{ "id": 8524761, "name": "AMERICAN TRAVEL CORPORATION v. CENTRAL CAROLINA BANK & TRUST COMPANY", "name_abbreviation": "American Travel Corp. v. Central Carolina Bank & Trust Co.", "decision_date": "1982-06-01", "docket_number": "No. 8110SC753", "first_page": "437", "last_page": "444", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "57 N.C. App. 437" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "354 A.2d 291", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "296" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "69 N.J. 352", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.J.", "case_ids": [ 1906331 ], "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "361" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nj/69/0352-01" ] }, { "cite": "256 S.E.2d 216", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "220" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "297 N.C. 506", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8571908 ], "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "512" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/297/0506-01" ] }, { "cite": "218 S.E.2d 563", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1975, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "288 N.C. 90", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8564943 ], "year": 1975, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/288/0090-01" ] }, { "cite": "230 S.E. 2d 796", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "32 N.C. App. 120", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8548865 ], "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/32/0120-01" ] }, { "cite": "302 N.C. 217", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8564489, 8564527, 8564562, 8564600, 8564633 ], "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/302/0217-01", "/nc/302/0217-02", "/nc/302/0217-03", "/nc/302/0217-04", "/nc/302/0217-05" ] }, { "cite": "272 S.E. 2d 374", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 5, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "377" }, { "page": "376", "parenthetical": "emphasis ours" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "49 N.C. App. 631", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8523085 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "634" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/49/0631-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 796, "char_count": 15391, "ocr_confidence": 0.794, "pagerank": { "raw": 7.661207930268676e-07, "percentile": 0.9712475514981761 }, "sha256": "6a97b85ad25a01518ca1958eed8740c9ed6bb318971ddd81904f70aff1fc2330", "simhash": "1:dcf34cd00c6d10e3", "word_count": 2505 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:31:38.946391+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Chief Judge MORRIS and Judge CLARK concur." ], "parties": [ "AMERICAN TRAVEL CORPORATION v. CENTRAL CAROLINA BANK & TRUST COMPANY" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "MARTIN (Harry C.), Judge.\nPlaintiff\u2019s Motion For Summary Judgment\nUnder the authority of Carr v. Carbon Corp., 49 N.C. App. 631, 272 S.E. 2d 374 (1980), disc. rev. denied, 302 N.C. 217 (1981), a motion for summary judgment denied by one superior court judge may not be allowed by another superior court judge on identical legal issues. See also Biddix v. Construction Corp., 32 N.C. App. 120, 230 S.E. 2d 796 (1977). This rule is based on the premise that no appeal lies from one superior court judge to another. Moreover, as pointed out in Carr, to allow an unending series of motions for summary judgment \u201cwould defeat the very purpose of summary judgment procedure, to determine in an expeditious manner whether a genuine issue of material fact exists and whether the movant is entitled to judgment on the issue presented as a matter of law.\u201d 49 N.C. App. at 634, 272 S.E. 2d at 377.\nThe above-stated rule does not apply to interlocutory orders given in the progress of the cause. Id. Plaintiff contends that because it first moved for partial summary judgment on the issue of liability, the order denying the motion was interlocutory and the subsequent motion for summary judgment on the issues of liability and damages was properly granted. We disagree. \u201cAn order is merely interlocutory if it does not determine the issue but directs some further proceeding preliminary to a final decree.\u201d Id. at 633, 272 S.E. 2d at 376 (emphasis ours). Whereas an order denying summary judgment on the issue of liability may be interlocutory in the sense that it is not immediately appealable, \u201c[s]uch a ruling is determinative as to the issue presented.\u201d Id. In his order denying plaintiffs motion for summary judgment, Judge Preston determined as a matter of law that plaintiff was not entitled to judgment on the issue of liability. Yount v. Lowe, 288 N.C. 90, 218 S.E.2d 563 (1975). The issue may not be relitigated by way of a second motion for summary judgment before a different judge. The trial court erred in granting summary judgment for plaintiff.\nWe believe that both the language and the policy behind N.C.R. Civ. P. 56 contemplate a single hearing on a motion for summary judgment involving the same case on the same legal issues. Rule 56(c) provides that judgment shall be rendered if pleadings and other supporting materials show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and \u201cthat any party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.\u201d (Emphasis ours.) Rule 56(f) permits the opposing party to move for additional time to obtain affidavits or complete discovery essential to justify his opposition. Moreover, \u201c[ojrdinarily it is error for a court to hear and rule on a motion for summary judgment when discovery procedures, which might lead to the production of evidence relevant to the motion, are still pending and the party seeking discovery has not been dilatory in doing so.\u201d Conover v. Newton, 297 N.C. 506, 512, 256 S.E.2d 216, 220 (1979). Generally, motions for summary judgment should not be decided until all parties are prepared to present their contentions on all the issues raised and determinable under Rule 56. Piecemeal litigation of motions for summary judgment is to be avoided.\nDEFENDANT\u2019S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT\nDefendant argues that it is entitled to summary judgment based on the issue of ratification. We note at the outset that plaintiff is in error in assuming that defendant must have acted in a commercially reasonable manner before being permitted to take advantage of this defense. While it is true that a bank must act in good faith and in accordance with reasonable commercial standards in order to raise a negligence defense under N.C.G.S. 25-3-406, N.C.G.S. 25-3-404 does not require such a showing:\nUnauthorized signatures. \u2014 (1) Any unauthorized signature is wholly inoperative as that of the person whose name is signed unless he ratifies it or is precluded from denying it\n(2) Any unauthorized signature may be ratified for all purposes of this article.\nThe facts of this case, in addition to raising issues of preclusion or estoppel, raise a separate issue of ratification under an agency theory.\nUnder N.C.G.S. 25-3-419 an instrument is converted when it is paid over a forged or unauthorized endorsement. Logically, when an unauthorized signature is ratified, it becomes authorized and conversion is no longer possible. Ratification is defined as \u201cthe affirmance by a person of a prior act which did not bind him but which was done or professedly done on his account, whereby the act, as to some or all persons, is given effect as if originally authorized by him.\u201d Restatement (Second) of Agency \u00a7 82 (1958). \u201cRatification requires intent to ratify plus full knowledge of all the material facts.\u201d Contracting Corp. v. Bank of New Jersey, 69 N.J. 352, 361, 354 A.2d 291, 296 (1976). It \u201cmay be express or implied, and intent may be inferred from failure to repudiate an unauthorized act ... or from conduct on the part of the principal which is inconsistent with any other position than intent to adopt the act.\u201d Id. Upon a showing of ratification, defendant would be entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.\nIn support of its defense of ratification, defendant offers the following:\n1. Mr. Breshears testified that at the time of the initial meetings with CCB, he was not operating under the terms of the 12 June 1974 contract and had never intended to do so. About a month after the contract was signed, he \u201cwrote to Mr. Hentz and explained to him that certain things were not correct and were not feasible to even conduct business . . . and how we would have to operate. I did not tell this to CCB at the time of the meeting in 1976 or at any time, until two years later.\u201d\n2. The same bookkeeper worked for the Group Travel division and ATC.\n3. Beginning in 1976 a series of memos from Mr. Hentz to Mr. Breshears indicated that ATC was concerned that Mr. Breshears was making unauthorized use of his position as president. A memorandum dated 8 September 1977 stated that:\nThere may have been previous occasions where remittances from customers of American Travel have become deposited, or co-mingled in accounts not held in the name and control of American Travel Corporation. Specifically, to the account of Breshears Enterprises, Inc. . . . This memorandum is not to question motives nor condemn specific past practices; but in the conduct of all future business in behalf of American Travel Corporation the following guidelines must be invariably observed. [Emphasis ours.]\nNot until after April 1978 was CCB made aware of the practices which ATC felt, in 1977, that it could not condemn.\nBased on the foregoing, we can conclude that ATC had full knowledge of all the material facts with respect to Mr. Breshears\u2019s actions. However, to constitute ratification as a matter of law, the conduct must be consistent with an intent to affirm the unauthorized act and inconsistent with any other purpose. Restatement (Second) of Agency \u00a7 83 (1958). While it may be inferred that ATC\u2019s decision to postpone notifying the bank or dismissing Mr. Breshears was a calculated effort to overlook any alleged wrongdoing in order to reap the benefits of Mr. Breshears\u2019s business acumen, such inference raises questions of fact best left for jury determination. Defendant is therefore not entitled to summary judgment on the issue of ratification.\nAs a matter of law plaintiff is not entitled to recover the proceeds of check 36C. ATC drew this check, in the amount of $19,000, payable to CCB. Shortly after depositing the check in a Breshears Enterprises account, Mr. Breshears apologized to Mr. Hentz for the mistake and repaid the amount to ATC. Both Mr. Hentz and plaintiffs bookkeeper admitted that the amount had been repaid. Defendant is entitled to partial summary judgment with respect to plaintiff\u2019s claim based upon check 36C.\nMotion To Set Aside Entry Of Default\nFinally, defendant assigns as error the trial court\u2019s granting of plaintiffs motion to set aside entry of default against plaintiff on defendant\u2019s \u00bfcounterclaim for recoupment, which defendant alleges was a claim for affirmative relief to which no reply was filed.\nDefendant\u2019s claim was denominated a \u201cSecond Defense and/or Equitable Set Off, Recoupment, or Counterclaim Based Upon Unjust Enrichment.\u201d We agree with plaintiff that the gravamen of defendant\u2019s claim is that plaintiff\u2019s damages should be reduced to the extent that the proceeds of the converted checks have been paid for the benefit of American Travel or others. Rather than seeking an affirmative recovery, defendant is seeking to mitigate plaintiff\u2019s damages.\nTo summarize our holding:\nWe affirm the setting aside of the entry of default against the plaintiff on defendant\u2019s second defense.\nWe reverse Judge Britt\u2019s summary judgment in favor of the plaintiff.\nDefendant is entitled to summary judgment with respect to check 36C.\nIn all other respects we affirm the denial of summary judgment to the defendant.\nChief Judge MORRIS and Judge CLARK concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "MARTIN (Harry C.), Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Reynolds & Howard, by Ted R. Reynolds and E. Cader Howard, for plaintiff appellee.", "Stubbs, Cole, Breedlove, Prentis & Poe, by Richard F. Pren-tis, Jr., for defendant appellant.", "Edmund D. Aycock, General Counsel, for The North Carolina Bankers Association, amicus curiae.", "Sanford, Adams, McCullough & Beard, by E. D. Gaskins, Jr. and William George Pappas, for United Carolina Bank, amicus curiae." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "AMERICAN TRAVEL CORPORATION v. CENTRAL CAROLINA BANK & TRUST COMPANY\nNo. 8110SC753\n(Filed 1 June 1982)\n1. Courts \u00a7 9.4\u2014 denial of summary judgment \u2014 summary judgment by second judge improper\nIn a suit against a bank alleging the bank\u2019s negligence in accepting checks for deposit without proper endorsement and conversion of the checks in which plaintiffs motion for summary judgment on the issue of liability was denied by one superior court judge, a second judge could not thereafter allow plaintiffs subsequent motion for summary judgment on the issues of liability and damages.\n2. Banks and Banking \u00a7 11.1; Uniform Commercial Code \u00a7 33\u2014 unauthorized endorsement of checks \u2014 ratification\nIn a travel corporation\u2019s action against a bank for the conversion of checks by payment pursuant to unauthorized endorsements, the evidence on motion for summary judgment presented a genuine issue of material fact as to whether plaintiff ratified the unauthorized endorsements on the checks. G.S. 25-3-404.\nAppeal by defendant from Britt, Judge. Order entered 5 January 1981 and judgment entered 6 January 1981 in Superior Court, WAKE County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 5 April 1982.\nThe circumstances giving rise to this litigation evolved from an agreement between plaintiff, American Travel Corporation (hereinafter ATC), and Ralph E. Breshears, who was, at the time of the agreement, president and group sales director of ATC. ATC was engaged in the business of arranging and promoting both retail and group sales of travel and travel planning services. On 12 June 1974, the parties executed an agreement whereby Mr. Breshears purchased the sales rights and income for and from ATC\u2019s group travel accounts. Mr. Breshears became the exclusive soliciting agent for the group travel accounts and was entitled to receive monthly all group travel gross profits (gross proceeds paid to ATC less all related expenses incurred by ATC). In the event that expenses exceeded receipts, Mr. Breshears was responsible for reimbursing ATC for the difference. Mr. Breshears leased space in the main ATC office; maintained a \u201chouse account\u201d for expenses incurred in his business operations; and was permitted to use the title \u201c \u2018President, American Travel\u2019 for good will and in furtherance of the performance of this Agreement,\u201d such use to be \u201ctitular only and will not include any right whatever to pledge the credit, transact business or incur liability on the part of American Travel.\u201d\nIn late 1975 Mr. Breshears met with John C. Lennon, Jr., Vice President and Raleigh City Executive of Central Carolina Bank and Trust Company (hereinafter CCB), to discuss the possibility of that bank\u2019s role in extending credit or otherwise providing financial assistance to Breshears Enterprises, the company through which Mr. Breshears was conducting his business. Howard E. Hentz, Vice President of American Defender Life Insurance Company, was present at one,of the initial meetings between Mr. Breshears and Mr. Lennon. American Defender held the controlling interest in ATC, and Mr. Hentz participated in the negotiations in order to verify Mr. Breshears\u2019s need for operating capital to continue the group travel aspects of ATC and to explain the relationship between Mr. Breshears and ATC. As a result of these negotiations, Mr. Breshears obtained a line of credit with CCB, and ATC established a checking account with that bank. Mr. Breshears\u2019s name did not appear on the corporate resolutions or the signature cards pertaining to this account.\nBetween January of 1977 and April of 1978, approximately sixty-one checks made payable to ATC were endorsed in some manner by Mr. Breshears and deposited in the CCB account of Breshears Enterprises. For the most part the endorsements were made with a stamp consisting of the words, \u201cAmerican Travel Corp. For Deposit Only To Central Carolina Bank Holly Park Branch ACCT. \u2014 .\u201d The account number in each case was the account number at CCB for a Breshears Enterprises, Inc. account. On 8 April 1978, ATC unilaterally terminated Breshears\u2019s relationship with ATC, claiming that he had breached the terms of the 12 June 1974 agreement. Shortly thereafter ATC filed suit against CCB, alleging the bank\u2019s negligence in accepting checks for deposit without proper endorsement and conversion of the checks. ATC sought damages in the amount of $345,313.91.\nIn its answer, CCB denied that the endorsements on the subject checks were forged or unauthorized and further defended on the grounds that Mr. Breshears, as president of ATC, had apparent authority to transact business on behalf of ATC, upon which authority CCB relied; that with knowledge of the fact that Mr. Breshears was negotiating checks made payable to ATC, ATC negligently failed to inform CCB that Mr. Breshears allegedly did not have authority to act on its behalf; and that the proceeds of any such checks had been credited to or paid for the benefit of ATC and others entitled to receive benefits therefrom, resulting in no damage to ATC.\nPlaintiff moved for partial summary judgment on the issue of liability, which motion was denied by order signed and dated 13 June 1980. On 4 December 1980, defendant moved for summary judgment, and pursuant to Rule 56(c) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure, plaintiff again moved for summary judgment. By order dated 6 January 1981, Judge Britt denied defendant\u2019s motion and granted plaintiff\u2019s motion, allowing plaintiff damages of $356,578.49 (the amount representing the total of the allegedly converted checks), $26,800.00 (pursuant to N.C.G.S. 75-16), and $3,350.00 in attorneys\u2019 fees.\nDefendant appeals from the granting of plaintiff\u2019s motion and the denial of its own motion for summary judgment.\nReynolds & Howard, by Ted R. Reynolds and E. Cader Howard, for plaintiff appellee.\nStubbs, Cole, Breedlove, Prentis & Poe, by Richard F. Pren-tis, Jr., for defendant appellant.\nEdmund D. Aycock, General Counsel, for The North Carolina Bankers Association, amicus curiae.\nSanford, Adams, McCullough & Beard, by E. D. Gaskins, Jr. and William George Pappas, for United Carolina Bank, amicus curiae.\n. ATC, in its original complaint, under similar facts and allegations, sought damages in the amount of $107,606.65 from Capitol National Bank. This suit against CNB was later dismissed without prejudice." }, "file_name": "0437-01", "first_page_order": 467, "last_page_order": 474 }