{
  "id": 8525334,
  "name": "WILKES COUNTY, By and Through Its Child Support Enforcement Agency, Ex Rel. SHIRLEY WHITAKER NATIONS and BETTY WHITAKER, Plaintiff v. JUNIOR GENTRY, Defendant",
  "name_abbreviation": "Wilkes County ex rel. Child Support Enforcement Agency ex rel. Nations v. Gentry",
  "decision_date": "1983-08-02",
  "docket_number": "No. 8223DC508",
  "first_page": "432",
  "last_page": "439",
  "citations": [
    {
      "type": "official",
      "cite": "63 N.C. App. 432"
    }
  ],
  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.",
    "id": 14983,
    "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals"
  },
  "jurisdiction": {
    "id": 5,
    "name_long": "North Carolina",
    "name": "N.C."
  },
  "cites_to": [
    {
      "cite": "260 S.E. 2d 812",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1979,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "813"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "44 N.C. App. 339",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        8552721
      ],
      "year": 1979,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "341"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc-app/44/0339-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "228 S.E. 2d 662",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1976,
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "31 N.C. App. 145",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        8548117
      ],
      "year": 1976,
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc-app/31/0145-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "200 S.E. 2d 799",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1973,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "806"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "284 N.C. 348",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8561845
      ],
      "year": 1973,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "358"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/284/0348-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "294 S.E. 2d 225",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1982,
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "306 N.C. 559",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8572480,
        8572462,
        8572438,
        8572537,
        8572508
      ],
      "year": 1982,
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/306/0559-03",
        "/nc/306/0559-02",
        "/nc/306/0559-01",
        "/nc/306/0559-05",
        "/nc/306/0559-04"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "290 S.E. 2d 730",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1982,
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "57 N.C. App. 208",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        8523426
      ],
      "year": 1982,
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc-app/57/0208-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "225 S.E. 2d 816",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "weight": 2,
      "year": 1976,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "823"
        },
        {
          "page": "826"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "290 N.C. 98",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8560631
      ],
      "weight": 2,
      "year": 1976,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "110"
        },
        {
          "page": "115"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/290/0098-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "180 S.E. 2d 823",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1971,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "830"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "278 N.C. 523",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8561041
      ],
      "year": 1971,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "534"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/278/0523-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "269 S.E. 2d 137",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1980,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "140",
          "parenthetical": "emphasis in original"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "301 N.C. 68",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8561139
      ],
      "year": 1980,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "72",
          "parenthetical": "emphasis in original"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/301/0068-01"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "analysis": {
    "cardinality": 659,
    "char_count": 14713,
    "ocr_confidence": 0.844,
    "pagerank": {
      "raw": 2.44433932655305e-07,
      "percentile": 0.8034117046978415
    },
    "sha256": "523f8f71fdf9ce3a4cef1db6b277ebd3f08dbfdf707e257fa2196adfef34c4a1",
    "simhash": "1:586bb56642ae7143",
    "word_count": 2483
  },
  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:55:10.514065+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [
      "Judge BECTON concurs.",
      "Judge Phillips dissents."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "WILKES COUNTY, By and Through Its Child Support Enforcement Agency, Ex Rel. SHIRLEY WHITAKER NATIONS and BETTY WHITAKER, Plaintiff v. JUNIOR GENTRY, Defendant"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "ARNOLD, Judge.\nThe issue here is if a 1974 guilty plea by the defendant to a criminal charge of nonsupport of an illegitmate child, and an order to pay a lump sum plus medical expenses to the child\u2019s mother for the child\u2019s benefit, is a bar to a subsequent civil action by a county social services department for child support.\nBecause we find that the trial judge entered summary judgment for the wrong party, we reverse the judgment below. To understand our decision, a review of when this remedy should be used is helpful.\nSummary judgment under G.S. 1A-1, Rule 56(c) is proper when there is \u201cno genuine issue as to any material fact....\u201d This remedy \u201cdoes not authorize the court to decide an issue of fact. It authorizes the court to determine whether a genuine issue of fact exists.\u201d Vassey v. Burch, 301 N.C. 68, 72, 269 S.E. 2d 137, 140 (1980) (emphasis in original). \u201c[I]ts purpose is to eliminate formal trials where only questions of law are involved. . . . Where there is no genuine issue as to the facts, the presence of important or difficult questions of law is no barrier to the granting of summary judgment.\u201d Kessing v. Mortgage Co., 278 N.C. 523, 534, 180 S.E. 2d 823, 830 (1971). See also, W. Shuford, N.C. Civil Practice and Procedure \u00a7 56-7 (2d ed. 1981).\nI. Paternity Question\nThe plaintiff argues that the criminal action established that the defendant is the child\u2019s father and should estop further litigation on that question. At the same time, it argues that it can still seek support, even though the criminal action required the defendant to pay a lump sum award.\nThe defendant contends, however, that the plaintiff is es-topped from recovering in this civil action on the same issues against him because of the lump sum payment resulting from the criminal judgment.\nWe first note that the 1974 criminal action determined implicitly that the defendant was the parent of the minor child. The order of judgment specifically states that the lump sum payment was being ordered pursuant to G.S. 49-7. That statute states in relevant part:\nThe court before which the matter may be brought shall determine whether or not the defendant is a parent of the child on whose behalf the proceeding is instituted. After this matter has been determined in the affirmative, the court shall proceed to determine the issue as to whether or not the defendant has neglected or refused to provide adequate support and maintain the child who is the subject of the proceeding. After this matter shall have been determined in the affirmative, the court shall fix by order ... a specific sum of money necessary for the support and maintenance of the particular child who is the object of the proceedings.\n(Emphasis added.) An affirmative answer to the paternity question is an indispensable prerequisite to the defendant\u2019s conviction under this statute. Tidwell v. Booker, 290 N.C. 98, 110, 225 S.E. 2d 816, 823 (1976).\nG.S. 49-7 is a part of Article I of Chapter 49. Another portion of that article, G.S. 49-2, states: \u201cAny parent who willfully neglects or who refuses to provide adequate support and maintain his or her illegitimate child shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. . . (Emphasis added.) G.S. 49-2 is a criminal statute. State v. Beasley, 57 N.C. App. 208, 290 S.E. 2d 730, disc. rev. denied, 306 N.C. 559, 294 S.E. 2d 225 (1982).\nThus, the outcome of the case sub judice depends on whether the implicit determination of paternity in a prosecution by the State under Article 1 of G.S. 49 when the defendant pled guilty should estop a county social services department from seeking a subsequent determination of paternity and an order to pay child support.\nAlthough it could be argued that the criminal judgment might be entitled to res judicata effect in this action because the parties to the two suits were the same, ie., the State prosecuted the defendant in the criminal action and the State, through its subdivision Wilkes County, brought this action, it is unnecessary for us to make such a holding. Instead, we give collateral estoppel effect to the implicit determination of paternity in the criminal action.\nCollateral estoppel should be applied to an issue that was involved, litigated, and judicially determined in the prior action and when the prior judgment was dependent upon determination of the issue. King v. Grindstaff, 284 N.C. 348, 358, 200 S.E. 2d 799, 806 (1973).\nAs stated above, the criminal judgment here was dependent on a determination of paternity, although it was not explicitly stated. The collateral estoppel effect of the paternity issue is not affected by the fact that the conviction was based on a guilty plea. See IB Moore\u2019s Federal Practice 5 0.418[1] (2d ed. 1982); 18 C. Wright, Federal Practice and Procedure \u00a7 4474 (1981).\nThe defendant relies on Tidwell and Smith v. Burden, 31 N.C. App. 145, 228 S.E. 2d 662 (1976), for the proposition that he can relitigate the paternity issue here. But those cases are distinguishable in two important ways.\nFirst, the defendants there pled not guilty, unlike here, where the defendant pled guilty. Second, the plaintiffs in the civil suits in Tidwell and Smith were the mothers, not a county, which is a subdivision of the State. These factual differences make Tidwell and Smith inapplicable in the case sub judice.\nII. Past support paid by the plaintiff\nAfter concluding that the prior determination of paternity should be given collateral estoppel effect, we now must decide if the defendant is liable to the plaintiff for past support.\nG.S. 110-135 states in relevant part:\nAcceptance of public assistance by or on behalf of a dependent child creates a debt, in the amount of public assistance paid, due and owing the State by the responsible parent or parents of the child. . . . [A]ny county within the State which has provided public assistance to or on behalf of a dependent child shall be entitled to share in any sum collected under this section. . . .\nThe defendant here is a \u201cresponsible parent\u201d under G.S. 110-129(3).\nBy accepting the public assistance, the recipient is deemed to have assigned to the county who gave the assistance the right to any child support owed up to the amount of public assistance. The county is subrogated to the right of the person having custody to recover any payments ordered by the courts of this State. G.S. 110-137. See Cox v. Cox, 44 N.C. App. 339, 341, 260 S.E. 2d 812, 813 (1979).\nBecause the debt for assistance paid by Wilkes County did not arise until after the 1974 criminal judgment, the County is not estopped from seeking repayment of the child support that it paid to the mother. As a result, the defendant father should reimburse the plaintiff Wilkes County for the public assistance that it has rendered up until this point. The plaintiff is subrogated to the mother\u2019s right to recover this amount under G.S. 110-137.\nIII. Future Child Support\nFinally, the plaintiff in this action seeks an order that would require the defendant to pay future child support. The defendant argues that the prior criminal proceeding bars such a recovery. We disagree.\nThe criminal proceeding only disposed of the defendant\u2019s willful nonsupport of the minor child until the judgment rendered in that 1974 action. He was ordered to pay certain sums of money as a condition of a prayer for judgment continued. But that judgment and any sums paid pursuant to it did not satisfy his continuing support obligation.\nThe plaintiff\u2019s complaint sought to have the defendant declared to be the minor child\u2019s father and a support order under Article 3 of G.S. 49. G.S. 49-15, which is a part of Article 3, states:\nUpon and after the establishment of paternity of an illegitimate child pursuant to G.S. 49-14, the rights, duties, and obligations of the mother and the father so established, with regard to support and custody of the child, shall be the same, and may be deteremined and enforced in the same manner, as if the child were the legitimate child of such father and mother. (Emphasis added.)\nAn action separate from the one brought under Article 3 of G.S. 49 is not required. As Tidwell stated, \u201cClearly, this statute contemplates that such rights may be determined and enforced in the action brought pursuant to G.S. 49-14. . . .\u201d 290 N.C. at 115, 225 S.E. 2d at 826.\nG.S. 50-13.4(b) places the primary liability for the support of a legitimate minor child on both parents. Other circumstances may be considered, including the relative ability of the parties to pay. G.S. 5043.4(c). These sections should be considered here in determining the defendant\u2019s liability for the support of the minor child. G.S. 49-15. See R. Lee, N.C. Family Law \u00a7 251 (4th ed. 1981).\nBecause no findings were made below about the child\u2019s reasonable needs and the father\u2019s ability to pay them, we remand for such findings.\nIV. Summary judgment for the plaintiff\nWe note that G.S. 1A-1, Rule 56 provides for summary judgment in favor of the plaintiff in appropriate cases even when the motion was oral, as in this case.\nIn addition, G.S. 1A-1, Rule 56(d) allows for a partial summary judgment when there is no genuine issue as to a material fact on part of the issues. When this case is returned for a determination of the amount of the child\u2019s reasonable needs and the defendant\u2019s ability to pay them, the other issues on which we have entered summary judgment for the plaintiff are deemed established. See W. Shuford, supra, at \u00a7 56-10.\nIn summary, we hold that summary judgment was improperly entered for the defendant and should have been entered for the plaintiff. But we remand for a finding on the reasonable needs of the minor child and the ability of the defendant to pay them.\nReversed and remanded.\nJudge BECTON concurs.\nJudge Phillips dissents.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "ARNOLD, Judge."
      },
      {
        "text": "Judge PHILLIPS\ndissenting.\nIn my opinion the majority has misapplied the collateral estoppel doctrine; not by ruling that the defendant is estopped to deny that he is the child\u2019s father, as the 1974 proceeding established, but by failing to also give effect to the other adjudication made in that proceeding. The same judgment, it seems to me, that estops the defendant on the paternity issue because it recites his plea of guilty to bastardy also estops the State, the mother, and the plaintiff subrogee on the obligation to pay issue, because it recites that the plea was part of a negotiated lump sum settlement made with the State and the child\u2019s mother, and approved by the court pursuant to G.S. 49-7. Furthermore, the judgment relied upon by the plaintiff to establish its case also establishes that another court has continuing control over defendant\u2019s obligation to the child and has had ever since the judgment was rendered; and that therefore any relief that the plaintiffs are entitled to must be obtained through that court, in that proceeding, if at all.\nThough some judges and lawyers take the view that bastardy cases cannot be settled because of the child\u2019s right to support during minority, I am of the opinion that any criminal case can be settled through plea bargaining and that the lump sum payment proviso included in G.S. 49-7 was put there by the Legislature for the purpose of facilitating the settlement of disputed bastardy cases. Explicit in the judgment rendered is that extracting nearly $3,000 from the defendant in exchange for his chance to escape scot-free was in the best interest of the State, the mother and the child; and I see nothing in the judgment to support the belief that the lump sum agreed to and ordered merely discharged defendant\u2019s obligations up to that time. On the contrary, it seems to me, the judgment was a final disposition of the defendant\u2019s obligation to contribute to the support of the child, subject only to the power of the court in that case, as the statute expressly permits, to require additional payments of him if and when the circumstances warrant. Since the Superior Court of Wilkes County, which determined what amount defendant should pay for the support of the child, still has control of the matter, plaintiffs\u2019 action in another and subordinate court cannot lie; which is another reason why the judgment below dismissing this case was correct.",
        "type": "dissent",
        "author": "Judge PHILLIPS"
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Paul W. Freeman, Jr. for plaintiff-appellant.",
      "Franklin Smith for defendant-appellee."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "WILKES COUNTY, By and Through Its Child Support Enforcement Agency, Ex Rel. SHIRLEY WHITAKER NATIONS and BETTY WHITAKER, Plaintiff v. JUNIOR GENTRY, Defendant\nNo. 8223DC508\n(Filed 2 August 1983)\nBastards \u00a7 1\u2014 failure to support illegitimate child \u2014 prior criminal action establishing paternity and ordering lump sum settlement\nSummary judgment was improperly entered for defendant and should have been entered for the plaintiff in an action to establish the paternity of a minor child, to recover for past public assistance paid for the child\u2019s support, and to order the defendant to pay continuing child support. A 1974 guilty plea by the defendant to a criminal charge of nonsupport of an illegitimate child, and an order to pay a lump sum plus medical expenses to the child\u2019s mother for the child\u2019s benefit, did not bar the subsequent civil action by a county social services department for child support.. G.S. 49-7; G.S. 49-2; G.S. 110-135; G.S. 110-129(3); G.S. 110-137; G.S. 49-15; and G.S. 5043.4(b) and (c).\nJudge Phillips dissenting.\nAPPEAL by plaintiff from Osborne, Judge. Judgment entered 15 March 1982 in District Court, WILKES County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 17 March 1983.\nThis case is an attempt to establish the paternity of a minor child, to recover for past public assistance paid for the child\u2019s support, and to order the defendant to pay continuing child support.\nThe minor child was born on 27 September 1973 to Shirley Darlene Whitaker [now Nations]. Although the defendant denies paternity, the record contains a certified copy of a guilty plea by him to nonsupport of an illegitmate child on 27 June 1974. That 1974 criminal action, which was initiated by the child\u2019s mother, resulted in an order that prayer for judgment be continued on the condition that the defendant pay a lump sum settlement of $2,500 to the mother and the hospital and doctor expenses incident to the child\u2019s birth.\nAn affidavit of the Child Support Enforcement Officer of Wilkes County indicates that the Wilkes County Department of Social Services is paying $127 per month for the support of the minor child and had paid a total of $1,352.50 by 26 February 1982.\nThe defendant\u2019s answer denied paternity and pled the statute of limitations as a bar. Although the defendant offered no evidence, the trial judge granted his motion for summary judgment and denied a similar motion by the plaintiff. From this ruling, the plaintiff appealed.\nPaul W. Freeman, Jr. for plaintiff-appellant.\nFranklin Smith for defendant-appellee."
  },
  "file_name": "0432-01",
  "first_page_order": 464,
  "last_page_order": 471
}
