{
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  "name": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. JERRY WADE GRICE",
  "name_abbreviation": "State v. Grice",
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    "judges": [
      "Judges HUNTER, R.C. and CALABRIA concur."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. JERRY WADE GRICE"
    ],
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      {
        "text": "HUNTER JR., Robert N., Judge.\nJerry Wade Grice, Jr. (\u201cDefendant\u201d) appeals from a judgment sentencing him to a suspended sentence of 6-8 months imprisonment following a jury verdict convicting him of one count of manufacturing marijuana. On appeal, Defendant argues the trial court erred by denying his pre-trial motion to suppress and by admitting evidence Defendant claims was unconstitutionally seized. We agree and grant Defendant a new trial.\nI. Factual and Procedural History\nOn 11 July 2011, the Johnston County grand jury indicted Defendant on charges of manufacturing marijuana and maintaining a dwelling house for the keeping of a controlled substance, in violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7\u00a7 90-95(a)(l) and 90-108(a)(7).\nOn 5 May 2011 Detectives Jason Guseman and Chadwick Mien of the Johnston County Sheriff\u2019s Office went to Defendant\u2019s home in order to investigate an anonymous tip that Defendant was growing and selling marijuana. The detectives\u2019 supervisor directed them to perform a \u201cknock and talk\u201d investigation in response to the tip. They arrived at Defendant\u2019s residence and drove about a tenth of a mile up a driveway to Defendant\u2019s home, where they parked behind a white car in the driveway. When the detectives exited their patrol car, Detective Guseman walked up the driveway to knock on the door, while Detective Mien stayed in the driveway.\nWhile Detective Guseman was knocking on the door, Detective Mien, standing in the driveway, looked \u201caround the residence . . . from [his] point of view.\u201d As he looked over the hood of the white car, he observed four plastic buckets about fifteen yards away. Plants were growing in three of the buckets. Detective Mien immediately identified these plants as marijuana. He pointed out the plants to Detective Guseman, who also believed they were marijuana. Both detectives then walked to the backyard where the plants were growing beside an outbuilding.\nThe detectives then contacted their supervisor, who instructed them to seize the plants and return to the Sheriffs Office so that they could then apply for a search warrant. The detectives then took some photographs of the surrounding area and uprooted the plants.\nThe next day, after applying for and receiving a search warrant, the detectives and two other officers returned to the residence to execute the warrant. The officers \u201cforced the door open\u201d and handcuffed Defendant and two other individuals who were also inside the home. Defendant admitted to owning the seized plants, and upon hearing that the officers were there to search for drugs and paraphernalia, also admitted to having a small amount of marijuana in his living room. After finding this marijuana, the officers arrested Defendant.\nThe matter came on for trial at the 13 December 2011 criminal session of the Johnston County Superior Court. The trial court held a pre-trial suppression hearing, where Defendant moved to suppress the evidence obtained during the \u201cknock and talk\u201d investigation. The trial court denied Defendant\u2019s motion. Defendant did not object at trial to the introduction of the plants seized or to other evidence derived from the seizure.\nOn 14 December 2011, a jury convicted Defendant of manufacturing marijuana. The trial court then sentenced Defendant as a Level II offender to a suspended sentence of 6-8 months imprisonment and placed Defendant on supervised probation for 30 months. Defendant gave oral notice of appeal in open court.\nII. Jurisdiction & Standard of Review\nAs Defendant appeals from the final judgment of a superior court, an appeal of right lies with this Court pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 7A-27(b) (2011).\nOur review of a trial court\u2019s denial of a motion to suppress is \u201cstrictly limited to determining whether the trial judge\u2019s underlying findings of fact are supported by competent evidence, in which event they are conclusively binding on appeal, and whether those factual findings in turn support the judge\u2019s ultimate conclusions of law.\u201d State v. Cooke, 306 N.C. 132, 134, 291 S.E.2d 618, 619 (1982). However, \u201c[t]he trial court\u2019s conclusions of law . . . are fully reviewable on appeal.\u201d State v. Hughes, 353 N.C. 200, 208, 539 S.E.2d 625, 631 (2000).\nBecause Defendant failed to object to the introduction of the seized evidence at trial, we review any error on the part of the trial court for plain error. See N.C. R. App. P 10(a)(4); see also State v. Goss, 361 N.C. 610, 622, 651 S.E.2d 867, 875 (2007), cert. denied, 555 U.S. 835 (2008). \u201cFor error to constitute plain error, a defendant must demonstrate that a fundamental error occurred at trial. To show that an error was fundamental, a defendant must establish prejudice that, after examination of the entire record, the error had a probable impact on the jury\u2019s finding that the defendant was guilty.\u201d State v. Lawrence,_N.C._,__, 723 S.E.2d 326, 334 (2012) (citations and quotation marks omitted).\nIII. Analysis\nDefendant argues the trial court erred in denying his pre-trial suppression motion and by allowing the State to introduce evidence derived from the warrantless seizure of the marijuana plants at trial. Defendant argues that Detectives Guseman and Allen had no right to enter his property and seize the plants without first securing a warrant. Defendant contends this seizure was per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment, and as such, any evidence obtained from the illegal seizure was inadmissible at trial. The State contends that because the plants were in plain view, their seizure did not implicate Defendant\u2019s Fourth Amendment rights. We agree with Defendant.\nThe Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the \u201cright of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.\u201d U.S. Const. amend. IV. As a general rule, searches and seizures \u201cconducted outside the judicial process, without prior approval by judge or magistrate, are per se unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment\u2014 subject only to a few specifically established and well-delineated exceptions.\u201d Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357 (1967). One such exception is the \u201cplain view\u201d doctrine. Under the plain view doctrine, police may seize contraband or evidence without a warrant if \u201c(1) the officer was in a place where he had a right to be when the evidence was discovered; (2) the evidence was discovered inadvertently; and (3) it was immediately apparent to the police that the items observed were evidence of a crime or contraband.\u201d State v. Graves, 135 N.C. App. 216, 219, 519 S.E.2d 770, 772 (1999). This first requirement means that \u201c[n]ot only must the officer be lawfully located in a place from which the object can be plainly seen, but he or she must also have a lawful right of access to the object itself.\u201d Horton v. California, 496 U.S. 128, 137 (1990) (emphasis added).\nThe State contends Detectives Guseman and Allen had a \u201clawful right of access\u201d to the plants, because they were lawfully on the property under the auspices of a valid \u201cknock and talk\u201d investigation. We disagree.\n\u201c \u2018At the very core\u2019 of the Fourth Amendment \u2018stands the right of a man to retreat into his own home and there be free from unreasonable governmental intrusion.\u2019 \u201d Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27, 31 (2001) (quoting Silverman v. United States, 365 U.S. 505, 511 (1961)). \u201cWith few exceptions, the question whether a warrantless search of a home is reasonable and hence constitutional must be answered no.\u201d Kyllo, 533 U.S. at 31. Our courts have long recognized that this heightened expectation of privacy extends not only to the home itself, but also to the home\u2019s \u201ccurtilage.\u201d See United States v. Dunn, 480 U.S. 294, 300 (1987) (\u201cThe curtilage concept originated at common law to extend to the area immediately surrounding a dwelling house the same protection under the law of burglary as was afforded the house itself.\u201d) \u201c[T]he curtilage is the area to which extends the intimate activity associated with the \u2018sanctity of a man\u2019s home and the privacies of life,\u2019 and therefore has been considered part of the home itself for Fourth Amendment purposes.\u201d Oliver v. United States, 466 U.S. 170, 180 (1984) (citation omitted). In North Carolina, \u201ccurtilage of the home will ordinarily be construed to include at least the yard around the dwelling house as well as the area occupied by bams, cribs, and other outbuildings.\u201d State v. Frizzelle, 243 N.C. 49, 51, 89 S.E.2d 725, 726 (1955) (emphasis added).\nThe State is correct in noting that officers may conduct \u201cknock and talk\u201d investigations that do not rise to the level of a Fourth Amendment search. See State v. Wallace, 111 N.C. App. 581, 585, 433 S.E.2d 238, 241 (1993) (\u201cLaw enforcement officers have the right to approach a person\u2019s residence to inquire whether the person is willing to answer questions.\u201d); see also State v. Church, 110 N.C. App. 569, 573-74, 430 S.E.2d 462, 465 (1993) (\u201c[W]hen officers enter private property for the purpose of a general inquiry or interview, their presence is proper and lawful.... [Officers are entitled to go to a door to inquire about a matter; they are not trespassers under these circumstances.\u201d) (quotation marks and citation omitted). However, officers generally may not enter and search the curtilage of a home without first obtaining a warrant. See State v. Rhodes, 151 N.C. App. 208, 213-16, 565 S.E.2d 266, 269-71 (2002) (holding warrantless search of defendant\u2019s trash can unconstitutional when it was within the curtilage of his home). Moreover, this Court has expressly rejected the notion that \u201claw enforcement officers may enter private property whenever they are conducting \u2018legitimate law enforcement functions.\u2019 \u201d See State v. Nance, 149 N.C. App. 734, 742, 562 S.E.2d 557, 563 (2002) (recognizing the validity of \u201cknock and talk\u201d inquiries, but holding that the line of cases authorizing them do not \u201cstand[] for the proposition that law enforcement officers may enter private property without a warrant and seize evidence of a crime\u201d)\nIn this case, we decline to adopt the State\u2019s argument that the initiation of a valid \u201cknock and talk\u201d inquiry gave Detectives Guseman and Allen a lawful right of access to walk across Defendant\u2019s backyard in order to seize the plants. If we were to adopt such an approach, it would be difficult to articulate a limiting principle such that \u201cknock and talk\u201d investigations would not become a pretense to seize any property within the home\u2019s curtilage, so long as that property otherwise satisfied the remaining prerequisites for seizure under the plain view doctrine. As this Court has observed, \u201c[t]he implication that police officers have the right to seize any item which comes into their plain view at a place they have a right to be is fraught with danger and would sanction the very intrusions into the lives of private citizens against which the Fourth Amendment was intended to protect.\u201d State v. Bembery, 33 N.C. App. 31, 33, 234 S.E.2d 33, 35, disc. review denied, 293 N.C. 160, 236 S.E.2d 704 (1977). Accordingly, we hold the trial court erred in its conclusion that no Fourth Amendment violation resulted from the seizure in light of the fact \u201cDetective Allen visually observed what he believed to be marijuana plants in plain view.\u201d\nIn the alternative, the State argues that since the trial court found the detectives\u2019 seizure of the plants \u201cwas to prevent their destruction,\u201d that the seizure was valid under the \u201cexigent circumstances\u201d exception to the warrant requirement. We disagree, because no evidence was presented at trial to support the trial court\u2019s finding to that effect.\nOur Supreme Court has held that \u201c[i]f the circumstances of a particular case render impracticable a delay to obtain a warrant, a warrantless search on probable cause is permissible.\u201d State v. Allison, 298 N.C. 135, 141, 257 S.E.2d 417, 421 (1979). One such exigent circumstance is the \u201cprobable destruction or disappearance of a controlled substance.\u201d State v. Nowell, 144 N.C. App. 636, 643, 55 S.E.2d 807, 812 (2001); Wallace, 111 N.C. App. at 586, 433 S.E.2d at 241-42 (noting that an \u201cofficer\u2019s reasonably objective belief that the contraband is about to be removed or destroyed\u201d is a factor in determining whether, with probable cause, a warrantless seizure is justified).\nOn appeal this Court is \u201cstrictly limited to determining whether the trial judge\u2019s underlying findings of fact are supported by competent evidence, in which event they are conclusively binding on appeal.\u201d Cooke, 306 N.C. at 134, 291 S.E.2d at 619. Upon review of the record, we cannot ascertain the basis for the trial court\u2019s finding that the plants were seized \u201cto prevent their destruction.\u201d\nDetective Guseman testified that he knocked on Defendant\u2019s door \u201cnumerous times\u201d and no one answered. He further testified:\nQ. [H]ad you determined that there was anyone at the house?\nA. No one would come to the door if there was anyone at the house.\nQ. Had you determined that there was anyone who had detected your presence at the house?\nA. No.\nQ. Was there anything that prevented you from securing the area and then getting a search warrant?\nA. No. I had done exactly what Captain Fish instructed me to do and that was to seize the plants, come back to the Sheriff\u2019s office and apply for a search warrant for the residence.\nDetective Guseman further testified that he had no knowledge of any illicit transactions occurring on the property within the prior three days. A review of the record produces no evidence contrary to Detective Guseman\u2019s testimony.\nThe State contends that evidence was presented which could support the trial court\u2019s finding, arguing that:\n[t]he record contains several facts supporting the trial court\u2019s conclusion. First, the record indicates that there was a white vehicle parked in the driveway of the house, and that no one came to the door after the officers knocked repeatedly. Suspects sometimes do not come to the door when law enforcement knocks, as is readily apparent from defendant\u2019s choice to not answer the door when served the search warrant the next day. From this evidence, the trial court could reasonably conclude that defendant or someone else may have been in the house waiting for the officers to leave in order to destroy the marijuana plants. Additionally, because three marijuana plants is a relatively small quantity, the court may have concluded they were more readily destructible.\nAlthough the record does reveal that there was in fact a white car in the driveway, and that there were only three plants, nothing in the record suggests that this provided the impetus for the seizure. Accordingly, the trial court\u2019s finding \u201c[t]hat this seizure was to prevent [the plants] destruction\u201d is not supported by competent evidence in the record. Absent a finding supported by evidence that the detectives had a \u201creasonably objective belief that the contraband [was] about to be removed or destroyed,\u201d Wallace, 11 N.C. App. at 586, 433 S.E.2d at 241-42, \u201cexigent circumstances\u201d cannot be a justification for this warrantless seizure.\nTherefore, we hold the trial court erred in concluding that Defendant \u201cdid not have an expectation of privacy in this instance and [that] there [was] no Fourth Amendment violation\u201d and that \u201cthe evidence obtained was properly seized.\u201d\nWe must then turn to the issue of whether the erroneous admission of this evidence by the trial court rises to the level of plain error such that it \u201chad a probable impact on the jury\u2019s finding that the defendant was guilty.\u201d Lawrence, _N.C. at_, 723 S.E.2d at 334 (citation and quotation marks omitted). We conclude the trial court\u2019s failure to grant Defendant\u2019s motion to suppress does rise .to the level of plain error in this case. Had the trial court granted Defendant\u2019s motion, the State would have been barred from introducing not only the plants themselves, but also the close-up photographs of the plants, the expert testimony identifying the plants as marijuana, and Defendant\u2019s statements regarding the plants. See State v. Jackson, 199 N.C. App. 236, 244, 681 S.E.2d 492, 497 (2009) (\u201cEvidence that is discovered as a direct result of an illegal search or seizure is generally excluded at trial as fruit of the poisonous tree unless it would have been discovered regardless of the unconstitutional search.\u201d) (citing Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 487-88 (1963)). Thus, the only evidence the State could have presented was Detectives Guseman and Allen\u2019s testimony regarding their identification of the plants as marijuana, with no physical evidence to support those determinations. We conclude the jury probably would have reached a different result had this been the case.\nIV. Conclusion\nFor the foregoing reasons we vacate Defendant\u2019s conviction, reverse the trial court\u2019s denial of his motion to suppress, and remand for a\nNEW TRIAL.\nJudges HUNTER, R.C. and CALABRIA concur.\n. We note that although the trial court made a finding of fact that the seizure was performed to prevent the plants\u2019 destruction, the court made no conclusion of law explicitly mentioning \u201cexigent circumstances\u201d as justification for the seizure. To contrast, the court did conclude that \u201cplain view... is an exception to the warrant requirement\u201d such that \u201c[t]he evidence obtained was properly seized.\u201d",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "HUNTER JR., Robert N., Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Attorney General Roy Cooper, by Assistant Attorney General Jay L. Osborne, for the State.",
      "Appellate Defender Staples Hughes, by Assistant Appellate Defender Jon H. Hunt & Assistant Appellate Defender Benjamin Dowling-Sendor, for defendant-appellant."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. JERRY WADE GRICE\nNo. COA12-577\n(Filed 20 November 2012)\n1. Constitutional Law \u2014 seizure of marijuana plants from yard \u2014 plain view \u2014 knock and talk investigation\nThere was plain error in a prosecution for the sale and manufacture of marijuana where the trial court admitted evidence of marijuana plants seized from defendant\u2019s yard after they were seen by officers conducting a \u201cknock and talk\u201d investigation. The Court of Appeals rejected the State\u2019s argument that the initiation of a valid \u201cknock and talk\u201d inquiry gave the officers a lawful right of access to walk across defendant\u2019s backyard in order to seize the plants.\n2. Constitutional Law seizure of marijuana plants in yard\u2014 no exigent circumstances\nThe trial court erred in a prosecution for manufacturing and selling marijuana by holding that the seizure of marijuana plants in defendant's yard was valid under the \u201cexigent circumstances\u201d exception to the warrant requirement. No evidence was presented at trial to support the trial court\u2019s finding.\n3. Evidence \u2014 erroneous introduction of marijuana plants\u2014 plain error\nThere was plain error in a prosecution for manufacturing and selling marijuana where the trial court erroneously admitted evidence of marijuana plants seized from defendant\u2019s yard during a \u201cknock and talk\u201d investigation by officers. The jury probably would have reached a different result without physical evidence.\nAppeal by defendant from judgment entered 14 December 2011 by Judge James G. Bell in Johnston County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 24 October 2012.\nAttorney General Roy Cooper, by Assistant Attorney General Jay L. Osborne, for the State.\nAppellate Defender Staples Hughes, by Assistant Appellate Defender Jon H. Hunt & Assistant Appellate Defender Benjamin Dowling-Sendor, for defendant-appellant."
  },
  "file_name": "0460-01",
  "first_page_order": 470,
  "last_page_order": 478
}