{ "id": 4177248, "name": "JO LINDA STRICKLAND, Plaintiff v. CITY OF RALEIGH, Defendant(s)", "name_abbreviation": "Strickland v. City of Raleigh", "decision_date": "2010-05-18", "docket_number": "No. COA09-962", "first_page": "176", "last_page": "182", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "204 N.C. App. 176" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "657 S.E.2d 31", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 12640434 ], "year": 2007, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/se2d/657/0031-01" ] }, { "cite": "362 N.C. 87", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 12640257, 12640259, 12640261, 12640264, 12640266, 12640018, 12640436 ], "year": 2007, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/se2d/655/0837-02", "/se2d/655/0838-01", "/se2d/655/0839-01", "/se2d/655/0840-02", "/se2d/655/0841-01", "/se2d/654/0245-02", "/se2d/657/0032-02" ] }, { "cite": "652 S.E.2d 1", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 12639657 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "3" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/se2d/652/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "668 S.E.2d 571", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 12642227 ], "year": 2008, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "578", "parenthetical": "\"It is for the Supreme Court and not the Court of Appeals to overrule decisions of our Supreme Court.\" (citation omitted)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/se2d/668/0571-01" ] }, { "cite": "186 N.C. App. 451", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8157809 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "455" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/186/0451-01" ] }, { "cite": "193 N.C. App. 350", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 4161413 ], "year": 2008, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "362", "parenthetical": "\"It is for the Supreme Court and not the Court of Appeals to overrule decisions of our Supreme Court.\" (citation omitted)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/193/0350-01" ] }, { "cite": "129 S.E.2d 598", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 5, "year": 1963, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "599" }, { "page": "599" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "259 N.C. 58", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8559189 ], "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/259/0058-01" ] }, { "cite": "200 S.E. 424", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "weight": 2, "year": 1939, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "214 N.C. 644", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8632444 ], "year": 1939, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/214/0644-01" ] }, { "cite": "124 S.E.2d 129", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 7, "year": 1962, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "130" }, { "page": "129" }, { "page": "129" }, { "page": "130" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "256 N.C. 465", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8573318 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1962, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "465-66" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/256/0465-01" ] }, { "cite": "226 S.E.2d 856", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "858" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "30 N.C. App. 346", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8554019 ], "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/30/0346-01" ] }, { "cite": "544 S.E.2d 269", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "271", "parenthetical": "citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted" }, { "page": "271", "parenthetical": "quotation marks and brackets omitted" }, { "page": "272" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "142 N.C. App. 590", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 9442501 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "592", "parenthetical": "citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted" }, { "page": "592-94" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/142/0590-01" ] }, { "cite": "678 S.E.2d 765", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2009, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "768-69", "parenthetical": "citation omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0 } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 695, "char_count": 13930, "ocr_confidence": 0.754, "pagerank": { "raw": 4.313947448607103e-08, "percentile": 0.2716880404996585 }, "sha256": "623eda91d9af19d72c96a442c04dd876c576488c4e7836ab9417c95c00fef032", "simhash": "1:43b9d8325533444e", "word_count": 2313 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:38:54.150336+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judges HUNTER, JR. and ERVIN concur." ], "parties": [ "JO LINDA STRICKLAND, Plaintiff v. CITY OF RALEIGH, Defendant(s)" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "STROUD, Judge.\nThe trial court allowed summary judgment in favor of defendant, dismissing plaintiff\u2019s claim for personal injury arising from a fall. Plaintiff appealed from the summary judgment order. For the following reasons, we affirm.\nI. Background\nOn or about 25 January 2008, plaintiff filed a complaint against defendant alleging that\n[o]n the afternoon of August 19, 2005, the Plaintiff was traveling on foot along Martin Street in the Fayetteville Street Mall area in Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina. As the Plaintiff was walking between two crosswalks at Port City Java and First Citizens Bank on Martin Street, she stepped onto the edge of the crosswalk which was elevated at a height not readily noticeable to pedestrians and which was uneven with the rest of the crosswalk. This caused the Plaintiff\u2019s right ankle to roll, subsequently causing her to lose her balance and fall, striking her left knee on the pavement.\nPlaintiff further alleged that as a result of the fall, she suffered severe and permanent injuries to her ankle, foot, and knee and incurred medical expenses and loss of income.\nOn 24 March 2008, defendant answered plaintiff\u2019s complaint by denying most of plaintiff\u2019s allegations and alleging as affirmative defenses contributory negligence and that defendant \u201cis not liable in tort for injuries or damages arising from minor or trivial defects.\u201d On 9 March 2009, defendant filed a motion for summary judgment alleging numerous reasons why plaintiff\u2019s claim should fail.\nOn or about 16 April 2009, Carolyn Passley, a street vendor who had worked for several years near the location of plaintiff\u2019s fall, submitted an affidavit. Ms. Passley averred that the defect in the sidewalk was \u201cdangerous to passersby due [to] its location in downtown Raleigh, the nature of the defect, and the number of prior incidents.\u201d Ms. Passley further averred that\n[o]ver the past several months prior to Jo Linda Strickland\u2019s fall, I had observed numerous individuals fall or trip at the same place Jo Linda Strickland fell. I had been told by Mr. Simmons, (first name unknown) a maintenance employee with the City of Raleigh, prior to the fall, that the defect in the cross walk needed to be fixed due to the nature and hazard of the defect and the number of prior incidents at the same location. Mr. Simmons is now retired but was employed by the City of Raleigh as an employee to maintain the mall both before and at the time of Jo Linda Strickland\u2019s fall.\nPlaintiff also submitted an affidavit in opposition to defendant\u2019s summary judgment motion, averring that the sidewalk was defective due to \u201can approximate amount of [a] one inch difference in elevation^]\u201d Plaintiff also stated in her affidavit that \u201c[t]he condition of the sidewalk was not noticeable by reason of the color of the pavement where the defect was located. The defect in this particular area of the side walk[sic] was hazardous and dangerous and was not merely an insignificant or trivial defect.\u201d Plaintiff further averred\n[t]hat the North Carolina Accessibility Code (1999) Volume I-C, 3.3(b) provides \u201cpublic walks shall have a continuous common surface that shall not be interrupted by steps or abrupt changes in level greater than one-fourth inch. If walks cross drive-ways or parking lots, then they shall blend to a common level by means of curb cuts, curb ramps or sloped areas whose gradient shall not exceed 1:12.\nFurthermore, in response to a request for admissions from defendant, plaintiff admitted that she did not know how long the condition of the sidewalk had existed as it was on the day of her fall and that the difference in height between the two surfaces \u201cwas approximately one inch, and not more than two inches.\nOn 24 April 2009, the trial court allowed defendant\u2019s motion for summary judgment because the trial court concluded that a \u201cone inch difference in the walking surface constituted a minor or trivial defect as a matter of law, and that the City of Raleigh\u2019s failure to correct such defect did not constitute a breach of its duty to keep its sidewalk in reasonably safe condition or proper repair.\u201d Plaintiff appeals.\nII. Standard of Review\nSummary judgment is proper when\nthe pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. A trial court\u2019s grant of summary judgment receives de novo review on appeal, and evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.\nFairway Outdoor Adver. v. Edwards, -N.C. App. -, -, 678 S.E.2d 765, 768-69 (2009) (citation omitted).\nIII. Analysis\nThe trial court allowed summary judgment in favor of defendant because it concluded that the defect in the sidewalk upon which plaintiff fell was a \u201ctrivial defectf.]\u201d\nWhile the city is not an insurer of the safety of one who uses its streets and sidewalks, it is under a duty to use due care to keep its streets and sidewalks in a reasonably safe condition for the ordinary use thereof. A city will not be liable for injuries caused by trivial defects, which are not naturally dangerous. Municipalities do not insure that the condition of its streets and sidewalks are at all times absolutely safe.\nDesmond v. City of Charlotte, 142 N.C. App. 590, 592, 544 S.E.2d 269, 271 (2001) (citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted).\nIn Desmond, this Court conducted a thorough review of cases which have found trivial defects:\nIn Joyce v. City of High Point, 30 N.C. App. 346, 226 S.E.2d 856 (1976), the trial court properly entered summary judgment for the city when the irregularity in the sidewalk was 1-2 inches and the plaintiff did not see the irregularity before the fall. Id. at 350, 226 S.E.2d at 858. Our Supreme Court in Bagwell v. Brevard, 256 N.C. 465, 124 S.E.2d 129 (1962), held that plaintiff did not allege actionable negligence on the part of the town when the change in the sidewalk was approximately one inch. Id. at 466, 124 S.E.2d at 130. In Watkins v. Raleigh, 214 N.C. 644, 200 S.E. 424 (1939), our Supreme Court held that a hole in the sidewalk which was 2 1/2 feet wide and 2 or more inches in depth was trivial. Id. In Falatovitch v. Clinton, 259 N.C. 58, 129 S.E.2d 598 (1963), plaintiff fell in an opening of the sidewalk. Id. The defect had been there for at least three years. Id. at 59, 129 S.E.2d at 599. The defect was ten inches long, and several inches wide. Id. Our Supreme Court held that while the evidence tends to show there was a hole or crack in the cement sidewalk, the evidence, in our opinion, was insufficient to establish actionable negligence. Defendant\u2019s failure to correct what must be considered a minor defect did not constitute a breach of its legal duty. Id. at 60, 129 S.E.2d at 599.\nDesmond at 593, 544 S.E.2d at 271 (quotation marks and brackets omitted). In Desmond though the \u201cplaintiff\u2019s experts testified that the depression existed for a number of years and had been at least one-half of an inch for 1-2 years before the accident[, and t]his depression was contrary to the building code[,]\u201d the plaintiff still did not \u201craise an inference of negligence.\u201d Id.\nFurthermore, in Bagwell v. Brevard, the plaintiff sued the Town of Brevard for negligence after she fell on a sidewalk. 256 N.C. 465, 465-66, 124 S.E.2d 129, 129 (1962). Both the plaintiff in Bagwell and plaintiff sub judice causally link their falls solely to an approximately one-inch difference in the sidewalk. See id. at 466, 124 S.E.2d at 129. In Bagwell, the North Carolina Supreme Court affirmed the trial court\u2019s dismissal of plaintiff\u2019s case because \u201cthe alleged defect or irregularity is a difference in elevation of approximately one inch between two adjacent concrete sections of the sidewalk. Defendant\u2019s failure to correct this slight irregularity did not constitute a breach of its said legal duty.\u201d Id. at 466, 124 S.E.2d at 130.\nPlaintiff attempts to distinguish her case from the numerous cases regarding \u201ctrivial defects\u201d by noting \u201c[t]his particular defect obviously cannot be considered trivial as a matter of law, if numerous other persons have ... fallen because of that same defect while walking over it.\u201d However, plaintiff\u2019s forecast of evidence, including that numerous others have fallen in the same location, fails to establish that the defect was not trivial. See id. Plaintiff does not direct our attention to any case law that establishes that if numerous individuals have fallen, the one-inch defect is not trivial. In fact, the cases noted in Desmond include defects that have been on the sidewalk for \u201cat least three years\u201d and are as large as \u201c2 1/2 feet wide and 2 or more inches in depth[.]\u201d Id. The simple fact that others have fallen where plaintiff did does not establish that the defect upon which plaintiff fell was not a trivial defect.\nPlaintiff also argues that \u201c [defendant failed to comply with the statutorily-provided duty of authority and control in maintaining its pedestrian passageways[.]\u201d Plaintiff directs our attention to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 160A-296 which provides that\n(a) A city shall have general authority and control over all public streets, sidewalks, alleys, bridges, and other ways of public passage within its corporate limits except to the extent that authority and control over certain streets and bridges is vested in the Board of Transportation. General authority and control includes but is not limited to:\n(1) The duty to keep the public streets, sidewalks, alleys, and bridges in proper repair;\n(2) The duty to keep the public streets, sidewalks, alleys, and bridges open for travel and free from unnecessary obstructions^]\nN.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 160A-296(a)(l)-(2) (2005).\nIn Desmond, this Court discussed N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 160A-296 and ultimately concluded that \u201c[t]he law with regard to municipalities and maintenance of sidewalks is such that minor defects are not actionable.\u201d 142 N.C. App. 590, 592-94, 544 S.E.2d 269, 272. Furthermore, plaintiff has not cited any cases that establish that N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 160A-296 imposes a greater or different duty than that of the common law. Thus, N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 160A-296 does not change our analysis of defendant\u2019s duty to maintain its sidewalks.\nLastly, plaintiff contends that \u201cthe legislature has preempted the common law\u201d by enacting the North Carolina State Building Code. Plaintiff cites the Building Code regarding its regulation of \u201cpublic walks.\u201d However, plaintiff\u2019s cited provision falls within Part II of the Building Code. Part II is entitled \u201cNEW CONSTRUCTION\u201d and applies \u201cIf The Construction Was Commenced After January 26, 1992.\u201d N.C. State Building Code, Vol. I-C, Part II (1999). Here, plaintiff has failed to allege when the sidewalk was constructed or last renovated. From our review of the Building Code and the record before us, it does not appear that the Building Code provisions cited by plaintiff are applicable to the sidewalk upon which plaintiff fell. Furthermore, plaintiff\u2019s affidavit does not assert that this Building Code provision actually applies to the sidewalk on which she fell or that the Building Code would require defendant\u2019s compliance as to this sidewalk. Plaintiff\u2019s affidavit appears to treat the Building Code as a standard of care which may create an affirmative duty to correct even a trivial defect of less than one inch in a sidewalk, even if the Building Code is not strictly applicable to the sidewalk in question. However, as plaintiff has not demonstrated that the Building Code actually applies to the sidewalk on which she fell, we do not find that it changes the standard of care which has been established by North Carolina\u2019s courts, as discussed above.\nLastly, plaintiff contends that \u201cthe rule of triviality itself is antiquated because safety standards evolve over time.\u201d However, antiquity has never been a reason for this Court to overrule its own prior case law or that of the North Carolina Supreme Court; indeed, this Court does not have authority to do so. Meza v. Division of Soc. Servs., 193 N.C. App. 350, 362, 668 S.E.2d 571, 578 (2008) (\u201cIt is for the Supreme Court and not the Court of Appeals to overrule decisions of our Supreme Court.\u201d (citation omitted)); In re 186 N.C. App. 451, 455, 652 S.E.2d 1, 3 (\u201cThis Court is bound by its prior decisions encompassing the same legal issue.\u201d (citation omitted)), disc, review denied, 362 N.C. 87, 657 S.E.2d 31 (2007). Accordingly, this argument is meritless.\nIV. Conclusion\nFor the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor of defendant.\nAFFIRMED.\nJudges HUNTER, JR. and ERVIN concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "STROUD, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Mast, Schulz, Mast, Johnson, Wells & Trimyer, P.A. by George B. Mast and Ron L. Trimyer, Jr., for plaintiff-appellant.", "City Attorney Thomas A. McCormick by Deputy City Attorney Hunt K. Choi, for defendant-appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "JO LINDA STRICKLAND, Plaintiff v. CITY OF RALEIGH, Defendant(s)\nNo. COA09-962\n(Filed 18 May 2010)\nCities and Towns\u2014 fall in crosswalk \u2014 one inch height difference from sidewalk \u2014 summary judgment for defendant\nThe trial court correctly granted summary judgment for defendant in a negligence action arising from plaintiffs fall in a crosswalk. Plaintiff causally linked her fall solely to a one-inch difference in the sidewalk and crosswalk, but her forecast of evidence, including falls by others, failed to establish that the defect was not trivial. Furthermore, the statute giving cities authority and control over sidewalks, N.C.G.S. \u00a7 160A-296, does not change the analysis of defendant\u2019s duty to maintain its sidewalks, nor does it appear that the building code provisions cited by plaintiff are applicable to the sidewalk in this case.\nAppeal by plaintiff from order entered 24 April 2009 by Judge W. Osmond Smith, III in Superior Court, Wake County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 19 November 2009.\nMast, Schulz, Mast, Johnson, Wells & Trimyer, P.A. by George B. Mast and Ron L. Trimyer, Jr., for plaintiff-appellant.\nCity Attorney Thomas A. McCormick by Deputy City Attorney Hunt K. Choi, for defendant-appellee." }, "file_name": "0176-01", "first_page_order": 200, "last_page_order": 206 }