{ "id": 4244526, "name": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. ALPHONSO ELLIS KIRKWOOD, LARELL MCDANIEL, Defendants", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Kirkwood", "decision_date": "2013-09-17", "docket_number": "No. COA12-1359", "first_page": "656", "last_page": "670", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "229 N.C. App. 656" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "618 S.E.2d 850", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 12633896 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "858" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/se2d/618/0850-01" ] }, { "cite": "651 S.E.2d 279", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 12639564 ], "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "287", "parenthetical": "quoting State v. Ezell, 159 N.C. App. 103, 106, 582 S.E.2d 679, 682 (2003)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/se2d/651/0279-01" ] }, { "cite": "620 S.E.2d 285", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 12634110 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "286-87", "parenthetical": "\" '[T]he double jeopardy protection may not be raised on appeal unless the defense and the facts underlying it are brought first to the attention of the trial court.' \" (quoting State v. McKenzie, 292 N.C. 170, 176, 232 S.E.2d 424, 428 (1977))" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/se2d/620/0285-01" ] }, { "cite": "599 S.E.2d 515", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 12631478 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "529" }, { "page": "529" }, { "page": "529" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/se2d/599/0515-01" ] }, { "cite": "650 S.E.2d 29", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "case_ids": [ 12639310 ], "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "33" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/se2d/650/0029-01" ] }, { "cite": "N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 15-173", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "N.C. Gen. Stat.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "313 S.E.2d 3", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "5", "parenthetical": "interpreting N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 15-173" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "67 N.C. App. 316", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8526295 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "319", "parenthetical": "interpreting N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 15-173" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/67/0316-01" ] }, { "cite": "173 N.C. App. 323", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8353450 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "333" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/173/0323-01" ] }, { "cite": "594 S.E.2d 143", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "144-45", "parenthetical": "relying on Potter and applying same rule" }, { "page": "143" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "163 N.C. App. 592", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8919881 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "594-96", "parenthetical": "relying on Potter and applying same rule" }, { "page": "593" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/163/0592-01" ] }, { "cite": "204 S.E.2d 649", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "659", "parenthetical": "\"[W]hen the lives of all employees in a store are threatened and endangered by the use or threatened use of a firearm incident to the theft of their employer's money or property, a single robbery with firearms is committed.\"" }, { "page": "650, 658" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "285 N.C. 238", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8563902 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "253", "parenthetical": "\"[W]hen the lives of all employees in a store are threatened and endangered by the use or threatened use of a firearm incident to the theft of their employer's money or property, a single robbery with firearms is committed.\"" }, { "page": "238, 251-52" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/285/0238-01" ] }, { "cite": "583 S.E.2d 601", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "604-05", "parenthetical": "quoting Brooks, 138 N.C. App. at 189, 530 S.E.2d at 852" }, { "page": "605" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "159 N.C. App. 127", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8954377 ], "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "132", "parenthetical": "quoting Brooks, 138 N.C. App. at 189, 530 S.E.2d at 852" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/159/0127-01" ] }, { "cite": "206 S.E.2d 364", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "366" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "22 N.C. App. 229", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11301940 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "230, 231" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/22/0229-01" ] }, { "cite": "530 S.E.2d 849", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "852-53" }, { "page": "852" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "138 N.C. App. 185", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 11079078 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "189-90" }, { "page": "189" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/138/0185-01" ] }, { "cite": "N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 14-34.1", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "N.C. Gen. Stat.", "year": 2011, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(b)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "231 S.E.2d 693", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "694" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "32 N.C. App. 298", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8550200 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "301" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/32/0298-01" ] }, { "cite": "661 S.E.2d 732", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2008, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "362 N.C. 342", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4150926 ], "year": 2008, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/362/0342-01" ] }, { "cite": "582 S.E.2d 679", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "682" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "159 N.C. App. 103", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8954207 ], "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "106" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/159/0103-01" ] }, { "cite": "186 N.C. App. 308", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8156410 ], "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "320-21", "parenthetical": "quoting State v. Ezell, 159 N.C. App. 103, 106, 582 S.E.2d 679, 682 (2003)" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/186/0308-01" ] }, { "cite": "232 S.E.2d 424", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "428" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "292 N.C. 170", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8567750 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "176" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/292/0170-01" ] }, { "cite": "174 N.C. App. 206", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8351330 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "208", "parenthetical": "\" '[T]he double jeopardy protection may not be raised on appeal unless the defense and the facts underlying it are brought first to the attention of the trial court.' \" (quoting State v. McKenzie, 292 N.C. 170, 176, 232 S.E.2d 424, 428 (1977))" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/174/0206-01" ] }, { "cite": "400 S.E.2d 31", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "36", "parenthetical": "\"The defendant candidly concedes . . . that he did not raise any double jeopardy issue at trial. Therefore, this issue has been waived.\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "328 N.C. 223", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2540300 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "231", "parenthetical": "\"The defendant candidly concedes . . . that he did not raise any double jeopardy issue at trial. Therefore, this issue has been waived.\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/328/0223-01" ] }, { "cite": "698 S.E.2d 65", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 2010, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "67" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "364 N.C. 297", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4152888 ], "year": 2010, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "301" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/364/0297-01" ] }, { "cite": "358 N.C. 551", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2985799 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "571" }, { "page": "571" }, { "page": "571" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/358/0551-01" ] }, { "cite": "451 S.E.2d 211", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "223" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "339 N.C. 172", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2556681 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "192" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/339/0172-01" ] }, { "cite": "265 S.E.2d 164", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "169" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "300 N.C. 71", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8559773 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "78-79" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/300/0071-01" ] }, { "cite": "430 S.E.2d 914", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "918" }, { "page": "919" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "334 N.C. 67", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2529175 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "75" }, { "page": "76" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/334/0067-01" ] }, { "cite": "526 S.E.2d 451", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "455", "parenthetical": "quoting State v. Barnes, 334 N.C. 67, 75, 430 S.E.2d 914, 918 (1993)" }, { "page": "455", "parenthetical": "internal citation omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "351 N.C. 373", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 1155599 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "378", "parenthetical": "quoting State v. Barnes, 334 N.C. 67, 75, 430 S.E.2d 914, 918 (1993)" }, { "page": "379" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/351/0373-01" ] }, { "cite": "186 N.C. App. 57", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8154614 ], "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "62" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/186/0057-01" ] }, { "cite": "515 S.E.2d 885", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 6, "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "899" }, { "page": "898-99" }, { "page": "899" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "350 N.C. 483", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 131924 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "505" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/350/0483-01" ] }, { "cite": "459 S.E.2d 510", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 17, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "511" }, { "page": "512" }, { "page": "512" }, { "page": "512" }, { "page": "513" }, { "page": "512" }, { "page": "512-13" }, { "page": "512" }, { "page": "513" }, { "page": "513" }, { "page": "513" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "341 N.C. 173", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 793125 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "175" }, { "page": "175" }, { "page": "175" }, { "page": "177" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/341/0173-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1195, "char_count": 33829, "ocr_confidence": 0.724, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.0221199873817963e-07, "percentile": 0.5456026586878231 }, "sha256": "687830aad44c46583caf8b9e8743d5627a156bb7c56145acacf1a47dbfccb111", "simhash": "1:0a2ef57a1126a272", "word_count": 5601 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:07:10.338246+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judges ELMORE and DILLON concur." ], "parties": [ "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. ALPHONSO ELLIS KIRKWOOD, LARELL MCDANIEL, Defendants" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "GEER, Judge.\nDefendants Alphonso Ellis Kirkwood and Larell McDaniel appeal from their convictions of three counts of discharging a weapon into occupied property. On appeal, defendant Kirkwood argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss because the State failed to present substantial evidence that he was the perpetrator or a co-conspirator of the charged offenses. We hold that the State\u2019s evidence was sufficient to allow a reasonable jury to find that defendant Kirkwood was the driver of the vehicle from which the three shots were fired into the victims\u2019 home. This evidence was sufficient to defeat defendant Kirkwood\u2019s motion to dismiss.\nDefendant McDaniel primarily argues on appeal that the trial court violated his right to be free from double jeopardy by entering judgment against him on more than one count of discharging a weapon into occupied property. We hold, based upon State v. Rambert, 341 N.C. 173, 459 S.E.2d 510 (1995), and State v. Nobles, 350 N.C. 483, 515 S.E.2d 885 (1999), that defendant McDaniel could properly be convicted and sentenced for three counts of discharging a weapon into occupied property.\nFacts\nThe State\u2019s evidence tended to show the following facts. At approximately 12:15 a.m. on 14 April 2011, four gunshots were fired into the front door area of a house located in Smithfield, North Carolina. At that time, the house was occupied by Marcus Manley, Lametta Moss, and Ms. Moss\u2019 then four-year-old daughter. Immediately after the shots were fired, a witness heard tires squealing, and both Ms. Moss and a neighbor called 911.\nWithin one minute of receiving the 911 call, Officer Steven Allen Walker, II of the Smithfield Police Department responded to the call and, while in route to the scene of the shooting, saw a burgundy SUV leaving the area near the shooting at a \u201chigh rate of speed.\u201d The SUV cut in front of Officer Walker\u2019s patrol car at an intersection. Officer Walker pulled behind the SUV and activated his blue lights and siren, but the SUV did not stop. Several additional police officers then joined the chase.\nWhile Officer Walker pursued the SUV, he saw a gun thrown from the driver\u2019s side of the vehicle. Officers later returned and collected that gun, a semiautomatic .25 caliber Titan handgun. The hammer was pulled back on the gun and it had one five round in the chamber.\nOfficers continued pursuing the SUV until it tinned onto a dead end street and stopped. Both of the driver\u2019s side doors and one of the passenger\u2019s side doors of the SUV opened and three people ran from the vehicle. The person who got out of the passenger\u2019s side door was never identified. Defendant McDaniel exited from the rear driver\u2019s side seat. Defendant Kirkwood, wearing all dark colored clothing, exited from the driver\u2019s seat. Several officers pursued the SUV down the dead end street and then chaised defendants on foot as defendants ran into a \u201ccut-through\u201d at the end of the street.\nWhen the SUV turned down the dead end street, Officer Walker drove around the block and stopped his patrol car near where the cut-through ended. As defendants ran from the cut-through, Officer Walker and other officers ran after them. At least one officer kept sight of defendants running through the cut-through until the time Officer Walker attempted to stop them at the other end. Defendants evaded Officer Walker and ran into a trailer home nearby.\nOfficers surrounded the trailer and ordered the people inside to come out. Defendant McDaniel\u2019s mother, who lived in the trailer, came outside. After about 30 seconds to a minute, defendant Kirkwood came out of the trailer wearing all dark clothing and drenched in sweat. After roughly five minutes with the officers yelling for defendant McDaniel to come out, he left the bathroom of the trailer wearing only boxer shorts.\nDefendants were taken to the police department, and a gunshot residue test was performed on defendant Kirkwood. Subsequent analysis of the gunshot residue test tended to show that defendant Kirkwood had recently discharged a firearm, handled a discharged firearm, or was in close proximity to a firearm when it was discharged.\nDuring an interview with Detective Chris Blinson of the Smithfield Police Department, defendant Kirkwood stated that he was walking through backyards and saw police officers shoot at a burgundy Chevrolet Blazer. Detective Blinson told defendant Kirkwood his story did not make sense, and defendant Kirkwood then stated he had been at the house of \u201cMs. Dees\u201d and that he \u201cdidn\u2019t even go to that part of town.\u201d Detective Blinson asked him what part of town he meant, and defendant Kirkwood responded he was talking about \u201cwhere the shooting happened.\u201d Detective Blinson had not yet, however, told defendant Kirkwood where the shooting happened.\nAt the scene of the shooting, officers identified four bullet holes in the front door area of the house. One was in the top of the door, near the ceiling of the porch. Two bullet holes were located to the right of the front door, one higher up than the other. Officers removed and collected one projectile from the wooden door frame of the house, but did not recover the others.\nDetective Blinson seized a box of 7.65 caliber pistol ammunition in the door of the burgundy SUV. He also found an unfired .25 caliber bullet in the SUV that was identical to the bullet found in the Titan handgun.\nAt approximately 1:30 p.m. on 14 April 2011, a citizen passerby found a New England Firearms, five-shot revolver directly across the street from where the Titan handgun was recovered. There was a single 7.65 round of ammunition in the cylinder of the revolver, identical to the ammunition found in the burgundy SUV a few hours earlier. The revolver was a single and double action gun and could fire in both modes. Single action means that when the user manually cocks the gun and pulls the trigger, the hammer falls and the gun fixes. Double action means that when the usex pulls the triggex, the hammex cocks and xeleases and, at the same time, the cylinder rotates into alignment with the barrel and the gun fires.\nSubsequent testing of the New England revolver, the Titan handgun, and the projectile recovered from the house indicated that the projectile was a bullet fired from the revolver. The New England revolver functioned properly during testing. The Titan handgun fired at times during testing, but sometimes did not fire when the trigger was pulled.\nDefendants Kirkwood and McDaniel were indicted for four counts of discharging a weapon into occupied property. At trial, defendant McDaniel testified in his own defense to the following. On the night of 14 April 2011, defendant McDaniel was picked up by his friend, Jamel Rhodes, and went to see another friend. Mr. Rhodes dropped defendant McDaniel off in the area of East Parker Street and defendant McDaniel walked to meet the friend while Mr. Rhodes remained further down the block. After 10 to 15 minutes, defendant McDaniel heard three gunshots, returned to Mr. Rhodes\u2019 SUV, got in the rear driver\u2019s side seat, and asked what was happening. Mr. Rhodes drove away and another male, who had not been in the SUV earlier, who was not defendant Kirkwood, and whom defendant McDaniel could not identify or describe, was in the SUV.\nThe police began to chase the SUV, and when defendant McDaniel asked Mr. Rhodes to stop so he could get out of the vehicle, Mr. Rhodes refused because he was a felon and was illegally in possession of a gun. Defendant McDaniel opened his door to jump several times, but whenever he did, the SUV sped up. When the SUV stopped, defendant McDaniel saw two people near the end of the dead end street.\nWhile running towards his mother\u2019s house, defendant McDaniel saw defendant Kirkwood running in front of him, and the two entered the house. Defendant McDaniel initially lied to the police because he was scared. Defendant McDaniel did not fire a gun that night, did not know anybody else was going to do so, never had a gun that night, and never disposed of a gun for anybody that night. Defendant Kirkwood was never in the SUV with defendant McDaniel.\nDefendant Kirkwood did not present evidence at trial. At the close of the State\u2019s evidence, the trial court dismissed one count of discharging a weapon into occupied property as to each defendant. The jury found both defendants guilty of three counts of discharging a weapon into occupied property. The trial court sentenced defendant Kirkwood to three consecutive presumptive-range terms of 51 to 71 months imprisonment. The court sentenced defendant McDaniel to three consecutive presumptive-range terms of 60 to 81 months imprisonment. Both defendants timely appealed to this Court.\nI\n[1 ] Defendant Kirkwood\u2019s sole argument on appeal is that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss because the State failed to present substantial evidence that he was the perpetrator or a co-conspirator of the charged offenses. \u201cThis Court reviews the trial court\u2019s denial of a motion to dismiss de novo. \u201d State v. Smith, 186 N.C. App. 57, 62, 650 S.E.2d 29, 33 (2007).\n\u201c \u2018Upon defendant\u2019s motion for dismissal, the question for the Court is whether there is substantial evidence (1) of each essential element of the offense charged, or of a lesser offense included therein, and (2) of defendant\u2019s being the perpetrator of such offense. If so, the motion is properly denied.\u2019 \u201d State v. Fritsch, 351 N.C. 373, 378, 526 S.E.2d 451, 455 (2000) (quoting State v. Barnes, 334 N.C. 67, 75, 430 S.E.2d 914, 918 (1993)). \u201cSubstantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.\u201d State v. Smith, 300 N.C. 71, 78-79, 265 S.E.2d 164, 169 (1980).\n\u201cIn making its determination, the trial court must consider all evidence admitted, whether competent or incompetent, in the light most favorable to the State, giving the State the benefit of every reasonable inference and resolving any contradictions in its favor.\u201d State v. Rose, 339 N.C. 172, 192, 451 S.E.2d 211, 223 (1994). \u201c\u2018Circumstantial evidence may withstand a motion to dismiss and support a conviction even when the evidence does not rule out every hypothesis of innocence. If the evidence presented is circumstantial, the court must consider whether a reasonable inference of defendant\u2019s guilt may be drawn from the circumstances. Once the court decides that a reasonable inference of defendant\u2019s guilt may be drawn from the circumstances, then it is for the jury to decide whether the facts, taken singly or in combination, satisfy [it] beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is actually guilty.\u2019 \u201d Fritsch, 351 N.C. at 379, 526 S.E.2d at 455 (internal citation omitted) (quoting Barnes, 334 N.C. at 76, 430 S.E.2d at 919).\nHere, the State\u2019s evidence tended to show that the bullet recovered from the door frame of Mr. Manley and Ms. Moss\u2019 house was fired from the New England revolver. The revolver was found on the same day of the shooting, across the street from the Titan handgun that officers saw thrown from the burgundy SUV. The single bullet found in the revolver was identical to the box of bullets found in the burgundy SUV. Moreover, the revolver was a five-shot revolver and four of the chambers were empty when the revolver was recovered, consistent with four shots being fired into the home.\nImmediately after the shooting, a witness heard -tires squealing. When the responding officers first saw the SUV, it was driving away from the area near the shooting at a high rate of speed and cut in front of one officer\u2019s patrol car. When officers attempted a traffic stop of the SUV, it fled and led the officers on a chase through the town. A reasonable jury could conclude from this evidence that the shooter was in the burgundy SUV.\nThe officers\u2019 testimony showed that when the burgundy SUV stopped on the dead end street, a tall, thin black male dressed in dark-colored clothing got out of the driver\u2019s seat and ran into the cut-through. Officer Page Carroll of the Smithfield Police Department kept that individual in her sight until she saw Officer Walker and others chasing him on the other side of the cut-through. An officer chasing the suspects on the other side of the cut-through saw them enter the back door of the trailer belonging to defendant McDaniel\u2019s mother. Defendant McDaniel\u2019s mother testified at trial that defendant Kirkwood and defendant McDaniel ran into the back door of her trailer just before the police arrived.\nWhen police ordered people out of the trailer, defendant Kirkwood came out wearing all dark clothing and drenched in sweat. Officer Carroll identified defendant Kirkwood as the person she had just seen get out of the driver\u2019s seat of the burgundy SUV and run into the cut-through. Likewise, Officer Walker and another officer who attempted to intercept the suspects on the other side of the cut-through and who saw the suspects enter the trailer, identified defendant Kirkwood as one of the two suspects they were chasing. This testimony constituted substantial evidence that defendant Kirkwood was the driver of the burgundy SUV.\nMoreover, the gunshot residue test performed on defendant Kirkwood tended to show that he had recently discharged a firearm, handled a discharged firearm, or was in close proximity to a firearm when it was discharged. The State\u2019s expert witness in gunshot residue analysis testified that, according to studies, it was unlikely that the gunshot residue particles found on defendant Kirkwood\u2019s hands had been there for more than two or three hours.\nFinally, during his police interview, defendant Kirkwood demonstrated knowledge of the shooting beyond what an uninvolved person would know by denying being in the part of town in which the shooting occurred before the interviewer ever told him where the shooting occurred. This evidence further tended to identify defendant Kirkwood as the perpetrator or a co-conspirator in the shooting.\nDefendant Kirkwood nonetheless argues that he did not confess to committing the offenses; that defendant McDaniel testified defendant Kirkwood was not in the SUV and did not implicate defendant Kirkwood as a perpetrator; that Officer Walker erroneously chased the SUV instead of proceeding directly to the house where the shooting occurred; that during the foot chase, officers lost sight of the runners at times; that there were no fingerprints found on either gun in this case; and that the State\u2019s efforts in investigating the shooting were minimal. However, defendant\u2019s arguments merely ask the Court to view the evidence in the light most favorable to defendant, contrary to the well-established standard of review for motions to dismiss.\nIn light of the circumstantial evidence tying the burgundy SUV to the shooting, the evidence that defendant Kirkwood was the driver of the SUV, defendant Kirkwood\u2019s flight from police, defendant Kirkwood\u2019s statement showing knowledge of the location of the shooting, and the gunshot residue located on defendant Kirkwood shortly after the shooting, we hold that the State presented substantial evidence that defendant Kirkwood was the perpetrator or a co-conspirator of the charged offenses. Consequently, the trial court did not err in denying defendant Kirkwood\u2019s motion to dismiss.\nII\nDefendant McDaniel first argues that the trial court erred in entering judgment on more than one of his three guilty verdicts for discharging a weapon into occupied property. Defendant McDaniel asserts that his sentence effectively punished him three times for committing the same offense and, thereby, violated his right to be free from double jeopardy. We disagree.\nAs an initial matter, the State contends that defendant McDaniel\u2019s double jeopardy argument is not properly preserved for appellate review. \u201cConstitutional questions not raised and passed on by the trial court will not ordinarily be considered on appeal.\u201d State v. Tirado, 358 N.C. 551, 571, 599 S.E.2d 515, 529 (2004).\nDefendant McDaniel did not argue to the trial court that entering judgments on multiple counts of discharging a weapon into occupied property would violate his right to be free from double jeopardy. Defendant McDaniel nevertheless argues that this issue is preserved for appeal, despite his failure to raise the issue below, pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 15A-1446(d)(18) (2011). N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 15A-1446(d)(18) provides:\nErrors based upon any of the following grounds, which are asserted to have occurred, may be the subject of appellate review even though no objection, exception or motion has been made in the trial division.\n(18) The sentence imposed was unauthorized at the time imposed, exceeded the maximum authorized by law, was illegally imposed, or is otherwise invalid as a matter of law.\nDefendant\u2019s argument is inconsistent with our Supreme Court\u2019s decisions holding that a double jeopardy issue cannot be raised for the first time on appeal. See, e.g., State v. Davis, 364 N.C. 297, 301, 698 S.E.2d 65, 67 (2010) (\u201cTo the extent defendant relies on constitutional double jeopardy principles, we agree that his argument is not preserved because \u2018[c]onstitutional questions not raised and passed on by the trial court will not ordinarily be considered on appeal.\u2019 \u201d (quoting Tirado, 358 N.C. at 571, 599 S.E.2d at 529)); State v. Madric, 328 N.C. 223, 231, 400 S.E.2d 31, 36 (1991) (\u201cThe defendant candidly concedes . . . that he did not raise any double jeopardy issue at trial. Therefore, this issue has been waived.\u201d). Since we are bound by the rulings of our Supreme Court, we find defendant\u2019s preservation argument based upon N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 15A-1446(d)(18) unpersuasive.\nNevertheless, despite defendant McDaniel\u2019s failure to raise his double jeopardy argument to the trial court, the trial court ruled on the double jeopardy issue on its own initiative. After arguments on defendants\u2019 motions to dismiss, the court stated:\nBut getting to the question of the counts, State versus Ray says that we use the safe [sic] evidence test. The test is whether the facts alleged in the second or additional count would sustain a conviction under the first count in a double jeopardy analysis, which is what it is. . . .\n... I think I\u2019m stuck with the same evidence test. When you analyze the same evidence test, the jury would have to find in order to convict the defendants of more than one count, that bullet A would stand for Count I. A separate bullet not being Bullet A, i.e., B or C, would have to stand for Count II and on and on and on. I think there is sufficient evidence to take the case to the jury on three counts.\n(Second emphasis added.) The trial court then, based on the \u201csame evidence test,\u201d dismissed the fourth count of discharging a weapon into occupied property as to each defendant.\nThe rule that constitutional questions must be raised first in the trial court is based upon the reasoning that the trial court should, in the first instance, \u201cpass[] on\u201d the issue. Tirado, 358 N.C. at 571, 599 S.E.2d at 529. See also State v. Mason, 174 N.C. App. 206, 208, 620 S.E.2d 285, 286-87 (2005) (\u201c \u2018[T]he double jeopardy protection may not be raised on appeal unless the defense and the facts underlying it are brought first to the attention of the trial court.\u2019 \u201d (quoting State v. McKenzie, 292 N.C. 170, 176, 232 S.E.2d 424, 428 (1977))). For this reason, this Court has previously explained that a \u201c \u2018double jeopardy argument [need not] us[e] those exact words [to be preserved for appeal, if] the substance of the argument was sufficiently presented and, more importantly, addressed by the trial court ....\u2019\u201d State v. Gobal, 186 N.C. App. 308, 320-21, 651 S.E.2d 279, 287 (2007) (quoting State v. Ezell, 159 N.C. App. 103, 106, 582 S.E.2d 679, 682 (2003)), aff'd per curiam, 362 N.C. 342, 661 S.E.2d 732 (2008). Since, in this case, the transcript affirmatively shows that the trial court addressed and ruled upon the double jeopardy issue, albeit on its own initiative, we hold that defendant McDaniel\u2019s double jeopardy issue is properly before this Court.\n\u201cBoth the North Carolina and the United States Constitutions provide that no person may be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb for the same offense.\u201d Rambert, 341 N.C. at 175, 459 S.E.2d at 511. See U.S. Const. amend. V; N.C. Const, art. I, \u00a7 19. The constitutional guarantees against double jeopardy include \u201cthe protection against multiple punishments for the same offense.\u201d Rambert, 341 N.C. at 175, 459 S.E.2d at 512. A double jeopardy claim that the defendant is being punished more than once for the same offense must demonstrate that the multiple punishments stem from \u201c \u2018the \u201csame offense\u201d both in law and in fact.' \u201d Id. (quoting State v. Lewis, 32 N.C. App. 298, 301, 231 S.E.2d 693, 694 (1977)). \u201cAs such, when a court is determining whether a second indictment places the defendant in double jeopardy, the court must examine the law under which the charges are being brought and the facts underlying each count.\u201d Id.\nDefendant McDaniel was indicted with a single indictment containing four counts of discharging a weapon into occupied property in violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 14-34.1(b) (2011). The elements of discharging a weapon into occupied property \u201care (1) willfully and wantonly discharging (2) a firearm (3) into property (4) while it is occupied.\u201d Rambert, 341 N.C. at 175, 459 S.E.2d at 512.\nWhere multiple counts in \u201cindictments [a]re identical and d[o] not describe in detail the specific events or evidence that would be used to prove each count,\u201d an \u201c[e]xamination of the facts underlying each charge . . . more accurately illustrates whether defendant has been placed in double jeopardy.\u201d Id. at 176, 459 S.E.2d at 512. Here, each of the four counts in defendant McDaniel\u2019s indictment contained, in total, the following identical factual allegations: \u201c[O]n or about April 14, 2011, in the county of Johnston, the Defendant named above unlawfully, willfully and feloniously did discharge a handgun, a firearm, into a building and dwelling, located at 209 East Parker Street, Smithfield, Johnston County, North Carolina, while it was actually occupied by Marcus Darnell Manley, Lametta Moss and [Ms. Moss\u2019 daughter].\u201d The trial court dismissed one of the four counts, leaving only three at issue in this appeal. Since the allegations in each count do not sufficiently describe the specific evidence to be used to prove the separate counts, we must examine the facts underlying each charge.\nIn Rambert, this Court rejected the defendant\u2019s argument that his conviction and sentencing on three counts of discharging a firearm into occupied property violated double jeopardy principles. Id. at 177, 459 S.E.2d at 513. There, the State\u2019s evidence tended to show that the victim was sitting in a parked car in a parking lot when the defendant, riding in a car, pulled alongside the victim\u2019s car. Id. at 176, 459 S.E.2d at 512. The defendant produced a gun, the victim ducked, and the defendant fired a shot into the front windshield of the victim\u2019s car. Id. The victim drove forward and, when the cars were approximately 10 yards apart, the defendant fired a second shot that struck the passenger\u2019s side door of the victim\u2019s car. Id. The defendant then \u201cpursued\u201d the victim and fired a third shot, which lodged in the rear bumper of the victim\u2019s car. Id., 459 S.E.2d at 512-13.\nThe Court in Rambert held that this evidence \u201cclearly show[ed] that defendant was not charged three times with the same offense for the same act but was charged for three separate and distinct acts.\u201d Id., 459 S.E.2d at 512. The Court reasoned: \u201cEach shot, fired from a pistol, as opposed to a machine gun or other automatic weapon, required that defendant employ his thought processes each time he fired the weapon.\u201d Id. at 176-77, 459 S.E.2d at 513. Moreover, \u201c[e]ach act was distinct in time, and each bullet hit the vehicle in a different place.\u201d Id. at 177, 459 S.E.2d at 513.\nSimilarly, in Nobles, 350 N.C. at 505, 515 S.E.2d at 899, this Court relied upon Rambert to conclude that the trial court properly denied the defendant\u2019s motion to consolidate three of his seven charges of discharging a firearm into an occupied vehicle. The Court in Nobles relied upon evidence that tended to show the \u201cdefendant\u2019s actions were seven distinct and separate events,\u201d including evidence that prior to the time of the murder, the truck did not have any bullet holes or broken glass, but after the murder there were seven bullet holes in victim\u2019s truck: \u201c[t]here were two bullet holes in the windshield, one near the middle of the windshield and one near the edge of the windshield on the passenger\u2019s side; there was a bullet hole below the windshield on the driver\u2019s side and one near the headlight on the driver\u2019s side; there was a bullet hole on the top of the truck\u2019s bed on the driver\u2019s side and one in the bed of the truck; and the driver\u2019s side door window was burst, which, based on the evidence, was caused by the fatal gunshot to the victim.\u201d Id., 515 S.E.2d at 898-99. The Court further relied on evidence that the defendant\u2019s gun had the capacity to hold nine bullets, it was empty at the murder scene, and the gun was not a machine gun or other automatic weapon. Id., 515 S.E.2d at 899.\nThe evidence in this case tended to show that, like the first two shots in Rambert, three gunshots were fired in quick succession. A neighbor and Ms. Moss each heard three distinct although rapid gunshots. Officers responding to the scene located one bullet hole in the top of the front door, near the ceiling of the porch. They located two additional bullet holes to the right of the front door, one higher up than the other. These three bullet holes were, therefore, each in different locations around the front door area of the house, like the distinct bullet holes in different locations on the cars in Rambert and Nobles.\nThe evidence further showed that at least one of the shots was fired from the revolver, which, in single action mode, must be manually cocked between firings and, in double action mode, can still only fire a single bullet at a time. The other gun that may have been used in the shooting, the Titan handgun, was semiautomatic but did not always function properly and many times, when the trigger was pulled, would not fire. As in Rambert and Nobles, neither gun was a fully automatic weapon such as a machine gun.\nWe note that, based on our review of the record, there are several scenarios of the shooting supported by the evidence. For example, it is possible that two gunmen in the SUV, each using a different gun, fired one or more shots into the house. It is further possible that one gunman used both guns while shooting. It is also possible, however, that a single gunman used only the revolver.\nHowever, despite this uncertainty as to the number of shooters and whether only the revolver rather than both guns was used in the shooting, the State\u2019s evidence nevertheless tended to show that each of the three shots for which defendant McDaniel was convicted was \u201cdistinct in time, and each bullet hit the [house] in a different place.\u201d Rambert, 341 N.C. at 177, 459 S.E.2d at 513.\nDefendant McDaniel nonetheless cites State v. Brooks, 138 N.C. App. 185, 530 S.E.2d 849 (2000), and State v. Dilldine, 22 N.C. App. 229, 206 S.E.2d 364 (1974), in support of his argument. In Brooks, this Court held that the trial court erred in denying the defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss one of his two charges for assault with a deadly weapon for insufficient evidence because all the evidence showed the defendant shot the victim three times simultaneously. 138 N.C. App. at 189-90, 530 S.E.2d at 852-53. Similarly, in Dilldine, the Court observed that it was improper for the State to charge the defendant with two counts of felonious assault where the evidence showed that the defendant shot the victim three times in the front and then, when the victim turned to leave, twice in the back. 22 N.C. App. at 230, 231, 206 S.E.2d at 366.\nBrooks and Dilldine each applied the rule, specific to assault cases, that \u201cfor a defendant to be charged with multiple counts of assault,\u201d the State must present evidence of \u2018\u201ca distinct interruption in the original assault followed by a second assault.\u2019 \u201d State v. Maddox, 159 N.C. App. 127, 132, 583 S.E.2d 601, 604-05 (2003) (quoting Brooks, 138 N.C. App. at 189, 530 S.E.2d at 852). In Maddox, another assault case, this Court relied upon Brooks and Dilldine and distinguished Rambert and Nobles since \u201cneither involved charges of assault but instead multiple charges of discharging a weapon into occupied property.\u201d Id. at 133, 583 S.E.2d at 605. Conversely, since this case involves charges for discharging a weapon into occupied property and not assault, Rambert and Nobles, rather than Brooks and Dilldine, control our decision.\nDefendant McDaniel additionally relies upon State v. Potter, 285 N.C. 238, 253, 204 S.E.2d 649, 659 (1974) (\u201c[W]hen the lives of all employees in a store are threatened and endangered by the use or threatened use of a firearm incident to the theft of their employer\u2019s money or property, a single robbery with firearms is committed.\u201d), and State v. Becton, 163 N.C. App. 592, 594-96, 594 S.E.2d 143, 144-45 (2004) (relying on Potter and applying same rule). However, the Courts in Potter and Becton addressed situations where multiple robbery charges were brought against the defendants for taking by force a single employer-victim\u2019s money from multiple employees. See Potter, 285 N.C. at 238, 251-52, 204 S.E.2d at 650, 658; Becton, 163 N.C. App. at 593, 594 S.E.2d at 143. Potter and Becton are, therefore, legally and factually distinguishable from the present case.\nWe conclude, based upon Rambert and Nobles, that the evidence here supported three separate charges against defendant McDaniel. Consequently, the trial court did not err in entering three judgments against defendant McDaniel for discharging a weapon into occupied property.\nDefendant McDaniel also argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his trial counsel failed to move, based on double jeopardy grounds, to arrest judgment on two counts of discharging a weapon into occupied property. Since we have concluded that defendant McDaniel could properly be convicted of and sentenced for all three counts, he cannot show that his attorney failed to provide effective assistance of counsel. See State v. Brewton, 173 N.C. App. 323, 333, 618 S.E.2d 850, 858 (2005) (holding, where defendant challenged jury instruction and also claimed ineffective assistance of counsel based upon his counsel\u2019s failure to object to instruction, \u201cbecause we find no error in the instructions, defendant\u2019s claim for ineffective assistance of counsel must also be rejected\u201d). We, therefore, conclude defendants received a trial free from prejudicial error.\nNo error.\nJudges ELMORE and DILLON concur.\n. This Court has held that \u201cwhen defendants are tried jointly and one of them offers no evidence, the evidence of the co-defendant may not be considered on a motion to dismiss by the defendant offering no evidence.\u201d State v. DiNunno, 67 N.C. App. 316, 319, 313 S.E.2d 3, 5 (1984) (interpreting N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 15-173). Here, defendant Kirkwood moved to dismiss at the close of the State\u2019s evidence and at the close of all the evidence. Based on DiNunno, our review of defendant Kirkwood\u2019s motion to dismiss is limited to only whether the State\u2019s evidence was sufficient to survive defendant Kirkwood\u2019s motion to dismiss.", "type": "majority", "author": "GEER, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Attorney General Roy Cooper, by Special Deputy Attorney General Tina L. Hlabse, for the State (Kirkwood appeal).", "Attorney General Roy Cooper, by Assistant Attorney General Christina S. Hayes, for the State (McDaniel appeal).", "Sarah Jessica Farberfor defendant-appellant Kirkwood.", "Sue Genrich Berry for defendant-appellant McDaniel." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. ALPHONSO ELLIS KIRKWOOD, LARELL MCDANIEL, Defendants\nNo. COA12-1359\nFiled 17 September 2013\n1. Firearms and Other Weapons \u2014 discharging weapon into occupied property \u2014 motion to dismiss \u2014 sufficiency of evidence\u2014 perpetrator or co-conspirator\nThe trial court did not err by denying defendant Kirkwood\u2019s motion to dismiss the charges of discharging a weapon into occupied property based on alleged insufficient evidence that he was the perpetrator or a co-conspirator of the charged offenses. The State\u2019s evidence was sufficient to allow a reasonable jury to find that defendant was the driver of the vehicle from which the three shots were fired into the victims\u2019 home.\n2. Constitutional Law \u2014 double jeopardy \u2014 multiple convictions. \u2014 discharging weapon into occupied property\nThe trial court did not violate defendant McDaniel\u2019s right to be free from double jeopardy by entering judgment against him on more than one count of discharging a weapon into occupied property. Regardless of the uncertainty as to the number of shooters and whether only the revolver rather than both guns was used in the shooting, the State\u2019s evidence tended to show that each of the three shots for which defendant was convicted was distinct in time, and each bullet hit the pertinent house in a different place.\n3. Constitutional Law \u2014 effective assistance of counsel \u2014 failure to move to arrest judgment on additional charges \u2014 no prejudicial error\nDefendant McDaniel did not receive ineffective assistance of counsel based on his trial counsel\u2019s failure to move, based on double jeopardy grounds, to arrest judgment on two counts of discharging a weapon into occupied property. Defendant could properly be convicted of and sentenced for all three counts.\nAppeal by defendants from judgments entered 3 May 2012 by Judge Wayland J. Sermons, Jr. in Johnston County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 25 April 2013.\nAttorney General Roy Cooper, by Special Deputy Attorney General Tina L. Hlabse, for the State (Kirkwood appeal).\nAttorney General Roy Cooper, by Assistant Attorney General Christina S. Hayes, for the State (McDaniel appeal).\nSarah Jessica Farberfor defendant-appellant Kirkwood.\nSue Genrich Berry for defendant-appellant McDaniel." }, "file_name": "0656-01", "first_page_order": 666, "last_page_order": 680 }