{
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  "name": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. ADELE MAYNARD",
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    "judges": [
      "Judge GEER concurs.",
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    "parties": [
      "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. ADELE MAYNARD"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "STEELMAN, Judge.\nWhere the city ordinance limiting the number of dogs to be kept on premises within the city limits was rationally related to the accomplishment of a legitimate governmental objective, the trial court did not err in denying defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss.\nI. Factual and Procedural Background\nOn 4 March 2003, the Town Council of Nashville, North Carolina, adopted an ordinance which limited the number of dogs, greater than five months of age, that could be kept on property in the town of Nashville to three. The ordinance provided:\nSec. 4.3 Number of dogs to be kept on premises.\n(a) It shall be unlawful for any person to keep or maintain more than two (2) dogs on any lot or parcel of land having less than thirty thousand (30,000) square feet, and an additional seven thousand (7,000) square feet shall be required for an additional dog. A total of no more than three (3) dogs shall be allowed on any lot or parcel of land within the town limits regardless of square footage. Provided, however, this limitation shall not apply to dogs which are less than five (5) months of age.\n(b) Dog owners will have ninety (90) days from the effected [sic] date of section 4-3 [previously section 4-91] to bring their property into compliance.\nAdele Maynard (\u201cdefendant\u201d) was notified by a letter dated 7 April 2003 that she was not in compliance with the ordinance, and was informed that she had 90 days to come into compliance. On 3 January 2007, defendant was cited for keeping more than three dogs at her Nashville residence in violation of the ordinance.\nDefendant was found guilty by a jury of violating Section 4.3 of the city ordinance and of keeping noisy animals. The trial court found defendant to .be a prior record level 1 for misdemeanor sentencing purposes. The trial court consolidated the offenses and imposed a sentence of ten days, which was suspended, a fine of $25.00, costs of court, and twelve months unsupervised probation. As a special condition of probation, defendant was directed to comply with the Nashville City Ordinance regarding dogs within thirty days. Defendant appeals.\nII. Constitutionality of Ordinance\nIn her sole argument on appeal, defendant contends that the trial court erred.in denying her motion to dismiss on the grounds that the city ordinance limiting the number of dogs that she could keep in her residence was unconstitutional. We disagree.\n\u201cIt is well settled that de novo review is ordinarily appropriate in cases where constitutional rights are implicated.\u201d Piedmont Triad Reg\u2019l Water Auth. v. Sumner Hills, Inc., 353 N.C. 343, 348, 543 S.E.2d 844, 848 (2001) (citations omitted).\nLocal governments have only powers conferred to them by the Legislature. Keiger v. Board of Adjustment, 281 N.C. 715, 720, 190 S.E.2d 175, 179 (1972); see also High Point Surplus v. Pleasants, 264 N.C. 650, 654, 142 S.E.2d 697, 701 (1965) (counties \u201cpossess only such powers and delegated authority as the General Assembly may deem fit to confer upon them.\u201d). Pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 160A-186 (2007), a city may adopt an ordinance to \u201cregulate, restrict, or prohibit the keeping, running, or going at large of any domestic animals, including dogs and cats.\u201d This police power may be exercised in order \u201cto protect or promote the health, morals, order, safety and general welfare of society.\u201d Town of Atlantic Beach v. Young, 307 N.C. 422, 427, 298 S.E.2d 686, 690 (1983) (quotation and citations omitted); see also N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 160A-174 (2007).\nDefendant\u2019s argument on appeal is that the ordinance in this case is \u201carbitrary and without any justification\u201d and \u201cfails to stand upon a rational basis.\u201d\n\u201cIn reviewing an ordinance to determine whether the police power has been exercised within constitutional limitations, this Court does not analyze the wisdom of a legislative enactment.\u201d Grace Baptist Church v. City of Oxford, 320 N.C. 439, 443, 358 S.E.2d 372, 374 (1987) (citation omitted). \u201cIn order to determine whether [an] ordinance is unconstitutionally arbitrary and unreasonable we look to see if the ordinance is reasonably related to the accomplishment of a legitimate state objective.\u201d Atlantic Beach at 428, 298 S.E.2d at 690-91 (citations omitted). Unless a statute is clearly prohibited by the Constitution, the appellate courts of North Carolina presume that it is constitutional. Rhyne v. K-Mart Corp., 358 N.C. 160, 167-68, 594 S.E.2d 1, 7 (2004). Likewise, municipal ordinances are presumed to be valid. McNeill v. Harnett County, 327 N.C. 552, 565, 398 S.E.2d 475, 482 (1990). The burden of showing that a municipal ordinance is invalid falls on the party challenging the constitutionality of the ordinance. Atlantic Beach at 426, 298 S.E.2d at 690.\nDefendant argues that the restrictions of no more than three dogs over five months of age is inherently arbitrary, and that the ordinance should have considered and regulated pets \u201cby weight or other characteristics\u201d rather than just by the number of pets. She cites to the ordinance adopted by the city of Marion, South Dakota, and discussed in the case of City of Marion v. Schoenwald, 631 N.W.2d 213 (2001). That ordinance limited households to four dogs and four adult cats, with the additional requirement that only two of the dogs could \u201cweigh more than twenty-five pounds,\u201d and did not apply to kittens and puppies less than eight weeks old. Schoenwald at. 215, footnote 1.\nWe note that this ordinance is in some respects more restrictive, and in some respects more lenient, than the Nashville ordinance before this Court. Clearly defendant would like to craft an ordinance based on numbers of pets and their characteristics that would allow her to retain all of her pets. So would every other pet owner within the municipal limits of Nashville. For this reason, the decision for the regulation of pets has been vested in the elected representatives of Nashville, so that the interests of the entire community can be considered and balanced in crafting an ordinance.\nThe Nashville ordinance does not set an arbitrary, immutable limit on the number of pets. Rather, the number of dogs allowed is based on the square footage of the lot. Further, there is no restriction on the number of dogs less than five months old. The fact that Nashville chose to regulate by size of lot, number of dogs, and age of dogs rather than by size or breed of dog does not render the ordinance arbitrary and unconstitutional.\nWe agree with the following portion of the analysis found in the Schoenwald case:\nA maximum of four dogs per household is scarcely over restrictive. As we have said, numerous courts have upheld stricter limits. Too many dogs in one place can produce noise, odor, and other adverse conditions. Downing v. Cook, 69 Ohio St. 2d 149, 431 N.E.2d 995, 997 (Ohio 1982).... From our extensive research on similar decisions throughout the country, we think it significant that with growing urbanization over the past fifty years, courts have become increasingly deferential to local authorities in upholding diverse pet control measures.\nSchoenwald at 218.\nIn the instant case, the record reveals that the town of Nashville enacted the ordinance at issue for the purpose of reducing noise and odor problems within the city limits. These objectives are clearly legitimate public purposes, and a limitation on the number of dogs per lot is directly connected to these objectives. Based on the record in this case, including the evidence presented, defendant has failed to meet her burden of showing that the ordinance is arbitrary, unreasonable, and unrelated to the public health and welfare of the citizens of Nashville, and we hold that the ordinance is constitutional.\nDefendant\u2019s argument is without merit.\nDefendant makes no argument in her brief concerning her conviction for keeping noisy animals and any assignment of error pertaining to that conviction is deemed abandoned. N.C. R. App. P 28(b)(6) (2008).\nNO ERROR.\nJudge GEER concurs.\nJudge STEPHENS concurs in result only.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "STEELMAN, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Attorney General Roy A. Cooper; III, by Assistant Attorney General Joan M. Cunningham, for the State.",
      "Daniel F. Read, for defendant-appellant."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. ADELE MAYNARD\nNo. COA08-847\n(Filed 17 March 2009)\nAnimals\u2014 ordinance limiting number of dogs\u2014not arbitrary\u2014 related to public purpose\nA town ordinance limiting the number of dogs that could be kept on a property was constitutional where the ordinance was enacted to reduce noise and odor problems, which are clearly legitimate public purposes, the limitation is directly connected to those purposes, and a limit based on the size of the lot, the number of dogs, and the age of the dogs is not arbitrary.\nAppeal by defendant from judgment entered 17 January 2008 by Judge Quentin T. Sumner in Nash County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 15 January 2009.\nAttorney General Roy A. Cooper; III, by Assistant Attorney General Joan M. Cunningham, for the State.\nDaniel F. Read, for defendant-appellant."
  },
  "file_name": "0757-01",
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