments of error challenged only a conclusion of law, but listed under those assignments of error exceptions to specific findings of fact, the assignments of error \u201craise [d] only the question whether the facts found support the judgment, or whether error of law appears on the face of the record.\u201d Jewel Box Stores Corp. v. Morrow, 272 N.C. 659, 662, 158 S.E.2d 840, 842 (1968). See also Dobias v. White, 240 N.C. 680, 689, 83 S.E.2d 785, 791 (1954) (appellant required to list a separate assignment of error for each finding of fact that appellant contends was not supported by evidence).\nWeyerhaeuser has thus failed under both the former and current rules to raise on appeal the sufficiency of the evidence to support the Commission\u2019s findings of fact. The Commission\u2019s findings of fact are, therefore, binding on appeal.\nFacts\nWhite began working for Weyerhaeuser as a utility person on 15 August 1988. He received several promotions and in December 2000 held the position of night shift lead maintenance technician at Weyerhaeuser\u2019s New Bern sawmill plant. On 12 December 2000, White was working on a ladder when the ladder shook underneath him and he fell. He twisted his body and reached behind him with his right arm in an attempt to catch himself as he hit the floor. The safety incident investigation report stated that the cause of the accident was an insecure grip or hold and defective or unsafe equipment; it also noted that the floor had rain, oil, and grease on it.\nImmediately after his fall, White\u2019s right thumb was bleeding and his right arm was numb. Since the plant nurse did not work during the night shift, White\u2019s shift supervisor, Don O'Neal, wrapped the thumb to stop the bleeding and had White sit in the office for the remaining three hours and 45 minutes of the shift. The Commission found that O\u2019Neal filled out an incident report, but denied White\u2019s request for immediate medical treatment for his shoulder and thumb.\nAfter White\u2019s shift ended at 6:00 or 7:00 a.m., he went home and slept. When he awoke at 1:00 p.m., his thumb was still bleeding and his shoulder was sore. White went to Eastern Carolina Internal Medicine Urgent Care, the medical facility designated by Weyerhaeuser in its policy handbook for treatment of work-related injuries. White received stitches in his thumb and pain medication for his shoulder.\nOn 13 December 2000, White received a letter of reprimand, labeled as a \u201cGroup II\u201d violation, from his supervisor Buddy Taylor for \u201cfailure to obey written or oral instructions\u201d and for engaging in horseplay. White testified he received the reprimand because he did not notify Taylor or Jean Matthews, a human resources employee, of the accident and because he went to the doctor without first going to the company nurse.\nThe New Bern sawmill plant rules divide rule violations into two types \u2014 Group I or Group II \u2014 based on the seriousness of the offense. Group I violations are subject to progressive discipline, including: (1) an oral warning, (2) a written reprimand, (3) a three-day layoff and final warning, and (4) a suspension followed by further disciplinary action, up to and including discharge. Group II violations are subject only to step 4.\nWhite returned to work at Weyerhaeuser on light duty, but his shoulder continued to hurt. In early February 2001, he was referred to Dr. Mark Wertman, an orthopedic surgeon, who ordered an MRI on White\u2019s shoulder. The MRI revealed that White had a torn rotator cuff. On 30 March 2001, Dr. Wertman performed successful surgery on White\u2019s shoulder to repair the tom rotator cuff.\nWeyerhaeuser admitted compensability of White\u2019s injury by filing a Form 60 (\u201cEmployer\u2019s Admission of Employee\u2019s Right to Compensation Pursuant to NC Gen. Stat. \u00a7 97-18(b)\u201d) on 11 April 2001.\nAfter the surgery, White initially was unable to work and received temporary total disability benefits. Weyerhaeuser wrote Dr. Wertman correspondence within one week of the surgery requesting that White be returned to light duty work. White returned to work on 9 April 2001, again on a light duty basis, with restrictions on driving, lifting, and using his right arm. On 14 June 2001, Dr. Wertman advised White to do no overhead lifting and to lift a maximum of 15 pounds at waist level.\nIn June 2001, White received a second reprimand for a Group II violation for failure to obey written or oral instructions. White testified that he received the reprimand for leaving a message with his supervisor, Buddy Taylor, rather than speaking with him personally to request time off to take care of affairs related to the death of his father. White received approved leave to be with his father in the week preceding his father\u2019s death. Upon his father\u2019s death, he spoke with his unit leader at the plant, seeking additional time. White testified that he believed a unit leader had the authority to grant such leave and that the leave had been granted. The Commission found (1) that Weyerhaeuser presented no evidence to show that White\u2019s beliefs in this regard were incorrect and (2) that the agreement between Weyerhaeuser and the union does not specify notification requirements for funeral leave apart from requiring proof of a relationship with the deceased. When White returned to work, he presented Taylor with his father\u2019s obituary, but Taylor required that he obtain his father\u2019s hospital records in order to be paid for the leave.\nAs White\u2019s shoulder continued to improve, he was allowed to use it more at work, and his hours gradually increased. White\u2019s restrictions were changed to permit lifting of 25 pounds at waist level by 10 July 2001. The Commission found that in July 2001, White was able to resume his normal work hours and earn his former wages. Weyerhaeuser, however, continued to provide him with a helper to assist him with tasks he was unable to perform.\nOn 25 July 2001, White was performing maintenance on a sawdust conveyer along with two other maintenance technicians, Steve Roper and Felicia James. Weyerhaeuser had a \u201clockout\u201d safety procedure that required each employee performing maintenance on equipment to place his or her personal padlock on the power control device for the equipment in order to prevent the equipment from being turned on. After White and the other technicians had finished tightening the chains on the conveyor, a lead person, Milton Craft, approached and asked them to remove their locks from the conveyor\u2019s power control device. White and Roper removed their locks and were waiting for James to return and remove her lock. While they were waiting, Taylor approached White and asked what they were doing. When White told him that they had been tightening the conveyor chains, Taylor asked how tight the chain was. White reached into the machine and shook the chain to demonstrate. White testified that the machine could not have been operated at the time because James\u2019 lock, which was in full view of White and Taylor, was still on the power control device.\nAlthough Taylor made no objection at the time, he returned an hour later and informed White that when he reached into the machine without his lock being on the machine, he had committed a \u201clockout violation.\u201d White, who was a member of Local 1325 of the Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International Union AFL-CIO, filed a grievance with the union.\nThe day after the \u201clockout violation,\u201d White was called in to talk to his union president and shop steward. They notified him that Weyerhaeuser was going to send him home and terminate him for having received three Group II violations. Under the issue resolution procedure clause of the agreement between Weyerhaeuser and the union, the union shop steward was involved in negotiating grievances and received copies of all reprimands. The union representatives advised White that it would be in his interest to resign rather than have a termination on his record. Based on this advice, White tendered a letter of resignation to Weyerhaeuser on the same day.\nWhite had been employed at Weyerhaeuser for 12 years prior to his injury, and in that time, he had received only one reprimand. In the seven months following his injury, White received two Group II reprimands and anticipated a third Group II reprimand on the day he resigned. The Commission found that no evidence was presented to show that a nondisabled employee would have been reprimanded for similar violations.\nAfter he resigned, White began looking for other work. For approximately five months, White applied for various jobs, both directly and through the Employment Security Commission. Some of the companies informed him that they did not have any work for him because he was still on light-duty restrictions.\nDr. Wertman released White from his care on 22 October 2001, concluding that he had reached maximum medical improvement with a five percent impairment of his right arm and no impairment of his thumb as a result of the accident. White was unable to find employment until 8 January 2002, when he began working for Kopeland Construction Company at $8.00 per hour as a general laborer. White left Kopeland for a permanent job with E & J Automotive, also at $8.00 per hour, where he remained employed as of the hearing before the Deputy Commissioner. The Commission found that \u201c[b]oth jobs paid considerably lower wages than he had earned while working for defendant.\u201d\nAfter White\u2019s resignation, Weyerhaeuser refused to pay temporary total disability benefits, and White requested that his claim be assigned for hearing. On 29 August 2002, Deputy Commissioner Morgan S. Chapman filed an Opinion and Award denying White\u2019s claim for additional compensation. White appealed to the Full Commission. In an Opinion and Award filed on 14 July 2003, the Commission concluded that as a result of his compensable injury by accident, White was disabled and was entitled to compensation for total disability benefits for the period between 26 July 2001 and 7 January 2002 and for partial disability benefits beginning 8 January 2002 and continuing for 300 weeks from the date of injury or until White began earning the same wage as he made on 12 December 2000. Weyerhaeuser filed timely notice of appeal to this Court.\nI\nWeyerhaeuser contends that the Full Commission erred in failing to conclude that by tendering his resignation, White refused suitable employment pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 97-32 (2003). That section provides:\nIf an injured employee refuses employment procured for him suitable to his capacity he shall not be entitled to any compensation at any time during the continuance of such refusal, unless in the opinion of the Industrial Commission such refusal was justified.\nN.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 97-32. \u201cThe burden is on the employer to show that plaintiff refused suitable employment.\u201d Gordon v. City of Durham, 153 N.C. App. 782, 787, 571 S.E.2d 48, 51 (2002).\nIn applying the statute, the first question is whether the plaintiff\u2019s employment was voluntarily or involuntarily terminated. If the termination is voluntary and the \u201cemployer meets its burden of showing that a plaintiff unjustifiably refused suitable employment, then the employee is not entitled to any further benefits under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7\u00a7 97-29 or 97-30.\u201d Whitfield v. Lab. Corp. of Am., 158 N.C. App. 341, 354-55, 581 S.E.2d 778, 787 (2003). If the departure is determined to be involuntary, the question becomes whether the termination amounted to a constructive refusal of suitable work under Seagraves v. Austin Co. of Greensboro, 123 N.C. App. 228, 472 S.E.2d 397 (1996).\nAs this Court explained in Seagraves:\n[W]here an employee, who has sustained a compensable injury and has been provided light duty or rehabilitative employment, is terminated from such employment for misconduct or other fault on the part of the employee, such termination does not automatically constitute a constructive refusal to accept employment so as to bar the employee from receiving benefits for temporary partial or total disability. Rather, the test is whether the employee\u2019s loss of, or diminution in, wages is attributable to the wrongful act resulting in loss of employment, in which case benefits will be barred, or whether such loss or diminution in earning capacity is due to the employee\u2019s work-related disability, in which case the employee will be entitled to benefits for such disability.\n123 N.C. App. at 233-34, 472 S.E.2d at 401. In cases involving an involuntary termination, \u201cthe employer must first show that the employee was terminated for misconduct or fault, unrelated to the compensable injury, for which a nondisabled employee would ordinarily have been terminated.\u201d Id. at 234, 472 S.E.2d at 401. If the employer meets its burden, \u201cthe employee\u2019s misconduct will be deemed to constitute a constructive refusal to perform the work provided and consequent forfeiture of benefits for lost earnings, unless the employee is then able to show that his or her inability to find or hold other employment of any kind, or other employment at a wage comparable to that earned prior to the injury, is due to the work-related disability.\u201d Id.\nWeyerhaeuser argues that Seagraves is inapplicable in this case because White was not terminated, but rather voluntarily resigned. Because Weyerhaeuser bore the burden of proving that White refused suitable employment, it bore the burden of proving that White rejected his job by voluntarily resigning. Weyerhaeuser chose not to offer any evidence on this issue, but rather to rely only on cross-examination of White. After reviewing the evidence, the Commission rejected Weyerhaeuser\u2019s factual contentions and found that White\u2019s termination of employment was not voluntary:\n29. Plaintiff reported for work on July 26, 2001 and was approached by the union president and union shop steward who informed plaintiff that he was to be sent home and then terminated for having received three Group II violations. Under the Issue Resolution Procedure Clause of the Agreement between Weyerhaeuser New Bern Sawmill and AFL-CIO, the shop steward was involved in negotiating disputes and copies of reprimands were provided to the union.\n30. Plaintiff testified that he was advised by his union president and the shop steward that in lieu of having a termination on his record, it would be preferable for plaintiff to resign.\n32. On July 26, 2001, plaintiff submitted a written resignation to defendant. Plaintiff testified that he resigned based upon what his union representatives advised him to do.\n42. Plaintiff reasonably believed that he was to be terminated based upon the information he was given by the union president and union shop steward and he reasonably relied on that information as the bases for his resignation. Plaintiffs belief that termination was imminent was not rebutted by defendant at the hearing before Deputy Commissioner Chapman. The Full Commission finds that plaintiff\u2019s termination of employment was not voluntary, but rather was predicated on information from his union officials, as well as the witness report filed by his supervisor and his previous reprimands.\nSince Weyerhaeuser did not properly assign error to these findings, they are binding on appeal. The question remains whether these findings support the Commission\u2019s conclusion that \u201c[p]laintiff did not voluntarily resign from his employment on July 26, 2001, and thus his termination from employment must be analyzed pursuant to Seagraves v. Austin Co. of Greensboro ....\u201d\nWeyerhaeuser urges this Court to hold that Seagraves cannot ever apply when an employee has resigned. To do so would be to exalt form over substance in a manner inconsistent with the underlying purpose of the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act to \u201cprovide compensation to workers whose earning capacity is diminished or destroyed by injury arising from their employment.\u201d Seagraves, 123 N.C. App. at 233, 472 S.E.2d at 401. We hold that when an employee resigns in the face of imminent termination of his or her employment, the Commission may conclude that the employee\u2019s employment ended involuntarily.\nWhile our appellate courts have not previously addressed this issue in the workers\u2019 compensation context, we find guidance in opinions construing our unemployment statutes. Under the Employment Security Act, an employee is disqualified from receiving unemployment benefits if he or she leaves work voluntarily without good cause attributable to the employer. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 96-14(1) (2003). In In re Werner, 44 N.C. App. 723, 727, 263 S.E.2d 4, 7 (1980), this Court held that an employee\u2019s departure was not voluntary when she chose to resign rather than be terminated. Similarly, in Bunn v. N. C. State Univ., 70 N.C. App. 699, 704, 321 S.E.2d 32, 35 (1984), disc. review denied, 313 N.C. 173, 326 S.E.2d 31 (1985), this Court held that a resignation was not voluntary when the plaintiff resigned in the face of the employer\u2019s decision to terminate her at a later date because of her inability to perform the job. This Court reasoned:\nAlthough [plaintiff] did have to make the ultimate choice not to return to work, still we cannot say that her decision was entirely free, or spontaneous. We agree with the court in Dept. of Labor and Industry v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review (In Re John Priest), 133 Pa. Super. 518, 3 A. 2d 211 (1938), that an individual\u2019s decision to leave work when informed of an imminent discharge or layoff is a consequence of the employer\u2019s decision to discharge and is not wholly voluntary.\nBunn, 70 N.C. App. at 702, 321 S.E.2d at 34. See also In re Poteat, 319 N.C. 201, 205, 353 S.E.2d 219, 222 (1987) (\u201c \u2018[A]n employee has not left his job voluntarily when events beyond the employee\u2019s control or the wishes of the employer cause the termination.\u2019 \u201d (quoting Eason v. Gould, Inc., 66 N.C. App. 260, 262, 311 S.E.2d 372, 373 (1984), aff\u2019d by equally divided court, 312 N.C. 618, 324 S.E.2d 223 (1985))).\nWe believe that this analysis is equally appropriate in the workers\u2019 compensation context. If an employee resigns his job in the face of an imminent dismissal, then the Commission may reasonably find that the resignation is involuntary, as it did here. It is not, however, required to do so if it does not believe that the resignation was in fact forced by the employer\u2019s termination decision.\nThis approach is consistent with the policies underlying the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act. There is no question that had White waited until Weyerhaeuser actually fired him, then the Commission could still have awarded benefits under the Seagraves test even if the termination was justified by misconduct. McRae, 358 N.C. at 495, 597 S.E.2d at 700. An employee may, however, wish to resign and preserve an otherwise positive work record rather than wait for an inevitable firing that could make it much more difficult to find other employment. See Thomas v. D.C. Dep\u2019t of Labor, 409 A.2d 164, 170 (D.C. 1979) (noting \u201c[i]t is unquestionably true\u201d that an employee, facing an imminent termination, reaps a benefit by quitting and \u201chav[ing] a less-than-perfect work record erased\u201d). Weyerhaeuser would have us hold that by choosing to resign in order to enhance his employa-bility, White should be completely blocked from receiving benefits, even though had he waited for the inevitable firing, he would still be eligible for benefits. We cannot see how making this distinction is consistent with the policies underlying the Workers\u2019 Compensation Act. Cf. Werner, 44 N.C. App. at 727, 263 S.E.2d at 7 (\u201cPerceiving that well-intentioned employers may prefer to allow the unsuitable employee the dignity of resignation, we believe that there are strong public policy reasons for not discouraging employers from exercising this option.\u201d).\nWeyerhaeuser also argues that there was no evidence in the record to support a finding that it was going to terminate White\u2019s employment. Since Weyerhaeuser did not object to White\u2019s testimony regarding what the union officials told him Weyerhaeuser had decided, that evidence supports White\u2019s assertion that he was going to be fired. Weyerhaeuser offered no contrary evidence even though the relevant decisionmaker was present and could have testified. Instead, Weyerhaeuser asked the Commission to infer that White\u2019s resignation was premature from White\u2019s general testimony regarding company policies. This inference necessitated a leap that the Commission was not required to make. Norman v. N.C. Dep\u2019t of Transp., 161 N.C. App. 211, 224, 588 S.E.2d 42, 51 (2003) (\u201cThe decision regarding which inference to draw was for the Commission and may not be overturned on appeal.\u201d), disc. review denied, 358 N.C. 235, 595 S.E.2d 153, cert. denied, 358 N.C. 545, 599 S.E.2d 404 (2004). In any event, since Weyerhaeuser failed to properly assign error to the Commission\u2019s findings of fact, this issue is not before us.\nSince the Commission found White\u2019s resignation to be involuntary, it properly analyzed the case under Seagraves. When applying the Seagraves test:\nthe Commission must determine first if the employer has met its burden of showing that the employee was terminated for misconduct, that such misconduct would have resulted in the termination of a nondisabled employee, and that the termination was unrelated to the employee\u2019s compensable injury. Assuming the employer has satisfied such burden, the Commission must then determine if the employee has demonstrated that her inability to perform work assignments for the employer, or to procure commensurate work from other prospective employers, is a consequence of her work-related injury.\nMcRae, 358 N.C. at 496-97, 597 S.E.2d at 701. The Commission concluded here that \u201c[t]he evidence in this case does not show that plaintiff was terminated for misconduct or fault, unrelated to the compensable injury, for which a nondisabled employee ordinarly [sic] would have been terminated. . . . Therefore, plaintiff\u2019s conduct does not constitute a constructive refusal of employment.\u201d Since Weyerhaeuser has not challenged this conclusion in its brief or assigned error to the underlying findings of fact, we affirm the Commission\u2019s determination that plaintiff did not constructively refuse employment under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 97-32.\nII\nWeyerhaeuser also contends that the Full Commission erred in granting White temporary total disability benefits from 26 July 2001 through 7 January 2002 and partial disability benefits beginning 8 January 2002. The determination that an employee is disabled is a conclusion of law that must be based upon findings of fact supported by competent evidence. Hilliard v. Apex Cabinet Co., 305 N.C. 593, 595, 290 S.E.2d 682, 683 (1982).\nIn order to support a conclusion of disability, the Commission must find:\n(1) that plaintiff was incapable after his injury of earning the same wages he had earned before his injury in the same employment, (2) that plaintiff was incapable after his injury of earning the same wages he had earned before his injury in any other employment, and (3) that this individual\u2019s incapacity to earn was caused by plaintiff\u2019s injury.\nId. Under this test, \u201c[t]he burden is on the employee to show that he is unable to earn the same wages he had earned before the injury, either in the same employment or in other employment.\u201d Russell v. Lowes Prod. Distribution, 108 N.C. App. 762, 765, 425 S.E.2d 454, 457 (1993).\nWeyerhaeuser argues first that the Commission\u2019s finding that \u201cin July 2001, Plaintiff was able to resume his normal work hours and earn his former wages,\u201d compelled the conclusion that White is no longer disabled. This argument was, however, expressly rejected in Saums v. Raleigh Cmty. Hosp., 346 N.C. 760, 764, 487 S.E.2d 746, 750 (1997), where our Supreme Court held that \u201cthe fact that an employee is capable of performing employment tendered by the employer is not, as a matter of law, an indication of plaintiffs ability to earn wages.\u201d See also Peoples v. Cone Mills Corp., 316 N.C. 426, 438, 342 S.E.2d 798, 806 (1986) (\u201cProffered employment would not accurately reflect earning capacity if other employers would not hire the employee with the employee\u2019s limitations at a comparable wage level.\u201d). The Supreme Court has clarified that any claim \u201cthat there is no disability if the employee is receiving the same wages in the same or other employment is correct only so long as the employment reflects the employee\u2019s ability to earn wages in the competitive market.\u201d Id. at 440, 342 S.E.2d at 807. Under Saums and Peoples, therefore, the Commission\u2019s finding that White had returned to his normal hours and wages did not require denial of White\u2019s claim.\nIn Russell, this Court held that an employee may meet his burden of proving disability in one of four ways:\n(1) the production of medical evidence that he is physically or mentally, as a consequence of the work related injury, incapable of work in any employment; (2) the production of evidence that he is capable of some work, but that he has, after a reasonable effort on his part, been unsuccessful in his effort to obtain employment; (3) the production of evidence that he is capable of some work but that it would be futile because of preexisting conditions, i.e., age, inexperience, lack of education, to seek other employment; or (4) the production of evidence that he has obtained other employment at a wage less than that earned prior to the injury.\n108 N.C. App. at 765, 425 S.E.2d at 457 (internal citations omitted). In finding that White was disabled, the Commission concluded that White had established disability under both the second and fourth tests articulated in Russell.\nWeyerhaeuser argues, however, that \u201cthe undisputed medical evidence establishes that Plaintiff was and is capable of working in a full-duty capacity in the same type of employment as he performed for Weyerhaeuser.\u201d Medical evidence may be dispositive of only the first Russell test: \u201cthe production of medical evidence that [the worker] is physically or mentally, as a consequence of the work related injury, incapable of work in any employment[.]\u201d Russell, 108 N.C. App. at 765, 425 S.E.2d at 457. The absence of medical evidence does not preclude a finding of disability under one of the other three tests. Bridwell v. Golden Corral Steak House, 149 N.C. App. 338, 342, 561 S.E.2d 298, 302 (\u201cWhile we agree that plaintiff\u2019s medical evidence is insufficient to show disability, we conclude that plaintiff has met his initial burden of production through other evidence.\u201d), disc. review denied, 355 N.C. 747, 565 S.E.2d 193 (2002).\nWhite was permitted to meet his burden of proving disability by producing, as he did, \u201cevidence that he is capable of some work, but that he has, after a reasonable effort on his part, been unsuccessful in his effort to obtain employment\u201d and \u201cevidence that he has obtained other employment at a wage less than that earned prior to the injury.\u201d Russell, 108 N.C. App. at 765, 425 S.E.2d at 457. The Commission found that White satisfied his burden under both options:\n45. Plaintiff made reasonable efforts to find suitable employment after his termination from defendant\u2019s employment but none was available to him within his physical restrictions until he returned to employment at reduced wages on January 8, 2002.\n46. Plaintiff\u2019s wages since January 8, 2002 are less than he was making at the time of his injury by accident and plaintiff\u2019s decreased ability to earn is due to his disability resulting from the admittedly compensable injury by accident on December 12, 2000.\nThese findings are binding on appeal and are sufficient to support the Commission\u2019s decision. Whitfield, 158 N.C. App. at 354, 581 S.E.2d at 787 (\u201cThus, there is competent evidence in the record to support the Commission\u2019s finding that plaintiff had demonstrated a reduced wage earning capacity under the fourth option. This finding, based on the competent evidence in the record, was a proper basis for the Commission to award plaintiff partial disability benefits.\u201d).\nFinally, Weyerhaeuser argues that White failed to meet his burden of proving causation, the third prong of Hilliard, 305 N.C. at 595, 290 S.E.2d at 683. The Commission found that \u201cplaintiff\u2019s decreased ability to earn is due to his disability resulting from the admittedly com-pensable injury by accident on December 12, 2000.\u201d Weyerhaeuser argues primarily that White\u2019s loss of wage-earning capacity was caused by his resignation and not his injury. We have already addressed this issue, as discussed above. In any event, the record contains competent evidence of causation, including White\u2019s testimony that he was informed by prospective employers that they did not have a position for him while he was on light-duty work restrictions. Weyerhaeuser\u2019s argument that the Commission should have weighed and viewed the evidence differently is not an argument that this Court may consider. See Adams v. AVX Corp., 349 N.C. 676, 681, 509 S.E.2d 411, 414 (1998) (appellate court may not re-weigh the evidence or assess credibility).\nIn sum, we hold that the findings of fact properly supported the Commission\u2019s decision to analyze this case under Seagraves and that the Commission\u2019s findings support the Commission\u2019s conclusion that White was totally disabled from 26 July 2001 through 7 January 2002, at which point White became partially disabled.\nAffirmed.\nJudges HUDSON and THORNBURG concur.\nJudge THORNBURG concurred prior to 31 December 2004.\n. The Supreme Court has expressly approved the Seagraves analysis. McRae v. Toastmaster, Inc., 358 N.C. 488, 495, 597 S.E.2d 695, 700 (2004).\n. The Commission found that the record reflected that Taylor, White\u2019s supervisor, was present in the courtroom during the hearing before the Deputy Commissioner, but did not testify.\n. Weyerhaeuser contends that the Russell tests only apply to the second prong of Hilliard. This contention is contrary to this Court\u2019s opinion in Russell, 108 N.C. App. at 766, 426 S.E.2d at 457 (holding that the four tests provide the means by which an employee may show \u201cthat he is unable to earn the same wages he had earned before the injury, either in the same employment [Hilliard prong one] or in other employment [Hilliard prong two]\u201d). Although Weyerhaeuser cites Grantham v. R. G. Barry Corp., 115 N.C. App. 293, 444 S.E.2d 659 (1994), that opinion does not necessarily support its position and, in any event, Grantham could not overrule Russell. See In re Appeal from Civil Penalty, 324 N.C. 373, 384, 379 S.E.2d 30, 37 (1989) (\u201cWhere a panel of the Court of Appeals has decided the same issue, albeit in a different case, a subsequent panel of the same court is bound by that precedent, unless it has been overturned by a higher court.\u201d).", "type": "majority", "author": "GEER, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Kellum Law Firm, by J. Kevin Jones, for plaintiff-appellee.", "Ward and Smith, P.A., by S. McKinley Gray, III and James R. Cummings, for defendant-appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "JAMES W. WHITE, Employee, Plaintiff v. WEYERHAEUSER COMPANY, Employer, SELF-INSURED, Defendant\nNo. COA03-1337\n(Filed 4 January 2005)\n1. Appeal and Error\u2014 preservation of issues \u2014 failure to raise sufficiency of evidence \u2014 findings of fact binding\nDefendant employer failed under both the former and current Rules of Appellate Procedure to raise on appeal the sufficiency of the evidence to support the Commission\u2019s findings of fact, and therefore, the findings of fact are binding on appeal. N.C. R. App. P. 10(c)(1).\n2. Workers\u2019 Compensation\u2014 refusal of suitable employment \u2014 involuntary resignation\nThe Industrial Commission did not err in a workers\u2019 compensation case by failing to conclude that plaintiff employee refused suitable employment pursuant to N.C.G.S. \u00a7 97-32 based on plaintiff\u2019s tendering his resignation, because: (1) plaintiff\u2019s conduct did not constitute constructive refusal of employment when the Commission found that plaintiff did not voluntarily resign from his employment, and thus his termination from employment must be analyzed pursuant to Seagraves v. Austin Co. of Greensboro, 123 N.C. App. 228 (1996); (2) when an employee resigns in the face of imminent termination of his employment, the Commission may conclude that the employee\u2019s employment ended involuntarily but it does not have to do so if it does not believe that the resignation was in fact forced by the employer\u2019s termination decision; (3) evidence supports plaintiff\u2019s assertion that he was going to be fired since defendant failed to properly assign error to the Commission\u2019s findings of fact; and (4) the evidence does not show that plaintiff was terminated for misconduct or fault, unrelated to the compensable injury, for which a nondisabled employee ordinarily would have been terminated.\n3. Workers\u2019 Compensation\u2014 temporary total disability \u2014 partial disability\nThe Industrial Commission did not err by awarding plaintiff worker temporary total disability benefits from 26 July 2001 through 7 January 2002 and partial disability benefits beginning 8 January 2002, because: (1) the fact that an employee is capable of performing employment tendered by the employer is not, as a matter of law, an indication of plaintiff\u2019s ability to earn wages; (2) any claim that there is no disability if the employee is receiving the same wages in the same or other employment is correct only so long as the employment reflects the employee\u2019s ability to earn wages in the competitive market; (3) absence of medical evidence does not preclude a finding of disability; and (4) there was competent evidence in the record to support the Commission\u2019s finding that plaintiff had demonstrated a reduced wage earning capacity.\nAppeal by defendant from Opinion and Award filed 14 July 2003 by the North Carolina Industrial Commission. Heard in the Court of Appeals 27 May 2004.\nKellum Law Firm, by J. Kevin Jones, for plaintiff-appellee.\nWard and Smith, P.A., by S. McKinley Gray, III and James R. Cummings, for defendant-appellant." }, "file_name": "0658-01", "first_page_order": 688, "last_page_order": 703 }