{
  "id": 6767802,
  "name": "COURTNAY T. BRISSETT, AND HUSBAND, LADWIN BRISSETT, AND BRISSETT RENTAL PROPERTIES, LLC, Plaintiffs v. FIRST MOUNT VERNON INDUSTRIAL LOAN ASSOCIATION, DALE E. DUNCAN AND KATHLEEN NEARY AS TRUSTEES FOR FIRST MOUNT VERNON INDUSTRIAL LOAN ASSOCIATION, PRODEV XVI LLC, AND JOHN F. GONZALES, JASON MATTHEW A. GOLD, THE SHOAF LAW FIRM, P.A., JAMES BOSTIC, KIM RICHARDSON, AND LABRADOR FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC., Defendants",
  "name_abbreviation": "Brissett v. First Mount Vernon Industrial Loan Ass'n",
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:57:00.832613+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [
      "Judges ELMORE and DAVIS concur."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "COURTNAY T. BRISSETT, AND HUSBAND, LADWIN BRISSETT, AND BRISSETT RENTAL PROPERTIES, LLC, Plaintiffs v. FIRST MOUNT VERNON INDUSTRIAL LOAN ASSOCIATION, DALE E. DUNCAN AND KATHLEEN NEARY AS TRUSTEES FOR FIRST MOUNT VERNON INDUSTRIAL LOAN ASSOCIATION, PRODEV XVI LLC, AND JOHN F. GONZALES, JASON MATTHEW A. GOLD, THE SHOAF LAW FIRM, P.A., JAMES BOSTIC, KIM RICHARDSON, AND LABRADOR FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC., Defendants"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "McCullough, Judge.\nCourtnay T. Brissett (\u201cC. Brissett\u201d), Ladwin Brissett (\u201cL. Brissett\u201d) (together \u201cplaintiffs\u201d), and Brissett Rental Properties, LLC (the \u201crental company\u201d), appeal from-judgment filed 13 September 2012. For the following reasons, we find no error in part and reverse in part.\nI. Background\nIn late 2004 and early 2005, plaintiffs purchased a number of distressed residential properties in New Bern, North Carolina as rental properties. Thereafter, at the advice of a CPA, plaintiffs had an attorney set up the rental company to hold the properties.\nIn late 2005, plaintiffs decided to begin rehabilitating the properties and began looking for financing. After several unsuccessful attempts to obtain financing from banks, plaintiffs, with the assistance of defendants Kim Richardson and James Bostic of defendant Labrador Financial Services, entered a loan agreement with defendant First Mount Vernon Industrial Loan Association (\u201cFMV\u201d) to acquire funds to rehabilitate six of the properties. Defendant Jason A. Gold, of defendant The Shoaf Law Firm, conducted the closing of the transactions on 9 January 2006. Plaintiffs had no relationship and did not communicate with FMV until after the closing.\nAs required by the closing instructions, plaintiffs signed documents at the closing deeding the six properties to ProDev XVI, LLC (\u201cProDev\u201d), an entity established for the sole purpose of facilitating the loan. C. Brissett also signed the ProDev Operating Agreement and ProDev Organizational Agreement, which established C. Brissett as the 40% member and manager of ProDev and John Gonzales, a board member of FMV, as the controlling 60% member of ProDev. These ProDev documents also provided that C. Brissett would be conveyed Gonzales\u2019 60% interest in ProDev upon payoff of the loan. The purpose of FMV requiring the conveyance of the properties to ProDev as a condition precedent to making the loan was to ease the collection process upon default and to protect FMV\u2019s interests from bankruptcy.\nPlaintiffs executed all documents at the closing without reading them and without asking any questions. As a result, plaintiffs were not aware of the nature of the transaction.\nPlaintiffs did not come to understand the terms of the documents executed at the closing until they encountered problems while attempting to refinance one of the completed properties later in 2006, at which point plaintiffs learned ProDev owned the property. By that time, plaintiffs had received approximately $131,500 in loan disbursements from FMV to rehabilitate the properties. The loan went into default in early 2007 and no further disbursements were made. Furthermore, upon default Gonzales exercised his right as the controlling member of ProDev to remove C. Brissett from her role as the managing member of ProDev.\nOn 7 June 2010, plaintiffs commenced this civil action with the filing of summonses, complaint, and notice of lis pendens in Craven County Superior Court. In the complaint, plaintiffs asserted numerous claims against the named defendants, including claims against FMV to quiet title, breach of contract and rescission, misrepresentation, lis pendens, unfair and deceptive trade practices, fraud in the inducement, constructive fraud, and civil conspiracy and conspiracy in facilitation of fraud.\nFMV and its trustees, defendants Dale E. Duncan and Kathleen Neary, filed an answer to plaintiffs\u2019 complaint on 10 August 2010. The answer included various affirmative defenses, a counterclaim for reformation of certain deeds to correct typographical and other mistakes, and crossclaims against ProDev, Gold, The Shoaf Law Firm, Bostic, Richardson, and Labrador Financial Services. Plaintiffs replied on 6 October 2010.\nFMV and its trustees later filed an amended answer, counterclaims, and cross-claims on 24 October 2011. In addition to the original counterclaim for reformation of deeds, FMV and its trustees asserted counterclaims for guaranty, unjust enrichment, and an equitable lien or constructive trust. Plaintiffs replied on 25 April 2012.\nOn 4 September 2012, the case was called for trial in Craven County Superior Court, the Honorable Paul Jones, Judge presiding. Prior to impaneling a jury, the court heard arguments on motions in limine. In regard to FMV\u2019s and its trustees\u2019 motion to exclude all evidence of Virginia State Bar proceedings against Duncan and Gonzales, the trial court ordered the transcripts of the proceedings to be excluded.\nThe following morning, 5 September 2012, a final pretrial order with stipulations as to undisputed facts was filed and the jury trial began.\nOn 6 September 2012, prior to testimony resuming for a second day, FMV and its trustees informed the trial court that they would move for a directed verdict at the close of plaintiffs\u2019 evidence and submitted a trial brief for the court\u2019s consideration. Thereafter, at the close of plaintiffs\u2019 evidence on 7 September 2012, FMV and its trustees moved for a directed verdict pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 1A-1, Rule 50. Following a weekend recess, on 10 September 2012, plaintiffs responded with a trial brief opposing the motion for a directed verdict and the trial court heard arguments on the matter. The trial court then granted the motion for a directed verdict as to the following claims for relief against various parties: (3) Misrepresentation, (5) Unfair and Deceptive Trade Practices, (9) Fraud in the Inducement, (10) Constructive Fraud, (11) Unfair and Deceptive Trade Practices, (12) Constructive Trust, (16) Constructive Fraud, and (17) Civil Conspiracy and Conspiracy in Facilitation of Fraud.\nFMV put on only documentary evidence and subsequent to a charge conference, the trial court instructed the jury on the following six issues:\n(1) Did the deeds from [C. Brissett] and [L. Brissett] and [the rental company] to [ProDev] meet the requirements of the law for conveying valid title?\n(2) Was the consideration given to [C. Brissett] and [L. Brissett] and [the rental company] for executing the deeds from [C. Brissett] and [L. Brissett] and [the rental company] to [ProDev] grossly inadequate under the circumstances?\n(3) Did the deed of trust from [C. Brissett] and [L. Brissett] and [the rental company] to [ProDev] meet the requirements of the law for creating a valid debt?\n(4) Is [FMV] entitled to have a hen on the five properties?\n(5) What is the amount of [FMV\u2019s] hen which does not include interest on said amount if any?\n(6) Did [FMV] act with \u201cunclean hands\u201d in its conduct, or in the conduct of its agents, relating to the loan transaction of January 9, 2006?\nAfter deliberating, the jury reached a unanimous decision on all issues except for issues two and six, to which the jury was deadlocked eleven to one. As to issues one and three, the jury determined the deeds did not meet the requirements of the law for conveying valid title or creating a valid debt. As to issues four and five, the jury determined FMV was entitled to a hen on the five properties in the amount of $131,500.\nThe case was held open until 12 September 2012 when the trial court considered post-trial arguments. At that time, FMV moved for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict (\u201cJNOV\u201d) pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 1A-1, Rule 50(b)(1); essentially asking the court to decide the undecided issues as a matter of law. Plaintiffs responded with their own motions for a JNOV and a new trial.\nAt the conclusion of the arguments, the trial court denied plaintiffs\u2019 motions and granted FMV\u2019s motion, deciding issues two and six in favor of FMV.\nOn 13 September 2012, the trial court filed a judgment reforming the deed of trust so that FMV has a hen on the properties in the amount of $131,500 with a right to foreclose on the hen by power of sale. The judgment further dismissed ah claims by plaintiff against FMV and its trustees and ordered the lis pendens filed in the action to be of no further force and effect and to be canceled by the Craven County Clerk of Superior Court.\nPlaintiffs filed notice of appeal from the 13 September 2012 judgment on 11 October 2012.\nII. Discussion\nPlaintiffs raise the following five issues on appeal: whether the trial court erred by (1) granting FMV\u2019s motion to exclude the transcript of Gonzales\u2019 testimony during Virginia State Bar proceedings; (2) directing a verdict in favor of FMV on plaintiffs\u2019 fraud and misrepresentation claims; (3) directing a verdict in favor of FMV on plaintiffs\u2019 constructive fraud claim; (4) denying plaintiffs the opportunity to present evidence of FMV\u2019s net worth, revenues, and similar past conduct; and (5) entering a judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the issue of unclean hands.\n1. Exclusion of Evidence\nPlaintiffs first argue the trial court erred in excluding the transcript of Gonzales\u2019 testimony in Virginia State Bar proceedings from the evidence admitted at trial.\n\u201cAdmission of evidence is \u2018addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court and may be disturbed on appeal only where an abuse of such discretion is clearly shown.\u2019 \u201d Gibbs v. Mayo, 162 N.C. App. 549, 561, 591 S.E.2d 905, 913 (2004) (quoting Sloan v. Miller Building Corp., 128 N.C. App. 37, 45, 493 S.E.2d 460, 465 (1997)). An abuse of discretion warranting reversal results \u201c \u2018only upon a showing that [the trial court\u2019s decision] was so arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.\u2019 \u201d Id. (quoting White v. White, 312 N.C. 770, 777, 324 S.E.2d 829, 833 (1985)). \u201cThe burden is on the appellant to not only show error, but also to show that he was prejudiced and a different result would have likely ensued had the error not occurred.\u201d Suarez v. Wotring, 155 N.C. App. 20, 30, 573 S.E.2d 746, 752 (2002). Relevancy is a question of law reviewed de novo. State v. Kirby, 206 N.C. App. 446, 456, 697 S.E.2d 496, 503 (2010). Evidence is relevant when it has a \u201ctendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.\u201d N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 401 (2013).\nApart from the present case, plaintiffs filed complaints against Duncan and Gonzales with the Virginia State Bar. In proceedings stemming from those complaints, Duncan and Gonzales testified before the Virginia State Bar about their involvement with FMV, ProDev, and the financing scheme giving rise to this case. At the conclusion of the proceedings, Duncan and Gonzales each had their license to practice law in Virginia revoked for a period of time.\nSubsequent to the Virginia State Bar proceedings and Gonzales\u2019 death, FMV filed a motion in limine in this case \u201cfor an order precluding [pjlaintiffs . . . from offering any testimony or other evidence, as well as referencing in any manner the proceedings in those Virginia State Bar proceedings entitled Virginia State Bar v. John Francis Gonzales, Esquire, Case No. CL 09003666 and Virginia State Bar v. Dale E. Duncan, Case No. 09003613[.j\u201d Specifically concerning the transcripts' of the proceedings, FMV contended the transcripts were irrelevant, immaterial, and otherwise inadmissible as hearsay. In response, plaintiffs contended the transcripts were relevant, material, and admissible as an exception to the hearsay rule under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 8C-1, Rules 804(b)(1), (3), and (5).\nFMV\u2019s motion came on for hearing on 4 September 2012. After initially reserving judgment, the trial court concluded that plaintiffs could cross-examine defendants regarding their unethical conduct but determined the transcripts were immaterial and inadmissible hearsay.\nAt the outset, we address the trial court\u2019s mistaken statement that the transcripts were immaterial. Although the memorandum orders containing the results and conclusions of the Virginia State Bar proceedings may be irrelevant and immaterial in the present case because the standards in ethical proceedings differ from those in legal proceedings, Gonzales\u2019 testimony in the Virginia State Bar proceedings, as recorded in the transcript, is both relevant and material in the present case as it details the conduct that forms the basis of plaintiffs\u2019 claims.\nNevertheless, relevant and material evidence may be excluded if it is hearsay. The North Carolina Rules of Evidence provide that hearsay, \u201ca statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted[,j\u201d N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 801(c) (2013), \u201cis not admissible except as provided by statute or by [the] rules.\u201d N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 802 (2013). There are exceptions to rule against hearsay, however, when a declarant is unavailable. See N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 804 (2013).\nNow on appeal, plaintiffs argue the trial court erred in excluding the transcript of Gonzales\u2019 testimony without issuing specific findings of fact and conclusions of law regarding the admissibility of the transcript under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 8C-1, Rules 804(b)(3) and (5). In support of their argument, plaintiffs cite State v. Smith, 315 N.C. 76, 337 S.E.2d 833 (1985), and State v. Triplett, 316 N.C. 1, 340 S.E.2d 736 (1986).\nIn Smith, our Supreme Court addressed the admissibility of hearsay under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 803(24), the residual exception for hearsay when the availability of a declarant is immaterial. Smith, 315 N.C. at 90-99, 337 S.E.2d at 843-48. In its discussion, the Court stated,\n[u]pon being notified that the proponent is seeking to admit the statement pursuant to that exception, the trial judge must have the record reflect that he is considering the admissibility of the statement pursuant to Rule 803(24). Only then should the trial judge proceed to analyze the admissibility by undertaking the six-part inquiry required of him by the rule. The trial judge must engage in this inquiry prior to admitting or denying proffered hearsay evidence pursuant to Rule 803(24).\nId. at 92, 337 S.E.2d at 844. Upon outlining the six-part inquiry, the Court in Smith then held that, \u2022\nbefore allowing the admission of hearsay evidence to be presented under Rule 803(24) (other exceptions), the trial judge must enter appropriate statements, rationale, or findings of fact and conclusions of law, as set forth herein, in the record to support his discretionary decision that such evidence is admissible under that rule. If the record does not comply with these requirements and it is clear that the evidence was admitted pursuant to Rule 803(24), its admission must be held to be error.\nId. at 97, 337 S.E.2d at 847. Thereafter, our Supreme Court adopted \u201cparallel guidelines\u201d for the admission of hearsay under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 804(b)(5) in Triplett, noting \u201cRule 804(b)(5) and Rule 803(24) are substantively nearly identical[.]\u201d Triplett, 316 N.C. at 7, 340 S.E.2d at 740.\nUnder either of the two residual exceptions to the hearsay rule, the trial court must determine the following: (1) whether proper notice has been given, (2) whether the hearsay is not specifically covered elsewhere, (3) whether the statement is trustworthy, (4) whether the statement is material, (5) whether the statement is more probative on the issue than any other evidence which the proponent can procure through reasonable efforts, and (6) whether the interests of justice will be best served by admission.\nState v. Valentine, 357 N.C. 512, 518, 591 S.E.2d 846, 852 (2003).\nUnder the law espoused in Smith and Triplett, the trial court is only required to issue findings of fact and conclusions of law to support a decision to admit evidence pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 804(b)(5). There is no requirement that the trial court issue findings of fact or conclusions of law regarding the admissibility of evidence pursuant to any other N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 804 exception. Furthermore, the trial court did not admit the hearsay evidence at issue in the present case. As this Court has stated, \u201c[t]he six-part inquiry is very useful when an appellate court reviews the admission of hearsay under Rule 804(b) (5) or 803(24). However, its utility is diminished when an appellate court reviews the exclusion of hearsay.\u201d Phillips & Jordan Inv. Corp. v. Ashblue Co., 86 N.C. App. 186, 191, 357 S.E.2d 1, 3-4 (1987).\nNevertheless, Smith and Triplett require the trial court, upon being notified that a party is seeking to admit evidence pursuant to a residual hearsay exception, to ensure the record reflects it is considering the exception and engage in the six-part inquiry \u201cprior to admitting or denying proffered hearsay evidence[.]\u201d Smith, 315 N.C. at 92, 337 S.E.2d at 844.\nAlthough plaintiffs argued for admission of the transcript of Gonzales\u2019 testimony under the residual exception in both its memorandum and argument, the trial court gave no indication that it considered admission under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 804(b)(5) or engaged in the required six-part inquiry when the trial court denied the admission of the transcript. We hold this failure to address the admission of the evidence under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 804(b)(5) was arbitrary and an abuse of discretion. Moreover, given that Gonzales is now deceased, plaintiffs provided notice of their intent to admit the transcript, the trial court denied admission of the transcript after plaintiffs argued for its admission under the only other applicable hearsay exceptions, the Virginia Bar proceedings have sufficient circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness, Gonzales\u2019 testimony was material, and Gonzales was the best source of evidence regarding his role with FMV and ProDev, we believe the transcript of Gonzales\u2019 testimony would likely be admitted under N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 804(b)(5) if properly considered.\nIn addition to determining the trial court erred, we hold plaintiffs were prejudiced by the error. Although directed verdicts were entered on plaintiffs\u2019 fraud, misrepresentation, and constructive fraud claims, and some evidence of Gonzales\u2019 role with FMV and ProDev was introduced through stipulations and testimony from FMV president, Arthur Bennett, we find the exclusion of the transcript of Gonzales\u2019 testimony was not harmless where Gonzales\u2019 testimony is significant to the issue of unclean hands, on which the jury was deadlocked at trial.\n2. and 3. Directed Verdicts\nAs mentioned in the background, at the close of plaintiffs\u2019 evidence, FMV and its trustees moved for a directed verdict on all issues pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 1A-1, Rule 50. Upon consideration of the trial briefs and arguments by both sides, the trial court granted FMV\u2019s motion for a directed verdict on plaintiffs\u2019 claims of fraud, misrepresentation, and constructive fraud, among others.\nNow, in plaintiffs\u2019 second and third issues on appeal, plaintiffs argue the trial court erred in directing verdicts in favor of FMV on the fraud, misrepresentation, and constructive fraud claims. \u201cThe standard of review of directed verdict is whether the evidence, taken in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, is sufficient as a matter of law to be submitted to the jury.\u201d Davis v. Dennis Lilly Co., 330 N.C. 314, 322, 411 S.E.2d 133, 138 (1991) (citing Kelly v. Int\u2019l Harvester Co., 278 N.C. 153, 179 S.E.2d 396 (1971)). Thus, our review is de novo. See Maxwell v. Michael P. Doyle, Inc., 164 N.C. App. 319, 323, 595 S.E.2d 759, 761 (2004) (\u201cBecause the trial court\u2019s ruling on a motion for a directed verdict addressing the sufficiency of the evidence presents a question of law, it is reviewed de novo.\"').\nFraud and Misrepresentation\nRegarding plaintiffs\u2019 fraud and misrepresentation claims, plaintiffs contend the trial court erred in directing a verdict in favor of FMV because there was sufficient evidence for the jury to infer that the statute of limitations had not run. We disagree.\nN.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 1-52(9) provides that actions for \u201crefief on the ground of fraud or mistake\u201d must be brought within three years. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 1-52(9)(2013). Yet, \u201cthe cause of action shall not be deemed to have accrued until the discovery by the aggrieved party of the facts constituting the fraud or mistake.\u201d Id. Our Supreme Court has \u201cpreviously construed this provision to \u2018set accrual at the time of discovery regardless of the length of time between the fraudulent act or mistake and plaintiff\u2019s discovery of it.\u2019 \u201d Forbis v. Neal, 361 N.C. 519, 524, 649 S.E.2d 382, 386 (2007) (quoting Feibus & Co. v. Godley Constr. Co., 301 N.C. 294, 304, 271 S.E.2d 385, 392 (1980)). \u201cFor purposes of N.C.G.S. \u00a7 1-52(9), \u2018discovery\u2019 means either actual discovery or when the fraud should have been discovered in the exercise of \u2018reasonable diligence under the circumstances.\u2019 \u201d Id. (quoting Bennett v. Anson Bank & Trust Co., 265 N.C. 148, 154, 143 S.E.2d 312, 317 (1965)).\nAs noted above, plaintiffs argue there was sufficient evidence from which the jury could infer the statute of limitations had not expired prior to 7 June 2010, the date plaintiffs commenced this action. In support of their argument, plaintiffs quote Huss v. Huss, 31 N.C. App. 463, 468, 230 S.E.2d 159, 163 (1976), for the proposition that \u201c[wjhether the plaintiff in the exercise of due diligence should have discovered the facts [regarding the existence of potential fraud] more than three years prior to the institution of the action is ordinarily for the jury when the evidence is not conclusive or conflicting.\u201d Id. at 468, 230 S.E.2d at 163.\nPlaintiffs-\u2019 argument lacks merit. Considering the evidence in this case, we find no issues for the jury to determine.\nBoth at trial and in their brief on appeal, plaintiffs acknowledge that they began to become suspicious about the loan when they were unable to refinance one of the properties in August or September of 2006. As L. Brissett testified, it was around this time that they learned of Gonzales\u2019 role in the transaction. L. Brissett further testified that he could not locate his copy of the closing documents and demanded Gold send him copies. Upon receipt of the copies of the closing documents in October 2006, plaintiffs noticed some of C. Brissett\u2019s signatures did not look like her own. C. Brissett subsequently documented plaintiffs\u2019 realization that they were being defrauded in a 29 December 2006 letter.\nWe find this evidence conclusive that plaintiffs were aware of the fraud in 2006. Therefore, the three-year statute of limitations began to run in 2006 and expired prior to the commencement of this action on 7 June 2010.\nDespite evidence the fraud was discovered in 2006, plaintiffs argue that \u201c[although [they] may have suspected that [FMV] was involved with the transfer of their properties to [ProDev], and even potentially involved with the forgery of [C. Brissett\u2019s] signature on several documents, the plaintiffs did not reasonably discover [FMV\u2019s] actual ties to the fraudulent scheme until 2007 or 2008.\u201d We are not convinced; discovery includes \u201cwhen the fraud should have been discovered in the exercise of reasonable diligence under the circumstances.\u201d Forbis, 361 N.C. at 524, 649 S.E.2d at 386 (quotation marks omitted).\nConstructive Fraud\nRegarding plaintiffs\u2019 constructive fraud claim, plaintiffs argue the trial court erred in directing a verdict in favor of FMV because there was sufficient evidence to establish a presumption of a breach of fiduciary duty where FMV required plaintiffs to convey title to the properties to ProDev, a company controlled by Gonzales and formed for the sole purpose of holding title to the properties. We disagree.\n\u201cIn order to maintain a claim for constructive fraud, plaintiffs must show that they and defendants were in a \u2018relation of trust and confidence . . . [which] led up to and surrounded the consummation of the transaction in which defendant is alleged to have taken advantage of his position of trust to the hurt of plaintiff.\u2019 \u201d Barger v. McCoy Hillard & Parks, 346 N.C. 650, 666, 488 S.E.2d 215, 224 (1997) (quoting Rhodes v. Jones, 232 N.C. 547, 549, 61 S.E.2d 725, 726 (1950)). \u201cPut simply, a plaintiff must show (1) the existence of a fiduciary duty, and (2) a breach of that duty Keener Lumber Co., Inc. v. Perry, 149 N.C. App. 19, 28, 560 S.E.2d 817, 823 (2002).\nAs this Court has recently explained,\n[a] fiduciary relationship \u201cmay exist under a variety of circumstances; it exists in all cases where there has been a special confidence reposed in one who in equity and good conscience is bound to act in good faith and with due regard to the interests of the one reposing confidence.\u201d Abbitt v. Gregory, 201 N.C. 577, 598, 160 S.E. 896, 906 (1931). Beyond the usual occurrence, such as that found between a lawyer and client] the relationship \u201cextends to any possible case in which a fiduciary relation exists in fact, and in which there is confidence reposed on one side, and resulting domination and influence on the other.\u201d Id. (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).\nDallaire v. Bank of America, N.A.,_N.C. App._,_, 738 S.E.2d 731, 735 (2012). This Court, however, has acknowledged that an ordinary debtor-creditor relationship does not generally give rise to a fiduciary relationship. Branch Banking and Trust Co. v. Thompson, 107 N.C. App. 53, 61, 418 S.E.2d 694, 699 (1992).\nAlthough plaintiffs admit that an ordinary creditor-debtor relationship does not create fiduciary duties, plaintiffs contend a fiduciary relationship exists between a mortgagee and mortgagor when the mortgagee uses a \u201cstraw man\u201d to divest the mortgagor of his equity of redemption. In support of their argument, plaintiffs cite Hinton v. West, 207 N.C. 708, 178 S.E. 356 (1935).\nThe defendant in Hinton, in exchange for various items of value, made out a note and took a mortgage on 48 acres of land owned by the plaintiff. Id. at 709, 178 S.E. at 356. Upon default and a looming threat of foreclosure, the plaintiff, at the insistence of the defendant, relinquished his equity of redemption by conveying 42 acres of the land by deed to the defendant, as trustee for defendant\u2019s brother, to satisfy the debt and avoid foreclosure. Id. at 710, 178 S.E. at 357. Yet, following the transfer, defendant took control and made improvements on the acreage. Id. In reviewing the transaction, our Supreme Court noted that the [defendant] was the only party with whom the [plaintiff] dealt and was acting in a \u201cdual capacity as trustee and agent for [his brother], and was the primary party to the purchase.\u201d Id. at 714, 178 S.E. at 359. The Court then reversed the trial court\u2019s judgment of a nonsuit holding, that where the defendant, as trustee, acted for himself to acquire the plaintiff\u2019s equity of redemption for inadequate consideration, \u201cthere was sufficient evidence to be submitted to a jury, and a presumption arose from the evidence, if believed by them, which would require the defendant[] to show that the transaction was fair and free from oppression.\u201d Id.\nPlaintiffs argue the same result is warranted in the present case because FMV, through Gonzales, stood, on both sides of the transaction and failed to disclose Gonzales\u2019 affiliation with FMV. We disagree and find the present case distinguishable.\nAlthough the result of plaintiffs\u2019 default, where Gonzales takes control of ProDev and the subject properties to the benefit of FMV, is similar to a foreclosure under a deed of trust, the relationship between plaintiffs and FMV is not a mortgagor-mortgagee relationship. As stipulated by the parties, \u201c[n]one of the [properties [were] the personal residence of the [plaintiffs] on the date of closing, and the loan was in all respects a commercial loan for the [plaintiffs] to use [to] rehabilitate the [properties.\u201d Moreover, there was no prior relationship between FMV and plaintiffs to establish a fiduciary relationship. In fact, it was stipulated that \u201c[FMV] had no contact or communication with the [plaintiffs] until after the loan was closed.\u201d Based on these facts, we distinguish this case from Hinton and the cases where fiduciary duties have been imposed based on the special relationships between debtors and creditors and hold there was no fiduciary duty owed to plaintiffs by FMV. Thus, the trial court did not err in entering a directed verdict on plaintiffs\u2019 constructive fraud claim.\n4. Evidence for Punitive Damages\nIn the fourth issue raised by plaintiffs on appeal, plaintiffs argue the trial court erred in denying them the opportunity to present evidence to the jury of FMV\u2019s net worth, revenues, and similar past conduct. Plaintiffs contend this evidence was admissible to prove punitive damages pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7\u00a7 ID-15 and ID-35.\nN.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 lD-15provides \u201c[p]unitive damages maybe awarded only if tbe claimant proves that the defendant is liable for compensatory damages and that one of the following aggravating factors was present and was related to the injury for which compensatory damages were awarded: (1) Fraud. (2) Malice. (3) Willful or wanton conduct.\u201d N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 1D-I5(a) (2013). N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 ID-35 then lists the types of evidence that the trier of fact may consider in determining the amount of punitive damages, if any, to be awarded. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 ID-35 (2013). The list of evidence includes evidence related to \u201c[t]he existence and frequency of any similar past conduct by the defendant[,]\u201d N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 lD-35(2)(g), and \u201c[t]he defendant\u2019s ability to pay punitive damages, as evidenced by its revenues or net worth.\u201d N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 lD-35(2)(i).\nAt the outset of our analysis on the issue, we note that plaintiffs mischaracterize the portions of the evidence they claim were excluded in error. Regarding FMV\u2019s ability to pay punitive damages, plaintiffs questioned Bennett regarding the total value of the loans by FMV in North Carolina in 2006. FMV objected on relevance grounds and the trial court sustained the objection. The trial court, however, allowed plaintiff to question Bennett as to the largest and smallest amount of loans, in terms of value, made by FMV in any year since Bennett became president. Regarding FMV\u2019s past similar conduct, plaintiffs did not merely inquire into FMV\u2019s past similar conduct, but instead questioned Bennett about the number of times FMV had been sued as a result of similar lending schemes. FMV objected and the trial court sustained the objection. Upon review of the testimony, we hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion in sustaining either of FMV\u2019s objections.\nNevertheless, assuming arguendo the trial court erred in limiting the testimony, the error was harmless given that directed verdicts were entered in favor of FMV on. the fraud claims and the jury never found FMV liable, thereby precluding any contemplation of damages. See N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 1D-I5(a) (conditioning the award of punitive damages on the award of compensatory damages).\n5. Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict f\u201cJNOV\u201d)\nAs detailed in the background, the jury was deadlocked on the issues of adequate consideration and unclean hands. As a result, on 12 September 2012, FMV filed a motion for a JNOV pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 1A-1, Rule 50(b)(1). In the motion, FMV argued it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law because there was overwhelming evidence that plaintiffs received consideration for executing the deeds conveying title to ProDev, as shown by the jury\u2019s determination that FMV is entitled to a lien on the properties, and \u201cthe [trial court,] having concluded that [FMV] was entitled to [d]irected verdict[s] on [plaintiffs\u2019 claims for fraud, civil conspiracy, constructive fraud, and unfair or deceptive trade practices, . . . essentially ruled that [FMV] did not act with \u2018unclean hands.\u2019 \u201d On the same day, plaintiffs filed their own motion for a JNOV and a new trial arguing there was overwhelming evidence of inadequate consideration and unclean hands. In response to FMV\u2019s argument regarding unclean hands, plaintiffs argued \u201c[t]he elements in each of [the fraud] claims are not identical to what the [c]ourt must find to determine the issue of... \u2018unclean hands[]\u2019 \u201d and, therefore, the directed verdicts did not foreclose a determination of unclean hands.\nAfter hearing arguments echoing those in the motions, the trial court granted FMV\u2019s motion for a JNOV and denied plaintiffs\u2019 motions.\nIn the plaintiffs\u2019 final issue on appeal, plaintiffs argue the trial court erred in granting FMV\u2019s motion for a JNOV on the issue of unclean hands. We agree.\n\u201cA motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV) \u2018is essentially a directed verdict granted after the jury verdict.\u2019 \u201d Tomika Invs., Inc. v. Macedonia True Vine Pentecostal Holiness Church of God, Inc., 136 N.C. App. 493, 498, 524 S.E.2d 591, 595 (2000). Thus, \u201c[o]n appeal the standard of review for a JNOV is the same as that for a directed verdict, that is whether the evidence was sufficient to go to the jury.\u201d Id. at 498-99, 524 S.E.2d at 595.\n\u201cThe doctrine of clean hands is an equitable defense which prevents recovery where the party seeking relief comes into court with unclean hands.\u201d Ray v. Norris, 78 N.C. App. 379, 384, 337 S.E.2d 137, 141 (1985). More specifically, this Court has stated \u201c[t]he clean hands doctrine denies equitable relief only to litigants who have acted in bad faith, or whose conduct has been dishonest, deceitful, fraudulent, unfair, or overreaching in regard to the transaction in controversy.\u201d Collins v. Davis, 68 N.C. App. 588, 592, 315 S.E.2d 759, 762, affirmed, 312 N.C. 324, 321 S.E.2d 892 (1984). In this case, a finding that FMV acted with unclean hands would prevent FMV from obtaining a hen on the subject properties.\nIn entering the JNOV on the issue of unclean hands, it appears the trial court agreed with FMV\u2019s argument that the trial court had already decided the issue when it directed verdicts on plaintiffs\u2019 claims for fraud, civil conspiracy, constructive fraud, and unfair or deceptive trade practices. We find this was error for two reasons. First, FMV argued for a directed verdict on the fraud claims based on the statute of limitations and lack of reasonable reliance. It is unclear from the record on which basis the trial court entered the directed verdicts. Second, for a finding of unclean hands, \u201c[t]he inequitable action need not rise to the level of fraud[.]\u201d S.T. Wooten Corp. v. Front Street Const., LLC, _ N.C. App. _, _, 719 S.E.2d 249, 252 (2011) (citing Stelling v. Wachovia Bank and Trust Co., 213 N.C. 324, 327, 197 S.E. 754, 756 (1938)). Thus, fraud is not required to preclude equitable relief on the basis of unclean hands.\nUpon review of the evidence, even without considering the transcript of Gonzales\u2019 testimony in the Virginia State Bar proceedings, we hold there was sufficient evidence to present the jury with the issue of whether FMV acted with unclean hands. As a result, we hold the trial court erred in granting FMV\u2019s motion for a JNOV following the jury\u2019s impasse.\nIII. Conclusion\nBased on the forgoing discussion, we hold the trial court did not err in directing verdicts on plaintiffs\u2019 fraud, misrepresentation, and constructive fraud claims. Nor did the trial court improperly exclude evidence relating to punitive damages. The trial court did, however, err in failing to consider the admission of the transcript of Gonzales\u2019 testimony in the Virginia State Bar proceedings under all the hearsay exceptions argued by plaintiffs and by granting FMV\u2019s motion for a JNOV on the issue of unclean hands. Therefore, the judgment is reversed and the case is remanded on the issue of unclean hands.\nNo error in part and reversed in part.\nJudges ELMORE and DAVIS concur.\n. The only claims to reach trial were those claims against FMV and its trustees. Upon motion and affidavit for entry of default, on 25 January 2011, the trial court entered default against ProDev, Bostic, Richardson, Labrador Financial Services, and The Shoaf Law Firm. Thereafter, following Gonzales\u2019 death and the substitution of Gonzales\u2019 Estate as allowed by the trial court\u2019s 12 October 2011 order, plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed their claims against Gonzales\u2019 Estate and Gold by notices filed 27 August 2012 and 4 September 2012, respectively.\n. Although plaintiffs do not mention it on appeal, we note that FMV also argued for a directed verdict on the fraud and misrepresentation claims on the ground that essential elements of those claims were missing. The trial court, however, did not explain the basis for its ruling. Because we find the directed verdict was proper because the statute of limitations had expired, we do not address the elements of the fraud and misrepresentation claims.\n. Plaintiffs do not challenge the JNOV in favor of FMV on the issue of adequate consideration because the issue is of little consequence following the jury\u2019s determination that the deeds were inadequate under the law to convey valid title and create a valid debt.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "McCullough, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Watsi M. Sutton, Attorney At Law, P.A., by Jacinta D. Jones and Watsi M. Sutton, for plaintiffs-appellants.",
      "Ward and Smith, P.A., by Ry\u00e1l W. Tayloe and Allen N. Trask, III, for defendants-appellees."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "COURTNAY T. BRISSETT, AND HUSBAND, LADWIN BRISSETT, AND BRISSETT RENTAL PROPERTIES, LLC, Plaintiffs v. FIRST MOUNT VERNON INDUSTRIAL LOAN ASSOCIATION, DALE E. DUNCAN AND KATHLEEN NEARY AS TRUSTEES FOR FIRST MOUNT VERNON INDUSTRIAL LOAN ASSOCIATION, PRODEV XVI LLC, AND JOHN F. GONZALES, JASON MATTHEW A. GOLD, THE SHOAF LAW FIRM, P.A., JAMES BOSTIC, KIM RICHARDSON, AND LABRADOR FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC., Defendants\nNo. COA13-685\nFiled 1 April 2014\n1. Evidence \u2014 hearsay\u2014exceptions\u2014failure to address admission \u2014 abuse of discretion\nThe trial court erred by excluding the transcript of a deceased attorney defendant\u2019s testimony in Virginia State Bar proceedings from the evidence admitted at trial under the hearsay exceptions argued by plaintiffs. Failure to address the admission of the evidence under N.C.G.S. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 804(b)(5) was arbitrary and an abuse of discretion.\n2. Fraud \u2014 misrepresentation\u2014directed verdicts \u2014 expiration of statute of limitations\nThe trial court did not err by directing verdicts on plaintiffs\u2019 fraud and misrepresentation claims. The three-year statute of limitations began to run in 2006 and expired prior to the commencement of this action on 7 June 2010.\n3. Fraud \u2014 constructive fraud \u2014 directed verdict\nThe trial court did not err by directing verdict on plaintiff\u2019s constructive fraud claim. There was no fiduciary duty owed to plaintiffs by defendant First Mount Vernon Industrial Loan Association.\n4. Damages and Remedies \u2014 punitive damages \u2014 net worth \u2014 revenues \u2014 similar past conduct\nThe trial court did not abuse its discretion by allegedly denying plaintiffs the opportunity to present evidence to the jury of defendant First Mount Vernon Industrial Loan Association\u2019s (FMV) net worth, revenues, and similar past conduct in order to prove punitive damages. Plaintiffs miseharacterized the portions of the evidence they claimed were excluded in error. Further, any alleged error was harmless given that directed verdicts were entered in favor of FMV on the fraud claims and the jury never found FMV liable, thereby precluding any contemplation of damages.\n5. Equity \u2014 clean hands doctrine \u2014 motion for judgment notwithstanding verdict\nThe trial court erred by granting defendant First Mount Vernon Industrial Loan Association\u2019s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the issue of unclean hands. It was unclear from the record on which basis the trial court entered the directed verdicts. Further, fraud was not required to preclude equitable relief on the basis of unclean hands. The judgment was reversed and the case was remanded on this issue.\nAppeal by plaintiffs from judgment filed 13 September 2012 by Judge Paul L. Jones in Craven County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 20 November 2013.\nWatsi M. Sutton, Attorney At Law, P.A., by Jacinta D. Jones and Watsi M. Sutton, for plaintiffs-appellants.\nWard and Smith, P.A., by Ry\u00e1l W. Tayloe and Allen N. Trask, III, for defendants-appellees."
  },
  "file_name": "0241-01",
  "first_page_order": 251,
  "last_page_order": 266
}
