{ "id": 9005737, "name": "NICOLE L. BENNETT, formerly NICOLE HAWKS, Plaintiff v. WESLEY OTTO; HAWKS, Defendant v. CARLENE HAWKS and DENNIS HAWKS, Intervenors", "name_abbreviation": "Bennett v. Otto", "decision_date": "2005-05-17", "docket_number": "No. COA04-703", "first_page": "426", "last_page": "429", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "170 N.C. App. 426" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "557 S.E.2d 83", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "88" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "354 N.C. 525", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 138368 ], "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "533" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/354/0525-01" ] }, { "cite": "455 U.S. 745", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11307633 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "747-48" }, { "page": "603" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/455/0745-01" ] }, { "cite": "550 S.E.2d 499", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 2001, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "354 N.C. 57", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 138519 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "63" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/354/0057-01" ] }, { "cite": "445 S.E.2d 901", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "337 N.C. 397", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2551903 ], "year": 1994, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/337/0397-01" ] }, { "cite": "608 S.E.2d 751", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 5, "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "753" }, { "page": "753" }, { "page": "754" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "359 N.C. 303", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 3795678 ], "weight": 4, "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "307" }, { "page": "307" }, { "page": "307" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/359/0303-01" ] }, { "cite": "520 S.E.2d 105", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "107", "parenthetical": "citing Price" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "135 N.C. App. 359", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11240842 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "362", "parenthetical": "citing Price" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/135/0359-01" ] }, { "cite": "119 S.E.2d 189", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1961, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "254 N.C. 434", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8626635 ], "year": 1961, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/254/0434-01" ] }, { "cite": "463 U.S. 248", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6193882 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/463/0248-01" ] }, { "cite": "484 S.E.2d 528", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "530" }, { "page": "534" }, { "page": "534" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "346 N.C. 68", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 139523 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "72" }, { "page": "79" }, { "page": "79" }, { "page": "79" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/346/0068-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 403, "char_count": 7771, "ocr_confidence": 0.729, "pagerank": { "raw": 8.058923303780196e-08, "percentile": 0.4663401225322403 }, "sha256": "136e0ebf58071300dafdcfc1c2da725cfdf8cc0d65f505d6a4dc75412620a76e", "simhash": "1:b303d4af745f88f6", "word_count": 1248 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:44:47.676310+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judges HUDSON and STEELMAN concur." ], "parties": [ "NICOLE L. BENNETT, formerly NICOLE HAWKS, Plaintiff v. WESLEY OTTO HAWKS, Defendant v. CARLENE HAWKS and DENNIS HAWKS, Intervenors" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "TIMMONS-GOODSON, Judge.\nNicole Bennett (\u201cplaintiff\u2019) appeals an order of the trial court awarding joint legal custody of her daughter, Brittany Hawks (\u201cBrittany\u201d), to plaintiff, Wesley Hawks (\u201cdefendant\u201d), and Carlene and Dennis Hawks (\u201cintervenors\u201d), and placing primary physical custody of Brittany with intervenors. Because the trial court failed to apply the clear and convincing evidentiary standard in making its decision, we reverse and remand the case for findings of fact consistent with this standard of evidence.\nThe factual and procedural history of this case is as follows: Plaintiff and defendant were married from August 1994 to March 2000. Brittany was bom 27 June 1995. At the time of their separation in 1996, plaintiff and defendant placed Brittany in the care of defendant\u2019s parents while they dealt with the dissolution of their marriage. The parties agreed that the grandparents would keep Brittany until plaintiff could \u201cget on her feet.\u201d The period after the divorce was a transitional time for plaintiff as she changed residences and employment quite often.\nOn 13 June 2001, plaintiff filed the underlying complaint seeking permanent primary custody of Brittany, and child support from defendant. The grandparents filed a motion to intervene in the custody suit, seeking legal and physical custody of Brittany. They alleged and plaintiff denied, inter alia, that plaintiff had not had sufficient contact with Brittany or provided financial support for Brittany since Brittany began living with them. Plaintiff and defendant consented to the grandparents joining the custody action as intervenors. Upon hearing the evidence presented at trial, the trial court issued an order containing several findings of fact and the following pertinent conclusions of law:\n2. All parties are fit and proper persons to exercise legal custody of the minor child. The Plaintiff and Defendant have acted inconsistently with their constitutionally protected status as parents.\n3. The best interest of the minor child will be served by residing primarily with the Intervenors.\nThe trial court therefore ordered joint legal custody of Brittany to all parties, and granted primary physical custody to intervenors with liberal visitation rights for plaintiff. It is from the trial court\u2019s order that plaintiff appeals.\nThe dispositive issue in this case is whether the trial court applied the clear and convincing standard of proof in deciding that plaintiffs conduct was inconsistent with her constitutionally protected status as a natural parent. Because the trial court\u2019s order is unclear about the standard of proof, we reverse and remand the trial court\u2019s order.\n\u201c[N]atural parents have a constitutionally protected interest in the companionship, custody, care, and control of their children.\u201d Price v. Howard, 346 N.C. 68, 72, 484 S.E.2d 528, 530 (1997). This \u201cconstitutionally protected paramount interest... is a counterpart of the parental responsibilities the parent has assumed and is based on a presumption that he or she will act in the best interest of the child.\u201d Price, 346 N.C. at 79, 484 S.E.2d at 534 (citing Lehr v. Robertson, 463 U.S. 248, 77 L. Ed. 2d 614 (1983) and In re Hughes, 254 N.C. 434, 119 S.E.2d 189 (1961)). The parent\u2019s interest \u201crises to the level of a liberty interest and is protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.\u201d Penland v. Harris, 135 N.C. App. 359, 362, 520 S.E.2d 105, 107 (1999) (citing Price). However, \u201cthe parent may no longer enjoy a paramount status if his or her conduct is inconsistent with this presumption or if he or she fails to shoulder the responsibilities that are attendant to rearing a child.\u201d Price, 346 N.C. at 79, 484 S.E.2d at 534. Conduct inconsistent with the presumption includes, but is not limited to, unfit behavior, neglect and abandonment. Price, 346 N.C. at 79, 484 S.E.2d at 534.\nIn the recent case of David N. v. Jason N., 359 N.C. 303, 608 S.E.2d 751 (2005), our Supreme Court held as follows:\nIt is clear from the holdings of Petersen [v. Rogers, 337 N.C. 397, 445 S.E.2d 901 (1994)], Price, and Adams [v. Tessener, 354 N.C. 57, 550 S.E.2d 499 (2001)] that a natural parent may lose his constitutionally protected right to the control of his children in one of two ways: (1) by a finding of unfitness of the natural parent, or (2) where the natural parent\u2019s conduct is inconsistent with his or her constitutionally protected status.\n359 N.C. at 307, 608 S.E.2d at 753. Therefore, where the trial court finds that a parent is fit to have custody, it does not preclude the trial court from granting joint or paramount custody to a nonparent where the trial court finds that the parent\u2019s conduct was inconsistent with her constitutionally protected status. Id.\n\u201c[T]he decision to remove a child from the custody of a natural parent must not be lightly undertaken. Accordingly, a trial court\u2019s determination that a parent\u2019s conduct is inconsistent with his or her constitutionally protected status must be supported by clear and convincing evidence.\u201d Adams, 354 N.C. at 63, 550 S.E.2d at 503 (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 747-48, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599, 603 (1982)). Our Supreme Court reaffirmed in David N. that \u201ca determination that a natural parent has acted in a way inconsistent with his constitutionally protected status must be supported by clear and convincing evidence.\u201d 359 N.C. at 307, 608 S.E.2d at 753. Ultimately, the Court reversed the order in David N. granting custody to a nonpar-ent, and remanded the case because the trial court \u201cfailed to apply the clear and convincing evidence standard as set forth in Adams.\u201d 359 N.C. at 307, 608 S.E.2d at 754.\nThe order in the instant case does not indicate which standard of proof the trial court applied in consideration of plaintiff\u2019s constitutionally protected status as a natural parent. This is critical because while the general standard of proof in child custody cases is by a preponderance of the evidence, Speagle v. Seitz, 354 N.C. 525, 533, 557 S.E.2d 83, 88 (2001), our Supreme Court announced in Adams and reiterated in David N. that where the natural parent\u2019s constitutionally protected status is at issue, the standard of proof is clear and convincing evidence.\nIn light of Adams and David N., we hold that the trial court must apply the clear and convincing standard of proof in determining plaintiff\u2019s constitutionally protected status as a natural parent. Absent an indication that the trial court applied the clear and convincing standard in this case, we reverse the order of the trial court and remand this case for findings of fact consistent therewith.\nREVERSED and REMANDED.\nJudges HUDSON and STEELMAN concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "TIMMONS-GOODSON, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "\u25a0 Gus L. Donnelly for the plaintiff'.", "Karen Adams for the defendant.", "Sarah Stevens for the intervenors." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "NICOLE L. BENNETT, formerly NICOLE HAWKS, Plaintiff v. WESLEY OTTO HAWKS, Defendant v. CARLENE HAWKS and DENNIS HAWKS, Intervenors\nNo. COA04-703\n(Filed 17 May 2005)\nChild Support, Custody, and Visitation\u2014 custody \u2014 nonpar-ent \u2014 clear and convincing evidentiary standard \u2014 constitutionally protected status as natural parent\nThe trial court erred in a child custody case by awarding joint legal custody to plaintiff mother, defendant father, and intervenor paternal grandparents, and by placing primary physical custody of the child with the grandparents without applying the clear and convincing evidentiary standard to its decision that plaintiff\u2019s conduct was inconsistent with her constitutionally protected status as a natural parent, and the case is remanded for the pertinent findings of fact.\nAppeal by plaintiff from judgment entered 17 October 2003 by Judge Spencer G. Key, Jr., in Surry County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 12 January 2005.\n\u25a0 Gus L. Donnelly for the plaintiff'.\nKaren Adams for the defendant.\nSarah Stevens for the intervenors." }, "file_name": "0426-01", "first_page_order": 456, "last_page_order": 459 }