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  "name": "JAMES McDOWELL and MARY McDOWELL v. MARVIN DAVIS, Individually and as Sheriff of Durham County, North Carolina; J. R. COATS, Individually and as a Deputy Sheriff of Durham County, North Carolina; J. M. CRABTREE, Individually and as a Deputy Sheriff of Durham County, North Carolina; UNITED STATES FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY",
  "name_abbreviation": "McDowell v. Davis",
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    "judges": [
      "Chief Judge Brock and Judge Martin concur."
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    "parties": [
      "JAMES McDOWELL and MARY McDOWELL v. MARVIN DAVIS, Individually and as Sheriff of Durham County, North Carolina; J. R. COATS, Individually and as a Deputy Sheriff of Durham County, North Carolina; J. M. CRABTREE, Individually and as a Deputy Sheriff of Durham County, North Carolina; UNITED STATES FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "HEDRICK, Judge.\nOne of plaintiffs\u2019 claims is based upon 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1983 which provides,\n\u201cEvery person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress.\u201d\nPlaintiffs contend that at trial they introduced sufficient evidence to support a jury verdict that defendants violated their Fourth Amendment right \u201cto be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and affects against unreasonable searches and seizures . . . , \u201d and that they are entitled to compensation for the humiliation and embarrassment resulting from this violation irrespective of any damage done to their belongings.\nIf plaintiffs are correct in their contention that they presented sufficient evidence at trial of a violation of their constitutional rights, then they need not show any property damage to recover compensation for such harm as humiliation and embarrassment resulting from the violation of their constitutional rights. Hostrop v. Board of Junior College Dist. No. 515, 523 F. 2d 569 (7th Cir. 1975), cert. denied, 425 U.S. 963, 48 L.Ed. 2d 208, 96 S.Ct. 1748 (1976); Piphus v. Carey, 545 F. 2d 30 (7th Cir. 1976).\n\u201cThe terms of \u00a7 1983 make plain two elements that are necessary for recovery. First, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant has deprived him of a right secured by the \u2018Constitution and laws\u2019 of the United States. Second, the plaintiff must show that the defendant deprived him of this constitutional right \u2018under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory.\u2019 This second element requires that the plaintiff show that the defendant acted \u2018under color of law.\u2019 \u201d Adickes v. S. H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 150, 26 L.Ed. 2d 142, 150, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 1604 (1970).\nIn the present case the evidence is clearly sufficient to support a finding by the jury that the defendants in executing the eviction order were acting \u201cunder color of law.\u201d\nA determination of whether there has been such a violation by defendants of plaintiffs\u2019 Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable search and seizure as to be actionable under \u00a7 1983 begins with Monroe v. Pape, 365 U.S. 167, 5 L.Ed. 2d 492, 81 S.Ct. 473 (1961). In that case the Supreme Court held that plaintiffs, a husband, wife and their children, could maintain an action under \u00a7 1983 against Chicago policemen, who allegedly broke into their home, searched it without a warrant, and arrested and detained the husband without a warrant and without arraignment. The court pointed out that \u00a7 1983 was designed to give a remedy to parties deprived of their constitutional rights by an official\u2019s misuse or abuse of his authority; The court also pointed out that \u00a7 1983 does not require that a plaintiff show that the defendant had \u201ca specific intent to deprive a person of a federal right.\u201d 365 U.S. at 187. Instead, \u201c[\u00a7 1983] should be read against the background of tort liability that .makes a man responsible for the natural consequences of his actions.\u201d Id.\nThe Federal Circuit Courts have followed this Supreme Court mandate to apply \u00a7 1983 \u201cagainst the background of tort liability that makes a man responsible for the natural consequences of his actions.\u201d For example in Jenkins v. Averett, 424 F. 2d 1228 (4th Cir. 1970), the Fourth Circuit held that a plaintiff could maintain a \u00a7 1983 action against a police officer, who was \u201cgrossly and culpably negligent\u201d in shooting him. The District Court had denied plaintiff relief under \u00a7 1983, accepting defendant\u2019s claim that he did not intend to shoot the plaintiff as a defense. The Fourth Circuit reversed, stating that \u201cif intent is required, it may be supplied, for federal purposes, by gross and culpable negligence, just as it was supplied in the common law cause of action, [assault].\u201d Id. at 1232. In Bryan v. Jones, 530 F. 2d 1210 (5th Cir. 1976), the defendant-sheriff continued to keep plaintiff imprisoned in reliance upon a typographical error in a grand jury report after he should have been released. The Fifth Circuit held that plaintiff had made out a prima facie case under \u00a7 1983 since a prima facie case of false imprisonment at common law had been shown. The Court stated,\n\u201cThe elements of the prima facie case are: (1) intent to confine, (2) acts resulting in confinement, and (3) consciousness of the victim of confinement or resulting harm. Restatement, Second, Torts \u00a7 35 (1965). Thus, a prima facie case is made out against a jailer even when he believes he has legal authority to detain a prisoner.\u201d Id. at 1213.\nThe common law analogues for plaintiffs\u2019 present \u00a7 1983 suit are actions for the intentional torts of trespass to land and chattels. See 59 Minn. L. Rev. 991, 991-997 (1975). At common law a person need not have the intent to trespass in order to be liable for trespass. To be liable for trespass a person need only intentionally go upon the land in the possession of another, when not privileged or authorized to do so. Matthews v. Forrest, 235 N.C. 281, 69 S.E. 2d 553 (1952); Restatement (Second) of Torts \u00a7 158 (1965); Dobbs, Trespass, to Land in North Carolina, 47 N.C. L. Rev. 31 (1968). To be liable for trespass to chattel, he need only intentionally dispossess the chattel of another or intermeddle with the chattel of another, when not privileged or authorized to do so. Restatement (Second) of Torts \u00a7 217. However, an officer is privileged when he evicts a person pursuant to a valid order of the court. Restatement (Second) of Torts \u00a7 210 provides:\n\u201cThe privilege to execute an order of a court directing the actor to put a third person in possession of land of which another is in possession, or to do any other act on the land, carries with it the privilege to enter the land for the purpose of executing the order, provided that any writ issued for the execution of the order is valid or fair on its face.\u201d\nIn the present case plaintiffs concede that the ejectment order in the hands of the sheriff was in all respects proper. They insist, however, that because the sheriff and his deputies executed the order in violation of their agreement and policy with DHA, the defendants are liable in damages pursuant to the provisions of \u00a7 1983.\nAssuming arguendo that the evidence is sufficient to support findings by the jury that the sheriff had a policy and agreement with DHA for the unofficial cancellation of ejectment orders, and that DHA \u201cproperly requested the sheriff to cancel the execution against the eviction order,\u201d as the jury did in fact find, we are of the opinion that such findings will not support a conclusion that defendants, or either of them, violated plaintiffs\u2019 constitutional rights within the meaning of \u00a7 1983. A violation of such an unofficial and informal agreement or policy as shown here between the sheriff and the holder of an ejectment judgment is at most a breach of defendants\u2019 duties to exercise ordinary care, and does not divest the defendants of their authority to execute a valid judicial order. Thus, we are of the opinion that the trial judge did not err in not submitting to the jury an issue of damages for defendants\u2019 alleged violation of plaintiffs\u2019 constitutional rights within the meaning of \u00a7 1983.\nPlaintiffs remaining assignments of error relate to the issues submitted to the jury and instructions thereon with respect to their claim for damages as a result of defendants\u2019 alleged negligence in executing the order of ejectment. There is no evidence in the record before us of any damage to plaintiffs\u2019 property or person. The only evidence with respect to damages relates to alleged humiliation, embarrassment, and emotional distress resulting from defendants\u2019 negligence.\n\u201cMere hurt or embarrassment are not compensable. Flake v. Greensboro News Co., 212 N.C. 780, 195 S.E. 55 (1938).\u201d Alltop v. J. C. Penney Co., 10 N.C. App. 692, 695, 179 S.E. 2d 885, 887-88 (1971), cert. denied, 279 N.C. 348, 182 S.E. 2d 580 (1971). For a plaintiff to recover for emotional or mental distress in an ordinary negligence case, he must prove that the mental distress was the proximate result of some physical impact with or physical injury to himself also resulting from the defendant\u2019s negligence. Williamson v. Bennett, 251 N.C. 498, 112 S.E. 2d 48 (1960). Alltop v. J. C. Penney Co., supra. Since plaintiffs have shown no such physical impact or injury in this case, they have shown no compensable damages, and any error committed by the court with respect to issues 2, 3, 4(a) and 4(b) could not have been prejudicial.\nWe hold the plaintiffs had a fair trial on all their alleged claims, free from prejudicial error.\nNo error.\nChief Judge Brock and Judge Martin concur.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "HEDRICK, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Legal Aid Society of Durham County by Denison Ro,y and Adrienne M. Fox for plaintiff appellants.",
      "Robert D. Holleman and Felix B. Clayton for defendant appellees."
    ],
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    "head_matter": "JAMES McDOWELL and MARY McDOWELL v. MARVIN DAVIS, Individually and as Sheriff of Durham County, North Carolina; J. R. COATS, Individually and as a Deputy Sheriff of Durham County, North Carolina; J. M. CRABTREE, Individually and as a Deputy Sheriff of Durham County, North Carolina; UNITED STATES FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY\nNo. 7614DC938\n(Filed 6 July 1977)\n1. Constitutional Law \u00a7 17; Ejectment \u00a7 5; Sheriffs and Constables \u00a7 4\u2014 ejectment of plaintiffs \u2014 action under Civil Rights Act\nThe sheriff\u2019s eviction of plaintiffs from a municipal housing project pursuant to an order of ejectment did not constitute a violation of plaintiffs\u2019 Fourth Amendment rights so as to subject the sheriff to a claim for damages under 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1983, even assuming that the sheriff had a policy and agreement with the housing authority for the unofficial cancellation of ejectment orders and the housing authority notified the sheriff to cancel execution of the ejectment order against plaintiffs, since a violation of an unofficial and informal agreement or policy between the sheriff and the holder of an ejectment judgment was at most a breach of the duty to exercise ordinary care and did not divest the sheriff of authority to execute a valid judicial order.\n2. Damages \u00a7 3.4 \u2014 mental distress \u2014 necessity for physical impact or injury\nPlaintiffs showed no right to damages because of the negligence of defendants, a sheriff and his deputies, in the execution of an ejectment order where there was no evidence of any physical injury to plaintiffs\u2019 property or persons and the only evidence with respect to damages related to humiliation, embarrassment and emotional distress resulting from negligence of defendants, since there can be no recovery for emotional or mental stress in an ordinary negligence case unless it is shown that the mental stress was the proximate result of some physical impact or physical injury resulting from negligence.\nAppeal by plaintiffs from Moore, Judge. Judgment entered 14 May 1976 in District Court, Durham County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 8 June 1977.\nThe allegations of plaintiffs\u2019 complaint, except where quoted, are summarized as follows:\nPlaintiffs, James and Mary McDowell, were tenants of Durham Housing Authority (DHA), they became delinquent in the payment of their rent, and on 16 May 1974, DHA obtained an order of ejectment which was served on them on 20 June 1974. DHA \u201cagreed to withhold execution on the judgment provided the plaintiffs m\u00e1de up the rent arrearages by payment of $50 per week until the back rent was paid.\u201d On 23 June 1974, DHA \u201ctwice gave direct, personal notification to defendant Davis that the judgment of eviction against the McDowells was not to be executed on.\u201d Plaintiffs complied with their agreement with DHA, and DHA did not revoke its instructions to defendant Davis not to execute on the judgment, but nevertheless defendants J. R. Coats and J. M. Crabtree executed on the ejectment order and removed the McDowells and their belongings from their home. Defendants Coats and Crabtree with the assistance of inmates of the Durham County jail removed \u201cplaintiffs\u2019 belongings in such a rough and grossly insensitive and culpably negligent manner that the McDowells\u2019 furniture, theretofore almost new and in good condition, was severely damaged in the amount of approximately $1,000.\u201d The eviction \u201cmade a public spectacle of plaintiffs, causing them shame, embarrassment, humiliation and mental anguish.\u201d The actions of defendants Davis, Coats, and Crabtree violated plaintiffs\u2019 rights under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution, established an \u201carbitrary, reckless and grossly negligent\u201d breach of their duty \u201cto exercise ordinary care in determining the need for and legality of the ejectment and in conducting that ejectment,\u201d and established a breach of defendant Davis\u2019 public official\u2019s bond that he shall \u201cwell and faithfully perform all and singular the duties incumbent upon him by reason of his election.\u201d Plaintiffs made the following prayer for relief:\n\u201cA. Against defendants Davis, Coates, [sic] Crabtree and United States Fire Insurance Company:\n(1) $1,000 actual damages for the shame, humiliation and mental anguish;\n(2) $1,300 actual damages for the destruction and damage to plaintiffs\u2019 belongings and to their home;\nresulting from the wrongful ejection;\nB. Against defendants Davis, Coates [sic] and Crab-tree; $1,500 punitive damages for the wrongful ejection.\nC. Against defendant Davis: $500 actual damages and $500 punitive damages for the tortious assault and vilification.\nD. The costs and disbursements of this action.\nE. Such other and further relief as to the court may seem just.\u201d\nDefendants filed answer denying the material allegations of the complaint.\nThe evidence presented by plaintiffs at trial is summarized as follows:\nOne of the duties of defendant Davis as Sheriff of Durham County is to evict tenants under orders of execution and ejectment. The \u201coperating policy\u201d of the sheriff\u2019s office is to cancel an order of ejectment if the landlord, including DHA, calls the sheriff\u2019s office and requests that it be cancelled. No modification or setting aside of the execution order by the clerk of superior court is required. The sheriff\u2019s office also has a policy of not executing orders of ejectment until the landlord is contacted to see if arrangements with the tenant have been made. Orders of ejectment are normally executed on within three days after service upon the tenant.\nIn May 1974 DHA obtained an order of ejectment against plaintiffs. The plaintiffs made an agreement with Jacqueline Macon of DHA on 19 June 1974 that they would pay $50 per week until the rent in arrears was paid. The agreement was communicated to Gwendolyn Hartley, Director of Management at DHA, who stated she would cancel the ejectment notice. The order of ejectment was served on Mr. McDowell on 20 June 1974. Gwendolyn Hartley testified, \u201cBy referring to plaintiffs\u2019 Exhibit 9 which is the judgment in the case of Durham Housing Authority v. McDowell I can see that I wrote on my copy \u2018can-celled\u2019 with the date June 23, 1974. Based on my usual policy, that would be the date that I would cancel the eviction with the sheriff\u2019s office.\u201d Plaintiffs introduced into evidence a memorandum prepared by Mrs. Hartley on 19 July 1974 which she testified \u201crepresents the correct facts as they were in my memory on July 19, 1974 . ...\u201d In that memorandum she stated, \u201cOn June 23, 1974, I called the Sheriff\u2019s Department and indicated that the execution of the judgment against Mr. McDowell should be cancelled. I do not remember to whom I spoke.\u201d\nJ. R. Coats, Durham County Deputy Sheriff, was given the order of ejectment against the plaintiffs on 16 July 1974. Coats knew that he was to check with DHA to determine if he was to serve the writ of execution, and that \u201cthe only one who\u2019d give a definite answer as to whether [he] should go ahead with a DHA ejectment was Mrs. Hartley.\u201d Deputy Coats tried unsuccessfully eight times to reach Mrs. Hartley by phone. Finally on his last call he was told by someone at DHA to evict plaintiffs. Coats obtained a key from the maintenance man on the project, and he along with Deputy Crabtree and three inmates of the county jail began removing the McDowell\u2019s belongings from the house. While in the process of evicting the plaintiffs a representative of DHA arrived and stopped the eviction. The deputies and inmates left without returning the belongings to the house. Personnel of DHA returned the property to the house. Subsequently plaintiffs moved out of the project because their children were distressed and upset by the taunts of the other children in the project about having been evicted. Plaintiffs were very embarrassed about the incident.\nDefendants offered evidence tending to show the following:\nDHA obtained so many eviction orders against its tenants, most of which were subsequently cancelled, that a special arrangement for cancellation was set up whereby Mrs. Hartley at DHA was to call Chief Deputy William Allen personally to cancel the order. However, subsequent to the arrangement DHA cancelled numerous eviction orders, and Mrs. Hartley called Deputy Allen on just one of those occasions. On one of his calls to DHA Deputy Coats was told by someone at DHA that they would check to see if the McDowells should be evicted and would let him know what to do when he called back. Upon his next call he was \u201cswitched several times to different people\u201d and was finally told by someone to evict the plaintiffs. None of plaintiffs\u2019 furniture and belongings was damaged during the eviction.\nThe following issues were presented to the jury and answered as indicated:\n\u201c1. Did Durham Housing Authority properly request the sheriff to cancel the execution against the eviction order prior to the sheriff removing such furniture?\nAnswer: Yes.\n2. In removing furniture, did sheriff, through his agents, negligently damage plaintiffs\u2019 property?\nAnswer: No.\n3. If you find sheriff to be negligent, was such negligence in wanton and willful disregard of his authority?\nAnswer: No.\n4(a). What amount of damages are the plaintiffs entitled to recover by reason of negligence in Issue No. 2?\nAnswer: No.\n(b). What amount of punitive damages are plaintiffs entitled to recover by reason of the willful and wanton negligence in Issue No. 3?\nAnswer: No.\u201d\nFrom a judgment that they recover nothing from the defendants, plaintiffs appealed.\nLegal Aid Society of Durham County by Denison Ro,y and Adrienne M. Fox for plaintiff appellants.\nRobert D. Holleman and Felix B. Clayton for defendant appellees."
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