{
  "id": 12173151,
  "name": "E. RAY ETHERIDGE, FRED G. ETHERIDGE, and MARY KATHERINE R. ETHERIDGE, Plaintiffs v. COUNTY OF CURRITUCK; THE CURRITUCK COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS; and JOHN D. RORER, MARION GILBERT, O. VANCE AYDLETT, JR., H.M. PETREY, J. OWEN ETHERIDGE, PAUL MARTIN, and S. PAUL O'NEAL as members of the CURRITUCK COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS, Defendants",
  "name_abbreviation": "Etheridge v. County of Currituck",
  "decision_date": "2014-08-05",
  "docket_number": "No. COA13-834",
  "first_page": "469",
  "last_page": "482",
  "citations": [
    {
      "type": "official",
      "cite": "235 N.C. App. 469"
    }
  ],
  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.",
    "id": 14983,
    "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals"
  },
  "jurisdiction": {
    "id": 5,
    "name_long": "North Carolina",
    "name": "N.C."
  },
  "cites_to": [
    {
      "cite": "665 S.E.2d 570",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "case_ids": [
        12641758
      ],
      "year": 2008,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "578",
          "parenthetical": "emphasis added"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/se2d/665/0570-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "650 S.E.2d 55",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "case_ids": [
        12639350
      ],
      "year": 2007,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "61"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/se2d/650/0055-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "649 S.E.2d 382",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "case_ids": [
        12639168
      ],
      "year": 2007,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "385"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/se2d/649/0382-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "514 S.E.2d 517",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1999,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "520"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "133 N.C. App. 23",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        11215486
      ],
      "year": 1999,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "26"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc-app/133/0023-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "756 S.E.2d 115",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "weight": 2,
      "year": 2014,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "121",
          "parenthetical": "quoting Porter v. Fieldcrest Cannon, Inc., 133 N.C. App. 23, 26, 514 S.E.2d 517, 520 (1999)"
        },
        {
          "page": "121"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "749 S.E.2d 461",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 2013,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "463",
          "parenthetical": "internal quotation and citation omitted"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "562 S.E.2d 18",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 2002,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "24"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "149 N.C. App. 509",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        9129570
      ],
      "year": 2002,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "517"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc-app/149/0509-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "160 S.E.2d 325",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "weight": 3,
      "year": 1968,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "330"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "273 N.C. 430",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8575506
      ],
      "year": 1968,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "434"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/273/0430-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "366 S.E.2d 885",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1988,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "889",
          "parenthetical": "\"[U]nless there is a clear showing of a reasonable basis, spot zoning is beyond the authority of the county or municipality.\" (internal quotations and citation omitted)"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "89 N.C. App. 610",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        8524247
      ],
      "year": 1988,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "616",
          "parenthetical": "\"[U]nless there is a clear showing of a reasonable basis, spot zoning is beyond the authority of the county or municipality.\" (internal quotations and citation omitted)"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc-app/89/0610-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "553 S.E.2d 84",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 2001,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "87",
          "parenthetical": "\"The word 'shall' is defined as 'must' or 'used in laws, regulations, or directives to express what is mandatory.' \""
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "146 N.C. App. 401",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        11358357
      ],
      "year": 2001,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "405-06",
          "parenthetical": "\"The word 'shall' is defined as 'must' or 'used in laws, regulations, or directives to express what is mandatory.' \""
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc-app/146/0401-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "691 S.E.2d 37",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 2010,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "38",
          "parenthetical": "\"[T]he use of [the word] 'may' generally connotes permissive or discretionary action and does not mandate or compel a particular act.\""
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "203 N.C. App. 135",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        4176094
      ],
      "year": 2010,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "137",
          "parenthetical": "\"[T]he use of [the word] 'may' generally connotes permissive or discretionary action and does not mandate or compel a particular act.\""
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc-app/203/0135-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "192 N.C. App. 405",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        4160297
      ],
      "year": 2008,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "418",
          "parenthetical": "emphasis added"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc-app/192/0405-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "574 S.E.2d 189",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 2002,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "193"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "155 N.C. App. 176",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        9249453
      ],
      "year": 2002,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "182"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc-app/155/0176-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "488 S.E.2d 277",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "weight": 3,
      "year": 1997,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "278"
        },
        {
          "page": "282"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "127 N.C. App. 63",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        11792073
      ],
      "year": 1997,
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc-app/127/0063-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "447 S.E.2d 449",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1994,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "455"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "116 N.C. App. 168",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        8522879
      ],
      "year": 1994,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "178"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc-app/116/0168-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "138 A. 2d 522",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "A.2d",
      "year": 1958,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "523",
          "parenthetical": "emphasis added"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "145 Conn. 26",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Conn.",
      "case_ids": [
        1559975
      ],
      "year": 1958,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "28",
          "parenthetical": "emphasis added"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/conn/145/0026-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "401 S.E.2d 365",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1991,
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "328 N.C. 323",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        2543405
      ],
      "year": 1991,
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/328/0323-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "394 S.E.2d 203",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1990,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "208"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "99 N.C. App. 676",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        8524627
      ],
      "year": 1990,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "683"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc-app/99/0676-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "186 N.C. App. 30",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        8154414
      ],
      "year": 2007,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "37"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc-app/186/0030-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "559 S.E.2d 768",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "weight": 6,
      "year": 2002,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "771",
          "parenthetical": "footnotes omitted"
        },
        {
          "page": "772"
        },
        {
          "page": "772"
        },
        {
          "page": "773"
        },
        {
          "page": "773",
          "parenthetical": "This factor consists of \"evaluating the relationship between the uses envisioned under the new zoning and the uses currently present in adjacent tracts ....\" (emphasis added)"
        },
        {
          "page": "771"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "355 N.C. 254",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        219914
      ],
      "weight": 4,
      "year": 2002,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "257-58",
          "parenthetical": "footnotes omitted"
        },
        {
          "page": "259"
        },
        {
          "page": "261"
        },
        {
          "page": "258"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/355/0254-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "187 S.E.2d 35",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1972,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "45"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "280 N.C. 531",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8572863
      ],
      "year": 1972,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "549"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/280/0531-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "361 N.C. 519",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        3739573
      ],
      "year": 2007,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "524"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/361/0519-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "669 S.E.2d 572",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 2008,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "576",
          "parenthetical": "quoting Forbis v. Neal, 361 N.C. 519, 524, 649 S.E.2d 382, 385 (2007)"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "362 N.C. 569",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        4150896
      ],
      "year": 2008,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "573",
          "parenthetical": "quoting Forbis v. Neal, 361 N.C. 519, 524, 649 S.E.2d 382, 385 (2007)"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/362/0569-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "522 S.E.2d 577",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1999,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "579",
          "parenthetical": "\"When the trial court [properly] certifies its order for immediate appeal under Rule 54(b), appellate review is mandatory.\""
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "351 N.C. 159",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        1155801
      ],
      "year": 1999,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "162",
          "parenthetical": "\"When the trial court [properly] certifies its order for immediate appeal under Rule 54(b), appellate review is mandatory.\""
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/351/0159-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "574 S.E.2d 73",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 2002,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "75"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "155 N.C. App. 213",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        9249693
      ],
      "year": 2002,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "215"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc-app/155/0213-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 6-21.7",
      "category": "laws:leg_statute",
      "reporter": "N.C. Gen. Stat.",
      "weight": 11,
      "year": 2013,
      "opinion_index": 0
    }
  ],
  "analysis": {
    "cardinality": 1221,
    "char_count": 33299,
    "ocr_confidence": 0.712,
    "pagerank": {
      "raw": 5.12982294956584e-08,
      "percentile": 0.32401251964882893
    },
    "sha256": "a3a2be457d17ca13d186f0848b86c56f90e7be8d181bb40f4e8d27a9985c6ed0",
    "simhash": "1:8f3ec50e020f6726",
    "word_count": 5346
  },
  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:54:11.341648+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [
      "Judges HUNTER, Robert C. and GEER concur."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "E. RAY ETHERIDGE, FRED G. ETHERIDGE, and MARY KATHERINE R. ETHERIDGE, Plaintiffs v. COUNTY OF CURRITUCK; THE CURRITUCK COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS; and JOHN D. RORER, MARION GILBERT, O. VANCE AYDLETT, JR., H.M. PETREY, J. OWEN ETHERIDGE, PAUL MARTIN, and S. PAUL O\u2019NEAL as members of the CURRITUCK COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS, Defendants"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "CALABRIA, Judge.\nCurrituck County (\u201cthe County\u201d) and the Currituck County Board of Commissioners (\u201cthe Board\u201d) (collectively \u201cdefendants\u201d) appeal from the portion of the trial court\u2019s order granting summary judgment in favor of E. Ray Etheridge, Fred G. Etheridge, and Mary Katherine R. Etheridge (collectively \u201cplaintiffs\u201d) as to plaintiffs\u2019 claim of illegal spot zoning. Plaintiffs appeal the portion of the trial court\u2019s order denying their request for attorney\u2019s fees and costs pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 6-21.7 (2013). We affirm.\nI. Background\nThis appeal concerns a dispute over a 1.1 acre parcel of land (\u201cthe property\u201d) owned by Currituck Grain, Inc. (\u201cCurrituck Grain\u201d) in the town of Shawboro in Currituck County, North Carolina. Prior to 5 December 2011, the property was zoned agricultural under Currituck County\u2019s Unified Development Ordinance (\u201cthe UDO\u201d). The adjoining parcels of land on three sides of the property were also zoned agricultural, and the parcel on the remaining side of the property was zoned general business.\nCurrituck Grain entered into a contract with Daniel Clay Cartwright (\u201cCartwright\u201d) by which Cartwright would purchase the property to establish what he called a \u201crecycling center,\u201d which would handle, stockpile, and sell scrap metal and materials, rock, mulch, concrete, and dirt. Cartwright\u2019s proposed use was not permitted in an agricultural zoning district, but it was permitted in a heavy manufacturing zoning district with a special use permit.\nOn 23 September 2011, Cartwright submitted an application to have the property rezoned to Conditional District - Heavy Manufacturing. The County Planning Board (\u201cthe Planning Board\u201d) reviewed Cartwright\u2019s rezoning application (\u201cthe application\u201d) and recommended that it should be denied because, inter alia, the proposed use was inconsistent with the current rural zoning classification and was inconsistent with the County\u2019s comprehensive land use plan. The Board then conducted a hearing regarding the application on 5 December 2011. At the conclusion of the meeting, the Board voted 6-1 to approve the application.\nOn 25 January 2012, plaintiffs filed a complaint against defendants in Currituck County Superior Court seeking to have the rezoning of the property invalidated. Plaintiffs\u2019 complaint included claims of illegal spot zoning, arbitrary and capricious rezoning, and violation of due process. Plaintiffs sought a preliminary and permanent injunction against the rezoning as well as attorney\u2019s fees and costs pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 6-21.7. On 23 March 2012, plaintiffs filed ah amended complaint which added an additional claim for violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 153A-341 and the UDO. Plaintiffs then filed a motion for summary judgment as to all claims other than their claim for a preliminary and permanent injunction. After a hearing, the trial court entered an order granting summary judgment in favor of plaintiffs as to their claim for illegal spot zoning and denying plaintiffs\u2019 request for attorney\u2019s fees. The trial court also denied plaintiffs\u2019 motion for summary judgment as to their remaining claims. Plaintiffs and defendants each appeal.\nII. Jurisdiction\nAs an initial matter, we note that this appeal is interlocutory because the trial court\u2019s order did not resolve all of plaintiffs\u2019 claims since it explicitly denied both parties summary judgment as to those remaining claims and there is no subsequent final disposition of those claims in the record. Appeal from an interlocutory order is proper if\n(1) the order is final as to some claims or parties, and the trial court certifies pursuant to N.C.G.S. \u00a7 1A-1, Rule 54(b) that there is no just reason to delay the appeal, or (2) the order deprives the appellant of a substantial right that would be lost unless immediately reviewed.\nMyers v. Mutton, 155 N.C. App. 213, 215, 574 S.E.2d 73, 75 (2002). In the instant case, the trial court\u2019s order entered final judgments as to plaintiffs\u2019 claims for illegal spot zoning and attorney\u2019s fees and certified pursuant to Rule 54(b) that there was no just reason to delay appeal of those claims. Accordingly, this appeal is properly before us. See Sharpe v. Worland, 351 N.C. 159, 162, 522 S.E.2d 577, 579 (1999) (\u201cWhen the trial court [properly] certifies its order for immediate appeal under Rule 54(b), appellate review is mandatory.\u201d).\nIII. Defendants\u2019 Appeal - Spot Zoning\nDefendants\u2019 sole argument on appeal is that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment in favor of plaintiffs as to plaintiffs\u2019 claim for illegal spot zoning. We disagree.\n\u201cOur standard of review of an appeal from summary judgment is de novo; such judgment is appropriate only when the record shows that \u2018there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.\u2019 \u201d In re Will of Jones, 362 N.C. 569, 573, 669 S.E.2d 572, 576 (2008) (quoting Forbis v. Neal, 361 N.C. 519, 524, 649 S.E.2d 382, 385 (2007)).\nSpot zoning is defined, in pertinent part, as a zoning ordinance or amendment that \u201csingles out and reclassifies a relatively small tract owned by a single person and surrounded by a much larger area uniformly zoned, so as to . . . relieve the small tract from restrictions to which the rest of the area is subjected.\u201d Blades v. City of Raleigh, 280 N.C. 531, 549, 187 S.E.2d 35, 45 (1972), quoted in Chrismon [v. Guilford Cty.], 322 N.C. [611,] 627, 370 S.E.2d [579,] 588-89 [(1988)] The practice [of spot zoning] may be valid or invalid, depending on the facts of the specific case. Chrismon, 322 N.C. at 626, 370 S.E.2d at 588. In order to establish the validity of such a zoning ordinance, the finder of fact must answer two questions in the affirmative: (1) did the zoning activity constitute spot zoning as our courts have defined that term; and (2) if so, did the zoning authority make a clear showing of a reasonable basis for the zoning. Id. at 627, 370 S.E.2d at 589.\nGood Neighbors of S. Davidson v. Town of Denton, 355 N.C. 254, 257-58, 559 S.E.2d 768, 771 (2002) (footnotes omitted).\nIn the instant case, defendants conceded at oral arguments that the rezoning at issue constituted spot zoning as defined by our Supreme Court. However, they still contend that summary judgment in favor of plaintiffs was inappropriate because the undisputed evidence is that there was a reasonable basis for the rezoning. Defendants are mistaken.\nIn order to determine whether there was a reasonable basis for a spot zoning, this Court considers the following factors:\n(1) \u201cthe size of the tract in question\u201d; (2) \u201cthe compatibility of the disputed zoning action with an existing comprehensive zoning plan\u201d; (3) \u201cthe benefits and detriments resulting from the zoning action for the owner of the newly zoned property, his neighbors, and the surrounding community; and\u201d (4) \u201cthe relationship between the uses envisioned under the new zoning and the uses currently present in adjacent tracts.\u201d Chrismon, 322 N.C. at 628, 370 S.E.2d at 589. With these factors in mind, \u201cthe criteria are flexible, and the specific analysis used depends on the facts and circumstances of a particular case.\u201d Id.\nChildress v. Yadkin Cty., 186 N.C. App. 30, 37, 650 S.E.2d 55, 61 (2007).\nIn the instant case, the first two factors, the size of the tract and the compatibility of the rezoning with the County\u2019s comprehensive plan, clearly weigh against the reasonableness of the rezoning. The rezoned property is only 1.1 acres in size and, as noted by the Planning Board, the rezoning is inconsistent with the County\u2019s comprehensive plan. In their brief, defendants do not dispute that these factors should weigh against the rezoning\u2019s reasonableness. Instead, defendants argue that, consistent with Chrismon, the third and fourth factors support a determination that there was a reasonable basis for the spot zoning. See Chrismon, 322 N.C. at 633-34, 370 S.E.2d at 592 (\u201c[W]e find that, because of the quite substantial benefits created for the surrounding community by the rezoning and because of the close relationship between the likely uses of the rezoned property and the uses already present in the surrounding tracts, there was a clear showing of a reasonable basis for the spot zoning in this instance.\u201d).\nA. Benefits vs. Detriments\nDefendants first contend that the rezoning would create substantial benefits for the community. Our Supreme Court has stated that the analysis of this factor \u201cis expressly limited to examining the ordinance\u2019s beneficial and detrimental effects on the property owner, his neighbors, and the surrounding community.\u201d Good Neighbors, 355 N.C. at 259, 559 S.E.2d at 772.\nOne example of a qualifying benefit is a showing that neighboring property values would increase as a result of the rezoning. Other benefits previously recognized by the Court, as illustrated in Chrismon, include: (1) a showing of broad-based support for the proposed use of the property, and (2) a showing that many of the surrounding landowners were likely to use the expanded services offered by the property owner seeking the zoning change.\nId. at 259-60, 559 S.E.2d at 772.\nIn the instant case, defendants argue that the rezoning will be beneficial because the proposed recycling center would (1) create three to four jobs; (2) allow for dilapidated structures on the property to be rehabilitated; (3) allow county citizens to dispose of their unwanted metals; and (4) make use of a railroad siding. In addition, defendants note that Commissioner J. Owen Etheridge (\u201cCommissioner Etheridge\u201d) stated that he witnessed support for the rezoning from twenty-eight of thirty-three attendees at a preliminary community meeting regarding Cartwright\u2019s application.\nMany of the benefits from the rezoning proposed by defendants are not supported by any evidence presented at the public hearing. For instance, there was no evidence presented that the surrounding community would be particularly likely to use the recycling center or that there was a specific need for a recycling center in the property\u2019s location. In Mahaffey v. Forsyth County, this Court held that a spot zoning to facilitate the establishment of an automobile parts store could not be said to benefit the community because \u201cauto parts are a common and easily obtainable product and, if such a retail establishment were said to be \u2018beneficial to a rural community,\u2019 then virtually any type of business could be similarly classified.\u201d 99 N.C. App. 676, 683, 394 S.E.2d 203, 208 (1990), aff'd per curiam, 328 N.C. 323, 401 S.E.2d 365 (1991). The recycling center in the instant case likewise provides only a generalized benefit that has no specific connection to the surrounding rural community.\nCommissioner Etheridge\u2019s statement that he personally witnessed significant support for the rezoning at a preliminary public hearing is also not supported by any evidence in the record. Moreover, even assuming, arguendo, that the statement was accurate, it still fails to establish that there was substantial community support for the rezoning. Commissioner Etheridge\u2019s statement acknowledges that multiple individuals were opposed to the rezoning at the meeting he attended, and at the actual public meeting where the rezoning was considered, the vast majority of individuals who addressed the rezoning spoke in opposition to it. Thus, there was not the type of overwhelming public support for the rezoning that would be necessary to establish that the rezoning was beneficial to the surrounding community. Cf. Chrismon, 322 N.C. at 630, 370 S.E.2d at 590 (benefit of spot zoning demonstrated when eighty-eight local residents signed a petition supporting the rezoning, multiple members of the community spoke in favor of the rezoning, and only one property owner spoke in opposition to it).\nIn addition, two real estate professionals who spoke at the hearing stated that they believed that the proposed recycling center would decrease property values both in the immediate vicinity of the property and in the Shawboro community as a whole. There was no evidence to the contrary presented during the meeting. Finally, both Currituck County Sheriff Susan Johnson (\u201cSheriff Johnson\u201d) and a representative from the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources (\u201cthe DCR\u201d) submitted letters to the Board expressing their concerns with the rezoning. Sheriff Johnson was concerned because businesses similar to the proposed recycling center had experienced increases in crime and other suspicious activity, and the DCR was concerned that the proposed recycling center would adversely affect two nearby historic properties.\nIn light of this evidence, defendants have failed to make a clear showing that the benefits of the rezoning outweighed its detriments. Consequently, this factor also weighs against the reasonableness of the rezoning.\nB. Relationship of Uses\nDefendants next argue that the proposed uses under the rezoning would be consistent with the uses allowed or occurring on adjacent properties. The Ghrismon Court stated the following regarding this factor:\nIn determining whether a zoning amendment constitutes spot zoning, the courts will consider the character of the area which surrounds the parcel reclassified by the amendment. Most likely to be found invalid is an amendment which reclassifies land in a manner inconsistent with the surrounding neighborhood.\n1 R. Anderson, American Law of Zoning \u00a7 5.16 at 383 (3d ed. 1986) (emphasis added). One court has described the evil to be avoided as \u201can attempt to wrench a single small lot from its environment and give it a new rating which disturbs the tenor of the neighborhood. \u201d Magnin v. Zoning Commission, 145 Conn. 26, 28, 138 A. 2d 522, 523 (1958) (emphasis added).\nChrismon, 322 N.C. at 631, 370 S.E.2d at 591. The Court went on to note that \u201csignificant disturbances such as the rezoning of a parcel in an old and well-established residential district to a commercial or industrial district would clearly be objectionable\u201d under this factor. Id. In Budd v. Davie County, this Court cited this'language in concluding that a spot rezoning from residential-agricultural to industrial to permit the installation of a sand dredging operation \u201cwould destroy the tenor of the quiet residential and agricultural neighborhood.\u201d 116 N.C. App. 168, 178, 447 S.E.2d 449, 455 (1994). Similarly, in Good Neighbors, our Supreme Court held that a spot rezoning to permit chemical storage in an area \u201cspecifically zoned for farms and residences\u201d was unreasonable under this factor. 355 N.C. App. at 262, 559 S.E.2d at 773.\nIn the instant case, the property was rezoned from agricultural, which is the least intense residential district under the UDO, to heavy manufacturing, which was the most intense industrial district. Thus, like the spot zonings found to be unreasonable in Budd and Good Neighbors, the rezoning in this case impermissibly \u201cwrenchfes] a single small lot from its environment and give[s] it a new rating which disturbs the tenor of the neighborhood.\u201d Chrismon, 322 N.C. at 631, 370 S.E.2d at 591 (emphasis omitted).\nHowever, defendants contend that the rezoning should still be considered reasonable pursuant to this factor because (1) the previous use of the property, a granary, was in greater conflict with the surrounding properties than the proposed recycling center; and (2) the County may still place limitations upon the property that would bring it into harmony with the surrounding properties when Cartwright seeks a required special use permit. Defendants\u2019 first contention is immaterial, because previous uses of the rezoned property are not considered as part of this factor. See Good Neighbors, 355 N.C. at 261, 559 S.E.2d at 773 (This factor consists of \u201cevaluating the relationship between the uses envisioned under the new zoning and the uses currently present in adjacent tracts ....\u201d (emphasis added)).\nIn support of its second contention, defendants cite Purser v. Mecklenburg County, 127 N.C. App. 63, 488 S.E.2d 277 (1997). In Purser, the property at issue was rezoned from residential to a conditional-use district to allow for a \u201cNeighborhood Convenience Center,\u201d which would provide retail establishments that were consistent with the daily needs of the nearby residents. Id. at 65, 488 S.E.2d at 278. This Court found that under those circumstances, the \u201crelationship of uses\u201d factor weighed in favor of the reasonableness of the spot zoning because \u201cthe development of the Center was governed by a conditional use site plan that was designed to integrate the Center into the neighborhood and insure that it would be in harmony with the existing and proposed residential uses on the surrounding property.\u201d Id. at 70-71, 488 S.E.2d at 282.\nPurser is distinguishable from the instant case. Unlike in Purser, defendants in the instant case have presented no evidence that the recycling center has been designed to be integrated into the surrounding area. The only condition on the rezoning cited by defendants in their brief is an eight-foot fence which is to be installed around the property. However, defendants fail to adequately explain how this fence will significantly diminish the impact of the recycling center on surrounding properties. Consequently, we conclude that defendants have failed to clearly show that the proposed recycling center would be consistent with the uses of adjoining properties.\nUltimately, defendants have failed to meet their burden to make a clear showing pursuant to any of the Ghrismon factors that the rezoning was a reasonable spot zoning. Accordingly, the trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor of plaintiffs because the rezoning constituted illegal spot zoning. Defendants\u2019 argument is overruled.\nIV. Plaintiffs\u2019 Anneal - Attorney\u2019s Fees\nPlaintiffs\u2019 sole argument on appeal is that the trial court erred by denying their request for attorney\u2019s fees. Specifically, plaintiffs contend that defendant\u2019s illegal spot zoning constituted an abuse of discretion and that, as a result, N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 6-21.7 required the trial court to award attorney\u2019s fees as a matter of law. We disagree.\nOrdinarily, the \u201crecovery of attorney\u2019s fees, even when authorized by statute is within the trial court\u2019s discretion and will only be reviewed for an abuse of that discretion.\u201d Martin Architectural Prods., Inc. v. Meridian Constr. Co., 155 N.C. App. 176, 182, 574 S.E.2d 189, 193 (2002). However, \u201c[w]e review a trial court\u2019s decision whether to award mandatory attorney\u2019s fees de novo.\u201d Willow Bend Homeowners Ass\u2019n v. Robinson, 192 N.C. App. 405, 418, 665 S.E.2d 570, 578 (2008) (emphasis added).\nIn the instant case, plaintiffs sought to recover attorney\u2019s fees pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 6-21.7, which states:\nIn any action in which a city or county is a party, upon a finding by the court that the city or county acted outside the scope of its legal authority, the court may award reasonable attorneys\u2019 fees and costs to the party who successfully challenged the city\u2019s or county\u2019s action, provided that if the court also finds that the city\u2019s or county\u2019s action was an abuse of its discretion, the court shall award attorneys\u2019 fees and costs.\nN.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 6-21.7. This statute permits a party that successfully challenges an action by a city or county to recover attorney\u2019s fees if the trial court makes certain findings of fact. When the court finds only that the city or county acted outside the scope of its legal authority, the award of attorney\u2019s fees is discretionary. See Brock and Scott Holdings, Inc. v. Stone, 203 N.C. App. 135, 137, 691 S.E.2d 37, 38 (2010) (\u201c[T]he use of [the word] \u2018may\u2019 generally connotes permissive or discretionary action and does not mandate or compel a particular act.\u201d). However, if the court additionally finds that the city\u2019s or county\u2019s action constituted an abuse of discretion, then the award of attorney\u2019s fees is mandatory. See Internet E., Inc. v. Duro Communications, Inc., 146 N.C. App. 401, 405-06, 553 S.E.2d 84, 87 (2001) (\u201cThe word \u2018shall\u2019 is defined as \u2018must\u2019 or \u2018used in laws, regulations, or directives to express what is mandatory.\u2019 \u201d).\nIn the instant case, the trial court properly determined that the rezoning constituted illegal spot zoning and thus that the County acted outside the scope of its legal authority. See Alderman v. Chatham County, 89 N.C. App. 610, 616, 366 S.E.2d 885, 889 (1988) (\u201c[U]nless there is a clear showing of a reasonable basis, spot zoning is beyond the authority of the county or municipality.\u201d (internal quotations and citation omitted)). However, the court did not find that the County\u2019s action was an abuse of discretion and instead ordered both parties to be \u201cresponsible for their own attorney\u2019s fees and costs.\u201d Plaintiffs argue that the trial court\u2019s failure to award them attorney\u2019s fees was error because (1) the County\u2019s action was necessarily an abuse of discretion as a matter of law; or (2) in the alternative, that the record supports a determination that the County abused its discretion. Plaintiffs are mistaken.\nPlaintiffs first contend that \u201cillegal spot zoning is always outside the scope of the County\u2019s legal authority and always an abuse of discretion and, therefore, once it is determined that illegal spot zoning occurred, the Trial Court is required to award attorney\u2019s fees.\u201d In support of this argument, plaintiffs rely on the principle noted in this Court\u2019s opinion in Summers v. City of Charlotte, which states, in relevant part:\nLocal governments have been delegated the power to zone their territories and restrict them to specified purposes by the General Assembly. Zopfi v. City of Wilmington, 273 N.C. 430, 434, 160 S.E.2d 325, 330 (1968). This authority \u201cis subject both to the . . . limitations imposed by the Constitution and to the limitations of the enabling statute.\u201d Id. Within those limitations, the enactment of zoning legislation \u201cis a matter within the discretion of the legislative body of the city or town.\u201d Id.\n149 N.C. App. 509, 517, 562 S.E.2d 18, 24 (2002). Plaintiffs contend that since local governments only have discretion to enact zoning legislation when they are acting within the limitations imposed by the Constitution and by statute, any action which exceeds those limitations must also exceed the discretionary authority of the local government such that the action constitutes an abuse of discretion as a matter of law, which in turn requires an automatic award of attorney\u2019s fees.\nPlaintiffs\u2019 contention cannot be reconciled with the plain language of N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 6-21.7. Pursuant to that statute, a \u201cfinding by the court that the city or county acted outside the scope of its legal authority,\u201d such as a finding that a local government engaged in illegal spot zoning, does not, in and of itself, trigger the mandatory award of attorney\u2019s fees. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 6-21.7. Instead, the trial court must also explicitly consider and \u201cfind[] that the city\u2019s or county\u2019s action was an abuse of its discretion\u201d in order to trigger the mandatory award of fees. Id. Plaintiffs\u2019 proposed interpretation of the statute would collapse these two distinct required inquiries into one, essentially deleting a portion of the statute. Such an interpretation is impermissible because our Courts \u201chave no power to add to or subtract from the language of the statute.\u201d Zaldana v. Smith, _ N.C. App. _, _, 749 S.E.2d 461, 463 (2013) (internal quotation and citation omitted), disc. rev. denied, _ N.C. _, _ S.E.2d _ (2014).\n\u201c[A]n abuse of discretion occurs when a determination \u2018is so arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a reasoned-decision.\u2019\u201d Bishop v. Ingles Mkts., Inc., _ N.C. App. _, _, 756 S.E.2d 115, 121 (2014) (quoting Porter v. Fieldcrest Cannon, Inc., 133 N.C. App. 23, 26, 514 S.E.2d 517, 520 (1999)). Contrary to plaintiffs\u2019 argument, the language of N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 6-21.7 clearly indicates that the General Assembly believed that a local government could erroneously act outside the scope of its legal authority but yet not be acting in a manner \u201cso arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.\u201d Id. Thus, we conclude that under the plain language of the statute, the trial court is always required to separately determine both (1) that a local government acted outside the scope of its legal authority; and (2) that the act in question constituted an abuse of discretion before the court is required to award attorney\u2019s fees. Plaintiffs\u2019 proposed interpretation to the contrary must be rejected.\nNonetheless, plaintiffs still argue that \u201cthe undisputed facts of the case sub iudice are particularly egregious and further demonstrate the County\u2019s abuse of discretion in approving the rezoning.\u201d Specifically, plaintiffs note that during the hearing which considered the rezoning request, concerns with the proposed rezoning were raised by (1) the Planning Board, because the rezoning was inconsistent with the comprehensive plan; (2) Sheriff Johnson, because the proposed use would potentially require the hiring of a new law enforcement officer; (3) the DCR, which was concerned that the proposed use would have negative effects on two nearby historic properties; and (4) nearby landowners. Plaintiffs also contend that the record reflects that the Board failed to properly consider and analyze the relevant spot zoning reasonableness factors after being informed about those factors by the County Attorney.' Plaintiffs argue that the Board\u2019s approval of the rezoning in these circumstances irrefutably demonstrates an abuse of discretion.\nHowever, the evidence cited by plaintiffs was not the only information before the Board. Cartwright explained the benefits that the recycling center would bring to the community and informed the Board how he expected the center would operate, including the steps he would take to limit the center\u2019s impact on nearby landowners. In addition to Cartwright, three individuals spoke in favor of the rezoning at the public hearing. Two of these individuals specifically referenced prior uses of the property and suggested that the recycling center would not impact the area surrounding the property in a materially different manner than these prior uses. The third individual supported the rezoning because he felt there was a need for industry in Currituck County.\nBased upon the information presented during the hearing, Commissioner Etheridge made the following motion in favor of the rezoning:\nMr. Chairman, since I live in the Shawboro community and I will be affected by this one way or the other, I am going to make a motion to recommend approval of this. And I do so citing that it is consistent with the land use plan, and the request is reasonable and in the public interest. It also promotes orderly growth and development in our community, and it follows the long history of industrial uses that have been in this area.\nOne, it\u2019s a rail siding with three rail spurs, the largest one in Currituck County. It has had a cotton gin, an asphalt plant, two different fertilizer plants, agricultural chemical storage, granaries, as I said to [inaudible], lime off-they offloaded lime there. DOT has-NCDOT, DOT, has used this property to offload rail cars of highway maintenance materials. Various contracting firms have offloaded rail cars at this site. North Carolina Power has, on occasion, offloaded large electrical equipment here. So it has a his-toiy of being an industrial area, or the railroad would have never put the siding there to begin with.\nSo with that, and the fact that there was overwhelming support at the community meeting-I think the report was thirty-three people there, twenty-eight supported it. Here tonight it appears to be somewhat overwhelming support from the general community. And the general community we\u2019re talking about is Currituck and Shawboro in particular. And I look out here and I see people from Shawboro and throughout the county. And I think it is time that we take the foot of government off the throat of starting businesses in this county and we do what we can to make sure.\nNow, in this additional zoning permit, I would also add that we add opaque fencing to be determined height-wise, and a special use permit that every factor that the staff and Mr. Cartwright can work on to mitigate any possible negative impacts be looked at and then addressed at the special use permit.\nThis statement is the only information on the record regarding the Board\u2019s reasoning for the approval of the rezoning, which occurred shortly after Commissioner Etheridge\u2019s motion was made. The motion demonstrates that the Board considered most of the Chrismon reasonableness factors prior to approving the rezoning. Commissioner Etheridge specifically cited his belief that the rezoning was consistent with the UDO, noted benefits to the community such as economic growth and significant community support, and discussed how the newly zoned property would be consistent with surrounding property uses, including how the recycling center\u2019s impact would be mitigated through the special use permit process. While we have determined that Commissioner Etheridge\u2019s reasoning was insufficient to meet the County\u2019s legal burden of making \u201ca clear showing of a reasonable basis for the zoning,\u201d Good Neighbors, 355 N.C. at 258, 559 S.E.2d at 771, we cannot conclude that the Board\u2019s rebanee on the information cited by Commissioner Etheridge was so unreasonable that the legislative act of the rezoning \u201ccould not have been the result of a reasoned decision.\u201d Bishop, _ N.C. App. at _, 756 S.E.2d at 121. Accordingly, the trial court did not err by determining that the rezoning was not an abuse of discretion by the County. Since there was sufficient evidence for the trial court to decide that the rezoning was not an abuse of discretion, there was also sufficient evidence for the court, in its discretion, to deny plaintiffs\u2019 motion for attorney\u2019s fees. Thus, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying that motion. This argument is overruled.\nV. Conclusion\nThe trial court properly awarded summary judgment in favor of plaintiffs for their illegal spot zoning claim because there was no genuine issue of material fact as to whether the rezoning constituted illegal spot zoning. Pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 6-21.7, if the trial court finds only that a local government acted outside the scope of its authority, the award of attorney\u2019s fees is discretionary. However, if the trial court additionally finds that the local government\u2019s action was an abuse of discretion, the award of attorney\u2019s fees becomes mandatory. Since the court properly determined that the County did not abuse its discretion when it approved the illegal spot zoning of the property, it was not required to award attorney\u2019s fees to plaintiffs. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by ordering the parties to pay their own attorney\u2019s fees and costs. The trial court\u2019s order is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nJudges HUNTER, Robert C. and GEER concur.\n. Although the trial court did not explicitly find that the County did not abuse its discretion by enacting the rezoning, such a finding is implicit in the court\u2019s decision to have both parties bear their own costs and attorney\u2019s fees.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "CALABRIA, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Currin & Currin, by Robin T. Currin and George B. Currin, for plaintiffs.",
      "Currituck County Attorney Donald I. McRee, Jr., for defendants."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "E. RAY ETHERIDGE, FRED G. ETHERIDGE, and MARY KATHERINE R. ETHERIDGE, Plaintiffs v. COUNTY OF CURRITUCK; THE CURRITUCK COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS; and JOHN D. RORER, MARION GILBERT, O. VANCE AYDLETT, JR., H.M. PETREY, J. OWEN ETHERIDGE, PAUL MARTIN, and S. PAUL O\u2019NEAL as members of the CURRITUCK COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS, Defendants\nNo. COA13-834\nFiled 5 August 2014\n1. Appeal and Error\u2014interlocutory orders and appeals\u2014Rule 54(b) certification\nAn appeal from an interlocutory order in a rezoning case was heard on the merits where the trial court certified pursuant to N.C.G.S. \u00a7 1A-1, Rule 54(b) that there was no just reason to delay appeal of those claims.\n2. Zoning\u2014spot zoning\u2014no reasonable basis\nThe trial court did not err by granting summary judgment in favor of plaintiffs as to their claim for illegal spot zoning. Defendants conceded that the rezoning constituted spot zoning as defined and the evidence did not show that there was a reasonable basis for the rezoning.\n3. Attorney Fees\u2014rezoning\u2014government acted outside legal authority\u2014no abuse of discretion\nThe trial court did not err in a rezoning case by denying plaintiffs\u2019 request for attorney fees. Under the plain language of N.C.G.S. \u00a7 6-21.7, a trial court must find that: (1) a local government acted outside the scope of its legal authority; and (2) that the act in question constituted an abuse of discretion before the court is required to award attorney fees. In this case, the trial court did not explicitly find that defendant abused its discretion in its rezoning decision and there was sufficient evidence for the trial court to decide that the rezoning was not an abuse of discretion.\nAppeal by plaintiffs and defendants from order entered 25 April 2013 by Judge Walter H. Godwin, Jr. in Currituck County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 22 January 2014.\nCurrin & Currin, by Robin T. Currin and George B. Currin, for plaintiffs.\nCurrituck County Attorney Donald I. McRee, Jr., for defendants."
  },
  "file_name": "0469-01",
  "first_page_order": 479,
  "last_page_order": 492
}
