{
  "id": 8527814,
  "name": "AMERICAN TOURS, INC. v. LIBERTY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, a corporation, and EMPIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, a corporation",
  "name_abbreviation": "American Tours, Inc. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance",
  "decision_date": "1984-06-05",
  "docket_number": "No. 8326SC91",
  "first_page": "668",
  "last_page": "671",
  "citations": [
    {
      "type": "official",
      "cite": "68 N.C. App. 668"
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  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.",
    "id": 14983,
    "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals"
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    "id": 5,
    "name_long": "North Carolina",
    "name": "N.C."
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      "cite": "196 S.E. 2d 243",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
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      "cite": "283 N.C. 309",
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      "cite": "262 S.E. 2d 296",
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      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1980,
      "opinion_index": 0
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    {
      "cite": "45 N.C. App. 30",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
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      "year": 1980,
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    {
      "cite": "243 S.E. 2d 429",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1978,
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "36 N.C. App. 173",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        8552010
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      "year": 1978,
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        "/nc-app/36/0173-01"
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    {
      "cite": "133 S.E. 2d 704",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1963,
      "opinion_index": 0
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    {
      "cite": "260 N.C. 723",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
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        8576162
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      "year": 1963,
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    {
      "cite": "194 S.E. 2d 834",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1973,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "837"
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    {
      "cite": "283 N.C. 87",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8557714
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          "page": "91"
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  "analysis": {
    "cardinality": 396,
    "char_count": 7951,
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:24:21.303361+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
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  "casebody": {
    "judges": [
      "Judges Wells and Whichard concur."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "AMERICAN TOURS, INC. v. LIBERTY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, a corporation, and EMPIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, a corporation"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "WEBB, Judge.\nWe affirm the judgment of the superior court. At the time of the accident G.S. 20-281 provided in part:\n\u201cFrom and after July 1, 1953, it shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to engage in the business of renting or leasing motor vehicles to the public for operation by the rentee or lessee unless such person, firm or corporation has secured insurance for his own liability and that of his rentee or lessee, in such an amount as is hereinafter provided.Each such motor vehicle leased or rented must be covered by a policy of liability insurance insuring the owner and rentee or lessee and their agents and employees while in the performance of their duties against loss from any liability imposed by law for damages . . . subject to the following minimum limits: . . . five thousand dollars ($5,000) because of injury to or destruction of property of others in any one accident.\u201d\nPursuant to the requirement of the statute, Liberty Mutual provided a liability policy to Borough. The policy does not say that agents of lessees are covered. So far as we can determine, there has been no case which has dealt with the question of whether the requirements of G.S. 20-281 are a part of an automobile lessor\u2019s liability insurance policy. In interpreting G.S. 20-279.21, our Supreme Court said \u201cthe provisions of a statute applicable to insurance policies are a part of the policy to the same extent as if therein written . . . .\u201d Insurance Co. v. Casualty Co., 283 N.C. 87, 91, 194 S.E. 2d 834, 837 (1973). We see no reason why this rule should not apply to G.S. 20-281. We hold that the statutory requirement of G.S. 20-281 that an automobile lessor\u2019s liability policy covers agents of the lessee is a part of the policy issued by Liberty Mutual to Borough, and an agent of Mr. Mobley at the time of the accident was covered.\nThe superior court concluded that Beverly Mobley Ham was an agent of Robert Mobley at the time of the accident. We believe this conclusion is correct. In driving the vehicle to his place of employment she was acting on his behalf and subject to his control. See Restatement (Second) of Agency \u00a7 1 (1958) for a definition of agency. If she was his agent, she was covered by the policy although Mr. Mobley violated the terms of the lease by letting her drive the automobile.\nThe defendant argues that G.S. 20-281 does not apply to agents of a lessee. The defendant says the first sentence of the statute defines the r\u00e9quired coverage and it does not include agents of the lessee. It contends that to read the second sentence of the statute to require that agents of a lessee be covered interprets the statute to hold that the legislature gives a direct statement of purpose in the first sentence and materially alters the purpose in the second sentence. We do not believe the two sentences are in conflict. As we read them, the second sentence prescribes in more detail the coverage required by the first sentence.\nThe defendant also argues that the superior court erred in holding that Beverly Mobley Ham was the agent of Mr. Mobley at the time of the accident. It contends he knew he was violating the terms of the lease agreement when he allowed a person under 21 years of age to drive the automobile. We do not believe the fact that Mr. Mobley knowingly violated the terms of the lease agreement kept his daughter from being his agent if she otherwise fit the description. The defendant contends further that allowing Mr. Mobley to create an agency with his daughter broadens the scope of the coverage. We do not believe this is correct. If the policy covers agents of the lessee, its scope is not broadened when an agent is covered. The defendant argues further that it should be against public policy to allow Mr. Mobley to better himself by breaching his contract. There is also a policy against uninsured automobiles being on the highway. If the interpretation of the statute and insurance contract is to be based on policy, we believe this policy should prevail.\nFinally, the defendant argues that if it is to be liable it should only be liable in the amount of $5,000, the statutory minimum at the time of the accident. It relies on Woodruff v. Insurance Co., 260 N.C. 723, 133 S.E. 2d 704 (1963) and Caison v. Insurance Co., 36 N.C. App. 173, 243 S.E. 2d 429 (1978), later appealed, 45 N.C. App. 30, 262 S.E. 2d 296 (1980). In each of those cases the insurance company had provided coverage in excess of that required by Chapter 20, Article 9A of the General Statutes. G.S. 20-279.21(g) provides specifically that any coverage which a policy provides in excess of or in addition to required coverage shall not be subject to the provisions of Article 9A. Relying on G.S. 20-279.21(g), the Courts in Woodruff and Caison held that as to excess coverage, the terms of the policy and not the statutory provision should govern. G.S. 20-281, which controls this case, is a part of Article 11 of Chapter 20. G.S. 20-279.21(g) does not apply to it. We have held that Liberty Mutual has provided coverage to Beverly Mobley Ham. We hold that Liberty Mutual is liable for the full amount of coverage provided.\nInsurance Co. v. Broughton, 283 N.C. 309, 196 S.E. 2d 243 (1973) deals with G.S. 20-281 but there is not a question of agency involved in that case. It has no application to this case.\nAffirmed.\nJudges Wells and Whichard concur.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "WEBB, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Myers, Ray and Myers, by R. Lee Myers, for plaintiff ap-pellee.",
      "Golding, Crews, Meekins, Gordon and Gray, by John G. Golding and David N. Allen, for defendant appellant Liberty Mutual Insurance Company."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "AMERICAN TOURS, INC. v. LIBERTY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, a corporation, and EMPIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, a corporation\nNo. 8326SC91\n(Filed 5 June 1984)\nInsurance \u00a7 87\u2014 underaged daughter as agent of lessee of leased vehicle \u2014 liability of insurance company on policy\nThe trial court properly found in a declaratory judgment action to determine the liability of defendant on a policy of automobile liability insurance that the lessee\u2019s daughter was acting as agent of her father at the time of an accident although the lessee violated the terms of the lease by allowing her to drive the vehicle, and defendant was liable for the full amount of the coverage provided. G.S. 20-279.21(g) and G.S. 20-281.\nAppeal by defendant Liberty Mutual Insurance Company from Gaines, Judge. Judgment entered 20 October 1982 in Superior Court, Mecklenburg County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 9 December 1983.\nThis is a declaratory judgment action to determine the liability of Liberty Mutual Insurance company on a policy of automobile liability insurance. The parties stipulated to the following facts. Borough Leasing Company is in the business of leasing automobiles. Liberty Mutual issued an automobile liability insurance policy to Borough which provided that additional assureds included Borough and its \u201clessees and rentees.\u201d Borough leased an automobile to Robert Mobley. The lease agreement provided that in no event would the vehicle be used by anyone who is not 21 years of age.\nOn 11 August 1977, Robert Mobley was driving a truck for his employer. On that date, he directed his 19-year-old daughter Beverly Mobley Ham to follow him in the leased vehicle from his home to his place of employment so that he would have a way to return home. Beverly Mobley Ham was involved in an accident with a vehicle owned by the plaintiff as she was following her father. The plaintiff recovered a judgment for $25,868.00 for property damage against Beverly Mobley Ham. The defendant refused to pay this judgment.\nThe court found that Robert Mobley was a \u201crentee or lessee\u201d of the vehicle and Beverly Mobley Ham was acting as agent of her father at the time of the accident although he violated the terms of the lease by allowing her to drive the vehicle. Judgment for $25,000.00, the full extent of the policy coverage, was entered against Liberty Mutual. Liberty Mutual appealed.\nMyers, Ray and Myers, by R. Lee Myers, for plaintiff ap-pellee.\nGolding, Crews, Meekins, Gordon and Gray, by John G. Golding and David N. Allen, for defendant appellant Liberty Mutual Insurance Company."
  },
  "file_name": "0668-01",
  "first_page_order": 700,
  "last_page_order": 703
}
