{
  "id": 8552492,
  "name": "THOMAS EDWARD LANE, a minor, by his Guardian ad Litem, MAXINE SIMS SWAIN v. THE AETNA CASUALTY & SURETY COMPANY",
  "name_abbreviation": "Lane v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co.",
  "decision_date": "1980-09-16",
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    "judges": [
      "Chief Judge Morris and Judge Clark concur."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "THOMAS EDWARD LANE, a minor, by his Guardian ad Litem, MAXINE SIMS SWAIN v. THE AETNA CASUALTY & SURETY COMPANY"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "MARTIN (Harry C.), Judge.\nPlaintiff contends that the trial court erred in determining that the cause of action is barred by the statute of limitations. His assertion would be correct if the action reposed in the plaintiff rather than his mother. The statute of limitations begins to run against an infant, who has no guardian at the time the cause of action accrues, upon appointment of a guardian or the removal of the age disability as provided by N.C.G.S. 1-17, whichever occurs first. Trust Co. v. Willis, 257 N.C. 59, 125 S.E. 2d 359 (1962). As Maxine Sims Swain was appointed guardian ad litem on 10 February 1978, the action brought by plaintiff on that same date would not be barred if in fact he were the real party in interest. We agree, however, with the trial judge\u2019s conclusion that the exclusive right to recover on the insurance policy is in Maxine Sims Swain and that the three-year statute of limitations is a bar to her claim.\nPlaintiff argues that he is a direct beneficiary of the insurance contract and as such the defendant is obligated to pay $2,000 toward plaintiff\u2019s medical expenses. We must look to the terms of the insurance policy to determine whether plaintiff has a right against defendant under these circumstances.\nPolicies of liability insurance, like all other written contracts, are to be construed and enforced according to their terms. If plain and unambiguous, the meaning thus expressed must be ascribed to them. But if they are reasonably susceptible of two interpretations, the one imposing liability, the other excluding it, the former is to be adopted and the latter rejected, because the policies having been prepared by the insurers, or by persons skilled in insurance law and acting in the exclusive interest of the insurance company, it is but meet that such policies should be construed liberally in respect of the persons injured, and strictly against the insurance company.\nElectric Co. v. Insurance Co., 229 N.C. 518, 520, 50 S.E. 2d 295, 297 (1948).\nPlaintiff would have us apply this principle to the language of the insurance policy providing that the defendant shall pay medical expenses incurred \u201c[t]o or for the named insured and each relative\u201d upon the event of the named contingencies. The issue hinges, however, upon the use of the term \u201cincurred\u201d in determining to whom the company\u2019s obligation is owed. If plaintiff himself incurred the medical expenses in question, there would be no doubt that he had a right of recovery from defendant, as he falls within the policy\u2019s definition of the term \u201crelative.\u201d\nWhile it is true that the original contract of insurance was made between plaintiff\u2019s mother and defendant, if the contracting parties intended that the policy benefit plaintiff, he could have an actionable right as a direct third party beneficiary. The North Carolina Supreme Court has stated: \u201c \u2018The rule is well established in this jurisdiction that a third person may sue to enforce a binding contract or promise made for his benefit even though he is a stranger both to the contract and to the consideration.\u2019 \u201d Trust Co. v. Processing Co., 242 N.C. 370, 379, 88 S.E. 2d 233, 239 (1955) (quoting Justice Ervin in Canestrino v. Powell, 231 N.C. 190, 56 S.E. 2d 566 (1949)). But \u201c[n]ot every such contract made by one with another, the performance of which would be of benefit to a third person, gives a right of action to such third person. Whether such person can enforce the contract depends on the facts and circumstances of the particular case.\u201d 242 N.C. at 379, 88 S.E. 2d at 239. When a third person seeks enforcement of a contract made between other parties, the contract must be construed strictly against the party seeking enforcement. 17 Am. Jur. 2d Contracts \u00a7 302 (1964). The test is whether the parties intended the benefit of the contract to run to the maker of the contract or to the third person. This intent must be determined by construction of the \u201cterms of the contract as a whole, construed in the light of the circumstances under which it was made and the apparent purpose that the parties are trying to accomplish.\u201d Id. \u00a7 304. Inasmuch as the insurance policy provision in question promises \u201c[t]o pay all reasonable expenses incurred ... [t]o or for the named Insured and each relative who sustains bodily injury\u201d it is apparent that the intent of the parties was to protect and reimburse the person who incurred the expenses, who is not necessarily the same party who sustained the injuries. As coverage for relatives is confined to those residing in the same household, we must infer that plaintiff\u2019s mother contracted for this protection primarily to assure herself that she would be reimbursed for medical expenses for treatment of her relatives, including her son, for which she otherwise would be liable. The parties stipulated that plaintiff\u2019s mother had \u201cthe responsibility for the necessary medical treatment of said child.\u201d Thus plaintiff would be a direct beneficiary of the policy only if he himself, rather than his mother, incurred such medical expenses.\nAlthough it is undisputed that medical expenses due to plaintiff\u2019s injury were incurred within one year of the accident, it appears that the expenses were incurred by the mother, who was legally obligated for plaintiff\u2019s support. In interpreting an insurance contract with a similar provision, the North Carolina Supreme Court held in Czarnecki v. Indemnity Co., 259 N.C. 718, 720, 131 S.E. 2d 347, 349 (1963), that:\nThe very language which the parties selected to state the facts is the language chosen to measure defendant\u2019s obligation. \u201cIncur\u201d is defined by Webster as: \u201c1: to meet or fall in with (as an inconvenience); become liable or subject to: bring down upon oneself (incurred large debts to educate his children).\u201d Courts have accepted Webster\u2019s definition as the correct meaning of the word.\nIn construing the term \u201cincur\u201d in a medical payments policy, this Court has held \u201cthat expenses are incurred within the medical payments coverage . . . when one has paid, or become legally obligated to pay such expenses within one year of the date of accident.\u201d Atkins v. Insurance Co., 15 N.C. App. 79, 83, 189 S.E. 2d 501, 504 (1972). In the instant case there are no allegations or evidence that plaintiff ever had paid or become legally obligated to pay for any of the medical expenses which accrued as a result of his accident. Only one bill for $14.50 was addressed to him. The record indicates that all the other bills were submitted to his mother and stepfather, and that some of these bills were paid by his mother and another insurance company. The record is silent as to whether the remaining expenses were paid.\nThe parties concur that Maxine Sims Swain was responsible for the necessary medical treatment of her son. Even in the absence of such an admission, the law imposes a duty of support. See N.C. Gen. Stat. 50-13.4(b); Wells v. Wells, 227 N.C. 614, 44 S.E.2d 31, 1 A.L.R. 2d 905 (1947). Parental duty includes a liability for medical expenses incurred in treatment of a minor child for injuries sustained in an automobile accident. Price v. Railroad, 274 N.C. 32, 162 S.E. 2d 590 (1968). Just as a parent is responsible for his child\u2019s support, as a general rule, a child may not incur liability in contract, because his legal incapacity makes his contracts voidable. 7 Strong\u2019s N.C. Index 3d Infants \u00a7 2 (1977). The doctrine of necessaries is the exception to this general principle.\nAn infant may be compelled to pay a reasonable price for the necessaries that have been furnished to him. ... [T]he obligation in the strict sense of the word is not a contract. It is a quasi-contractual obligation, an obligation imposed upon him by law. ...\nIf the law did not impose upon an infant an obligation to pay for necessaries, adults would be reluctant to furnish him with the necessities of life. The policy of the law in giving protection to an infant would be defeated if an infant could not by some kind of binding obligation procure necessities.\n3 R. Lee, N.C. Family Law \u00a7 272 (3d ed. 1963).\nMedical care, as well as food, clothing, lodging, and proper education, has been held to be within the classification of necessaries. Id. The concept of necessaries for which a minor may become liable has expanded in recent years to include things that are not absolutely vital to the child\u2019s survival. See Personnel Corp. v. Rogers, 276 N.C. 279, 172 S.E. 2d 19, 41 A.L.R. 3d 1062 (1970) (liability of an emancipated infant for services rendered by an employment agency).\nWhether a particular infant may be liable for those items generally considered necessaries depends on the facts and circumstances of the case. Professor Lee, supra \u00a7 272, explains:\nIf the infant has a parent or guardian who provides him with necessaries, the infant cannot be sued for articles which, under other circumstances, would be classified as necessaries. In the absence of an emergency, the person furnishing the necessaries must prove that the parent or guardian has neglected or refused or is unable to supply the particular necessity. There is a presumption that the parent with whom the minor is living, except in the case where the minor has had an accident and has been taken to a doctor or hospital and quick action must be taken, or other peculiar circumstances, has furnished the child with all proper necessaries.\nNorth Carolina courts have held that in some circumstances a minor who lives with and is supported by a parent may still be required to pay for his necessary medical expenses. In Cole v. Wagner, 197 N.C. 692, 150 S.E. 339, 71 A.L.R. 220 (1929), a minor child was seriously injured and received emergency hospital, medical, and surgical treatment from the plaintiffs, owners of a hospital. The child received a judgment in damages, a portion of which was in consideration for his medical expenses. The judgment was paid to the defendant guardian, the child\u2019s mother. In an action by plaintiffs to recover the amount of its charges for treatment of the child from the child\u2019s estate, the North Carolina Supreme Court held that an infant may become bound to pay for medical expenses, despite the fact that he has a parent or guardian responsible for his support and care, when the parent or guardian does not so provide. The Court believed it would have been inequitable to deny the plaintiffs recovery, because the money that plaintiff recovered in the damage suit \u201cwas for necessary expenses of the defendant. To allow the defendant infant to recover upon this theory and then deny the plaintiff in the present action the right to recover on the same theory of necessary expenses, would be blowing hot and cold in the same breath.\u201d Id. at 699, 150 S.E. at 341. Cole thus stands for the principle that an infant may be liable for necessary medical expenses even though he is living with a parent who has a duty to provide the same. See also In re Peacock, 261 N.C. 749, 136 S.E. 2d 91 (1964); Bitting v. Goss, 203 N.C. 424, 166 S.E. 302 (1932). Cole is inapplicable in the present case, however, because the providers of the medical services made no demand for payment upon plaintiff. Unlike the situation in Cole, in this case there is no issue of a separate estate or recovery in damages, and the mother assumed her legal responsibility for the child\u2019s necessary medical treatment by at least beginning payment of the bills and not objecting to being responsible for plaintiffs treatment.\nPlaintiffs mother provided for his support, and there is no evidence that she refused or was unable to provide for his necessaries. Therefore plaintiff did not become obligated for the expense of his medical treatment, did not \u201cincur\u201d any expense under the meaning of the policy, and has no claim against defendant.\nPlaintiff, in his brief, concedes that if the exclusive right to recover on the policy is in Maxine Sims Swain, the action is barred by the statute of limitations. See Wheeless v. Insurance Co., 11 N.C. App. 348, 181 S.E. 2d 144 (1971); Congleton v. City of Asheboro, 8 N.C. App. 571, 174 S.E. 2d 870, cert. denied, 277 N.C. 110 (1970). The trial judge properly dismissed plaintiffs action on the grounds that no cause of action exists against defendant under its medical payments coverage of the insurance contract and that the cause of action of Maxine Sims Swain for reimbursement of medical expenses incurred by her for the care and treatment of her son is barred by the three-year statute of limitations.\nAffirmed.\nChief Judge Morris and Judge Clark concur.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "MARTIN (Harry C.), Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Swain & Stevenson, by JoelB. Stevenson, for plaintiff appellant.",
      "Roberts, Cogbum and Williams, by Landon Roberts and James W. Williams, for defendant appellee."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "THOMAS EDWARD LANE, a minor, by his Guardian ad Litem, MAXINE SIMS SWAIN v. THE AETNA CASUALTY & SURETY COMPANY\nNo. 7928DC1146\n(Filed 16 September 1980)\nInsurance \u00a7 87.1; Contracts \u00a7 14.2; Parent and Child \u00a7 7- automobile liability insurance \u2014 medical expenses for child incurred by parent \u2014 no cause of action in child \u2014 parent\u2019s action barred by statute of limitations\nIn an action to recover under the medical payments coverage of an automobile liability insurance policy, the trial court properly dismissed minor plaintiffs action on the ground that he had no cause of action under the insurance policy, and properly determined that the cause of action of plaintiffs mother for reimbursement of medical expenses incurred by her for the care and treatment of her son was barred by the three year statute of limitations, since the policy in question was issued to plaintiffs mother as named insured, covered relatives of the named insured who were residents of the same household, and provided for payment of \u201call reasonable expenses incurred within one year from the date of accident\u201d; plaintiff was not a direct beneficiary of the insurance contract, as the intent of the parties was to protect and reimburse the person who actually incurred the expenses, in this case plaintiffs mother; plaintiffs mother provided for his support and there was no evidence that she refused or was unable to provide for his necessaries, which would have obligated plaintiff for the expense of his medical treatment; and the mother, who did \u201cincur\u201d expenses within the meaning of the policy, made a claim for expenses on 22 November 1977, while the expenses were incurred between 5 June 1974 and 27 September 1974.\nAppeal by plaintiff from Roda, Judge. Judgment entered 19 October 1979 in District Court, Buncombe County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 26 August 1980, at Waynesville, North Carolina.\nThis is an action in contract on an automobile liability insurance policy. Plaintiff, then a minor, instituted the action through his mother, Maxine Sims Swain, against defendant insurance company. Maxine Sims Swain was appointed plaintiff\u2019s guardian ad litem on 10 February 1978.\nThe policy, effective 5 March 1974 to 5 March 1975, was issued to Maxine Sims Swain as named insured. Persons insured, with respect to a non-owned automobile, include \u201cany relative, but only with respect to a private passenger automobile or trailer, provided his actual operation ... is with the permission, or reasonably believed to be with the permission, of the owner and is within the scope of such permission ...The policy defines \u201crelative\u201d as \u201ca relative of the named Insured who is a resident of the same household.\u201d\nThe medical payments coverage, limited to $2,000, provides in pertinent part:\nTo pay all reasonable expenses incurred within one year from the date of accident for necessary medical, surgical, X-ray and dental services, including prosthetic devices, and necessary ambulance, hospital, professional nursing and funeral services:\nDivision 1. To or for the named Insured and each relative who sustains bodily injury, sickness or disease, including death resulting therefrom, hereinafter called \u201cbodily injury,\u201d caused by accident,\n(b) while occupying a non-owned automobile, but only if such person has, or reasonably believes he has, the permission of the owner to use the automobile and the use is within the scope of such permission, .. .\nThe medical payments coverage for a non-owned automobile is \u201cexcess insurance over any other valid and collectible automobile medical payments insurance.\u201d The Proof and Payment of Claim provision reads: \u201cThe Company may pay the injured person or any person or organization rendering the services and such payment shall reduce the amount payable hereunder for such injury.\u201d\nThe parties waived jury trial and submitted a stipulation of the facts to the judge. The relevant facts are:\nOn 5 June 1974 plaintiff, Thomas Edward Lane, was a thirteen-year-old child residing with and in the custody of his mother, Maxine Sims Swain, who had responsibility for the necessary medical treatment of said child. On that day Thomas was operating a 1962 Renault automobile registered to Roger Dean Waldrop. Thomas had, or reasonably believed he had, permission of the owner to use the automobile and his use was within the scope of such permission. Plaintiff lost control of the vehicle, ran off the highway, overturned, and sustained injuries. Hospital and medical bills totalling $5,389.44 accrued between 5 June 1974 and 27 September 1974 as a result of the injuries.\nMemorial Mission Hospital, Asheville Bone and Joint Clinic (Dr. Wayne Montgomery), Asheville Anesthesia Associates, and Asheville Radiological Group, P.A. billed Thomas\u2019s mother for medical services rendered to plaintiff. Asheville Orthopedic and Rehabilitation Center, Inc. billed Robert S. Swain, Thomas\u2019s stepfather, the sum of $2,420.59 for plaintiffs treatment. Asheville Radiological Group, P.A. also billed Thomas E. Lane the sum of $14.50 for reading x-rays.\nMaxine Sims Swain paid $640.85 to Memorial Mission Hospital. Continental Casualty Company paid $1,393.75 to Memorial Mission Hospital and part of the amount due Asheville Bone and Joint Clinic. The record does not disclose whether the remaining bills were paid. On 12 September 1977 State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, insurer for Roger Dean Waldrop, made a compromise settlement for $900 on medical payments insurance covering the 1962 Renault.\nPlaintiff, by and through his attorney, made a claim for hospital and medical expenses incurred by Thomas Edward Lane to an agent of defendant on 22 November 1977. Defendant refused to pay the claim. Plaintiff commenced this action 10 February 1978.\nDefendant moved to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure on 28 March 1978, alleging that the medical expenses were incurred by the mother, not the minor plaintiff, and that the plaintiff had no cause of action against the defendant. On 25 July 1979 defendant moved to amend its answer and defense to amplify and detail its plea of the three-year statute of limitations in bar of the claim.\nAt the October 1979 civil session, Judge Roda concluded that Maxine Sims Swain was liable for the medical expenses incurred for the treatment of plaintiff, that the right of action to recover such expenses was in the mother, and that the claim was barred by the statute of limitations. Plaintiff appeals from the trial court\u2019s dismissal of his claim.\nSwain & Stevenson, by JoelB. Stevenson, for plaintiff appellant.\nRoberts, Cogbum and Williams, by Landon Roberts and James W. Williams, for defendant appellee."
  },
  "file_name": "0634-01",
  "first_page_order": 662,
  "last_page_order": 670
}
