#### STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. PERCELL WATKINS, JR., Defendant

No. COA04-295-2

(Filed 6 February 2007)

1. Homicide— attempted murder — indictment—sufficiency

An indictment for “attempted murder” without allegations of specific intent, premeditation, or deliberation was not defective.

2. Search and Seizure— search of shop within curtilage — permission from woman living with defendant

The trial court did not err by concluding that a search of a shop outside of defendant’s house was constitutional where the court’s findings, supported by the evidence, were that the woman who gave permission for the search had lived with defendant for 13 years, officers seeking her permission had known of her status *503as a resident of the house for about three or four years and had no reason to suspect that she lacked control over the premises, and her consent was voluntary and without hesitation.

3. Evidence— defendant’s drunkenness and state of mind — no plain error

There was no plain error in an attempted murder and assault prosecution in admitting statements by the woman who lived with defendant concerning his drunkenness, state of mind, condition, and actions on the Thanksgiving Day on which the shooting occurred. Although the statements may have been admissible as corroborative of her earlier testimony, their absence would not have changed the jury’s verdict.

4. Constitutional Law— right to remain silent — exercise by defendant — officer’s testimony — not plain error

There was no plain error in a prosecution for attempted murder and assault in the admission of testimony from the arresting officer about defendant’s exercise of his right to remain silent. The testimony was incidental to the officer’s overall testimony and it is doubtful that the jury assigned it heavy weight.

5. Evidence— witness to shooting — defendant heard, not seen — testimony rationally related to perception of event

There was no error in allowing the victim of an assault and attempted murder to testify that he was shot by defendant, even though he did not see defendant shoot him. The victim, defendant’s uncle, heard defendant’s voice during the shooting and had sufficient personal knowledge to identify him.

6. Homicide— attempted murder — defendant as perpetrator — evidence sufficient

There was sufficient evidence, in the light most favorable to the State, that defendant was the perpetrator of a shooting, and • the court did not err by denying defendant’s motion to dismiss a charge of attempted murder.

7. Homicide— attempted murder — premeditation and deliberation — evidence sufficient

The evidence was sufficient to establish premeditation and deliberation in a prosecution for attempted murder, taken in the light most favorable to the State.

*504On remand by order of the Supreme Court of North Carolina filed 3 November 2005 to reconsider the unanimous decision of the Court of Appeals, State v. Watkins, 169 N.C. App. 518, 610 S.E.2d 746 (2005), in light of the decision of the North Carolina Supreme Court in State v. Jones, 359 N.C. 832, 616 S.E.2d 496 (2005). Appeal by defendant from judgment entered 29 August 2003 by Judge W. Osmond Smith, III, in Caswell County Superior Court. Originally heard in the Court of Appeals 16 November 2004. Heard on remand 1 November 2006.

Attorney General Roy Cooper, by Assistant Attorney General Philip A. Lehman, for the State.

Appellate Defender Staples Hughes, by Assistant Appellate Defender Daniel R. Pollitt, for defendant-appellant.

ELMORE, Judge.

This appeal arises out of defendant’s convictions of attempted murder and assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill inflicting serious injury. The North Carolina Supreme Court has remanded this case for reconsideration in light of State v. Jones, 359 N.C. 832, 616 S.E.2d 496 (2005). This opinion supersedes our earlier opinion reported at State v. Watkins, 169 N.C. App. 518, 610 S.E.2d 746 (2005). Upon reconsideration, we find no error in defendant’s trial.

Defendant was indicted on 9 April 2002 for attempted murder and on 13 May 2003 for assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill inflicting serious injury. Following several days of trial, on 29 August 2003 a jury found defendant guilty of both crimes.

I.

The events giving rise to these convictions occurred on 22 November 2001, which was Thanksgiving Day. Defendant was living in a house located on a large family farm in rural Caswell County. Other members of defendant’s family lived in separate houses on the farm, including the victim, Walter Bigelow (Bigelow), who was defendant’s uncle. On Thanksgiving morning, defendant, Bigelow, and two other friends met at Bigelow’s house and began drinking gin, beer, and other liquor. After drinking for several hours, the men went to the home of a friend to see his new puppies. Defendant was bitten by the mother dog after he took off his shirt and attacked the dog.

Following defendant and Bigelow’s return to Bigelow’s house, defendant wanted to continue drinking and entered the house against *505Bigelow’s wishes. While he was inside, defendant stumbled into Bigelow’s television and broke the screen. During the scuffle that followed, defendant pulled out a knife. Bigelow kicked the knife out of defendant’s hand and threatened to call the police. Defendant then walked out into Bigelow’s yard and eventually left in his truck after backing into Bigelow’s fence.

At about 2:30 p.m. the same day, Bigelow and his brother, Huston Bigelow (Huston), were walking near their mother’s house when Bigelow was struck in the shoulder by two gunshots. As he fell to the ground, he heard defendant yell, “I got one of the SOBs.” Huston testified that after additional shots were fired, he heard defendant yell, “I got one now and I got one more to go.”

Officer Clayton Myers of the Caswell County Sheriff’s Department arrived shortly after the shooting and interviewed Donita Riley (Riley), defendant’s girlfriend. Officer Myers testified that during their conversation, Riley said defendant had left his home earlier with a scoped rifle to go hunting. As part of his investigation, Officer Myers called in a bloodhound to search the area where the shots had likely been fired. The bloodhound led the officers to a piece of camouflage cloth hanging from a barbed wire fence. From there, the bloodhound followed a trail to defendant’s house.

During the investigation, officers asked Riley, who lived in defendant’s house, for permission to enter a shop building located near the house. Riley initially refused, but she gave officers a key to the shed after they told her they would get a warrant and tear down the door. At that time, Riley also signed a form stating that she consented to the search. Inside the building, officers found a vehicle that defendant was working on, along with a .22 rifle and bullets on the floorboard. In addition, when officers asked Riley for defendant’s camouflage pants, she provided a pair with a missing swatch of cloth. Officers determined that the swatch of cloth recovered from the barbed wire fence perfectly matched the hole in defendant’s pants.

fl.

[1] In his first assignment of error, defendant contends that the indictment for “attempted murder” is defective since it lacks allegations that defendant acted with the specific intent to kill, premeditation, or deliberation. In light of our Supreme Court’s decision in Jones, which held that “the indictment in the instant case comports with both statutory and constitutional requirements,” this assignment of error is without merit. 359 N.C. at 839, 616 S.E.2d at 500.

*506III.

[2] Defendant next argues that the search of the shop outside of his house was unconstitutional, and the evidence obtained therein should have been suppressed. Specifically, defendant argues that Riley did not have the apparent authority to authorize the search and did not provide valid consent for the search. When reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court’s findings of fact “are conclusive on appeal if supported by competent evidence, even if the evidence is conflicting.” State v. Brewington, 352 N.C. 489, 498, 532 S.E.2d 496, 501 (2000) (internal quotations omitted), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1165, 148 L. Ed. 2d 992 (2001); see also State v. Barnett, 307 N.C. 608, 613, 300 S.E.2d 340, 343 (1983).

Resolving any conflict within the evidence, the trial court found that Riley had been defendant’s girlfriend for 13 years and had resided in defendant’s home for the entire time. Further, the trial court found that the officers seeking permission had known for approximately three to four years of Riley’s status as a resident of the home, and that officers had no reason to suspect she did not have control over the premises, including the shop that was determined to be located within the curtilage of the home. Notably, the trial court found that Riley’s consent was voluntary and without hesitation. Despite some evidence to the contrary, we see no reason to determine that these findings were not supported by the evidence.

“Once this Court concludes that the trial court’s findings of fact are supported by the evidence, then this Court’s next task ‘is to determine whether the trial court’s conclusion[s] of law [are] supported by the findings.’ ” Brewington, 352 N.C. at 498-99, 532 S.E.2d at 502 (quoting State v. Hyde, 352 N.C. 37, 45, 530 S.E.2d 281, 288 (2000)). This Court has previously determined that officers may rely on the consent of third parties who have apparent. control over the area requested to be searched. See State v. Jones, 161 N.C. App. 615, 620, 589 S.E.2d 374, 377 (2003) (“One who shares a house or room or auto with another understands that the partner, may invite strangers[, and that his] privacy is not absolute, but contingent in large measure on the decisions of another. Decisions of either person define the extent of the privacy involved . . -.”); see also State v. Garner, 340 N.C. 573, 592, 459 S.E.2d 718, 728 (1995) (“A third party may give permission to search where the third party possesses common authority over or other sufficient relationship to the premises or effects sought to be inspected.”) (internal quotations omitted). Based on its findings, the *507trial court did not err in determining that the search and subsequent seizure of property did not offend the Constitution.

IV.

Defendant’s next three assignments of error all deal with the alleged erroneous admission of evidence. Since defendant did not object to any of these admissions, we review them for plain error. Under this standard of review, “a defendant has the burden of showing: (i) that a different result probably would have been reached but for the error; or (ii) that the error was so fundamental as to result in a miscarriage of justice or denial of a fair trial.” State v. Jones, 358 N.C. 330, 346, 595 S.E.2d 124, 135 (2004) (quoting State v. Bishop, 346 N.C. 365, 385, 488 S.E.2d 769, 779 (1997)).

[3] Defendant first contends that the trial court erred by admitting statements by Riley through the testimony of Officer Myers and Officer Eugene Riddick, another officer with the Caswell County Sheriffs Office investigating the shooting. The officers testified that Riley told them on 22 November 2001 that defendant came home to get a long gun with a scope, telling her that he was going hunting. Reporting from their notes, they further testified that she told them defendant was drunk, irate, bleeding from the face, and that he fell out the door. The officers also noted that Riley had told them that defendant and Bigelow did not get along and that defendant was becoming more uncontrollable.

The State argues that Riley’s statements were corroborative of her earlier testimony where she described for the jury a substantially similar course of events. While we may be inclined to find that Riley’s statements were corroborative of her earlier testimony, and thus admissible, we are convinced that the absence of these statements would not have changed the jury’s verdict. See State v. Howard, 320 N.C. 718, 724, 360 S.E.2d 790, 793-94 (1987) (discussing corroborative testimony). The jury heard evidence of an earlier fight between defendant and Bigelow; positive voice identification of defendant as the shooter by two people who had known him his whole life; the fact that police had tracked defendant from the scene of the shooting and were able to connect the pants he was wearing to cloth found at the scene; and that defendant had a long rifle in his truck. Thus, this assignment of error is overruled.

[4] Next, defendant contends that the trial court erred in admitting testimony that at various times he declined to make a statement *508to investigators. We disagree. At trial, Officer Myers testified about his interaction with defendant during defendant’s arrest. He said that defendant had been drinking, was found hiding in a shower, and charged at an officer once he was discovered. The State then asked Officer Myers questions regarding defendant’s demeanor following his arrest. It was while answering these questions that Officer Myers described instances in which defendant refused to make a statement.

A defendant has the right to remain silent, and the State cannot use his exercise of that right as evidence that he is guilty. State v. Ladd, 308 N.C. 272, 283, 302 S.E.2d 164, 171 (1983) (“We have consistently held that the State may not introduce evidence that a defendant exercised his Fifth Amendment right to remain silent.”). Nonetheless, when reviewed for plain error, a witness’s incidental testimony that a defendant exercised his right to silence may be a de minimis violation and not prejudicial. See State v. Bishop, 346 N.C. 365, 385, 488 S.E.2d 769, 779 (1997).

Under these circumstances, Officer Myers’s testimony regarding defendant’s exercise of his right to silence was incidental to Myers’s testimony in its entirety. It is doubtful that the jury assigned heavy weight to defendant’s exercise of his right to silence in light of the evidence against him. Accordingly, we find that no error occurred at trial.

[5] Concluding our plain error review, defendant states that the trial court erred by admitting Bigelow’s testimony that it was defendant who shot him. We disagree. Rule 602 of the North Carolina Rules of Evidence does provide that “a witness may not testify to a matter unless evidence is introduced sufficient to support a finding that he has personal knowledge of the matter.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 602 (2003). Yet, the Rule’s official commentary states that “[p]ersonal knowledge is not an absolute but may consist of what the witness thinks he knows from personal perception.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 602 (2003); see also State v. Poag, 159 N.C. App. 312, 323, 583 S.E.2d 661, 669 (2003). Although Bigelow did not see defendant shoot him, his testimony was based on what he perceived as the shooting occurred. In particular, Bigelow testified that he heard defendant shout, “I got one of the SOBs” while he was falling. Bigelow, as defendant’s uncle, was certain it was defendant’s voice because he heard defendant’s voice- “all the time.” As confirmation of Bigelow’s testimony, Huston, Bigelow’s brother, testified that he also heard defendant’s voice shortly after the shooting and that he had known *509defendant “since the day he was bom.” As a result, we conclude that Walter Bigelow had sufficient personal knowledge to identify defendant and that his opinion was rationally based on his perception of the shooting. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 701 (2003) (opinion testimony is “limited to those opinions or inferences which are (a) rationally based on the perception of the witness and (b) helpful to a clear understanding of his testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.”).

VI.

In defendant’s final two assignments of error, he asserts that the State presented insufficient evidence to (I) identify him as the shooter, and (2) establish premeditation and deliberation.

When a defendant moves for dismissal, “the trial court [must] determine only whether there is substantial evidence of each essential element of the offense charged and of the defendant being the perpetrator of the offense.” State v. Vause, 328 N.C. 231, 236, 400 S.E.2d 57, 61 (1991). Substantial evidence is that evidence which “ ‘a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.’ ” Id. (quoting State v. Smith, 300 N.C. 71, 78-79, 265 S.E.2d 164, 169 (1980)). In determining whether the State’s evidence is substantial, the trial court must examine the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, and the State is entitled to every reasonable inference and intendment that can be drawn therefrom. Id. (citing State v. Powell, 299 N.C. 95, 99, 261 S.E.2d 114, 117 (1980)).

[6] In the light most favorable to the State, we conclude that there was ample evidence for the jury to determine that defendant was the one that shot Walter Bigelow. In particular, the evidence showed that defendant and Bigelow fought with each other before the shooting and that defendant pulled a knife on Bigelow. The State also showed that after the fight, defendant sat in his truck and pointed a gun toward Bigelow’s house. Both Bigelow and Huston identified defendant’s voice as the voice they heard when the shooting occurred. In addition, Riley testified that she saw defendant leave shortly after 2:00 p.m. in his track. Finally, when officers searched defendant’s shop building, they found a .22 rifle and bullets. Based on this evidence, we conclude that the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion to dismiss.

[7] Defendant also argues that the evidence was insufficient to establish premeditation or deliberation. Our Supreme Court has stated that *510premeditation “means that the act is thought out beforehand for some length of time, however short, but no particular amount of time is necessary for the mental process of premeditation.” State v. Jones, 342 N.C. 628, 630, 467 S.E.2d 233, 234 (1996). The Court has also defined deliberation as “an intention to kill, executed by the defendant in a cool state of the blood, in furtherance of a fixed design to gratify a feeling of revenge, or to accomplish some unlawful purpose . ." State v. Wise, 225 N.C. 746, 749, 36 S.E.2d 230, 232 (1945) (internal quotations omitted).

To determine whether evidence shows premeditation and deliberation, a court should consider the following factors: “(1) lack of provocation by the deceased; (2) conduct and statements of the defendant before and after the killing; and (3) ‘ill-will or previous difficulty between the parties.’ ” State v. Hood, 332 N.C. 611, 622, 422 S.E.2d 679, 685 (1992) (quoting State v. Williams, 308 N.C. 47, 69, 301 S.E.2d 335, 349 (1983)).

Taken in the light most favorable to the State, evidence at trial tended to show that defendant entered Bigelow’s house without his permission, a fight resulted when defendant broke Bigelow’s television, and defendant pulled a knife on Bigelow. Riley testified that ill will had developed between defendant and Bigelow. Defendant left his house with a gun in his truck and after shooting Bigelow in the shoulder yelled out, “I got one now and I got one more to go.” There is more than ample evidence that a jury could determine deliberation and premeditation beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus, defendant’s final assignment of error is overruled.

V.

For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that there was no error regarding defendant’s trial.

No error.

Judges WYNN and HUDSON concur.