{ "id": 8525255, "name": "THE LITTLE RED SCHOOL HOUSE, LIMITED, Z. H. HOWERTON, JR., Trustee, PATRICIA A. BALLINGER, EMILY RUTH BALLINGER, and MAX D. BALLINGER v. THE CITY OF GREENSBORO, a municipality, and THE GREENSBORO CITY COUNCIL, the Governing Board of the City of Greensboro", "name_abbreviation": "Little Red School House, Ltd. v. City of Greensboro", "decision_date": "1984-11-20", "docket_number": "No. 8418SC80", "first_page": "332", "last_page": "342", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "71 N.C. App. 332" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "319 S.E. 2d 323", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1984, "opinion_index": -1 }, { "cite": "70 N.C. App. 252", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8521485 ], "year": 1984, "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/70/0252-01" ] }, { "cite": "66 N.C. App. 472", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8525503 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/66/0472-01" ] }, { "cite": "177 S.E. 429", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1934, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "207 N.C. 450", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8626488 ], "year": 1934, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/207/0450-01" ] }, { "cite": "62 S.E. 758", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "weight": 2, "year": 1908, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "149 N.C. 65", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11269620 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1908, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/149/0065-01" ] }, { "cite": "311 S.E. 2d 898", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "218 S.E. 2d 368", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1975, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "288 N.C. 338", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8568288 ], "year": 1975, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/288/0338-01" ] }, { "cite": "284 S.E. 2d 470", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "554-55" }, { "page": "474" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "304 N.C. 549", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8569486 ], "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/304/0549-01" ] }, { "cite": "319 S.E. 2d 323", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "325" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "70 N.C. App. 252", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8521485 ], "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/70/0252-01" ] }, { "cite": "66 N.C. App. 472", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8525503 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/66/0472-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 844, "char_count": 23084, "ocr_confidence": 0.833, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.2909096922926807e-07, "percentile": 0.7862769219363754 }, "sha256": "884d903fa047262159f79b4911c714b3cfd751b96663c6859c6ef0abdefcc232", "simhash": "1:80bf57719b689e38", "word_count": 3723 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:51:06.115640+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judges WEBB and HILL concur." ], "parties": [ "THE LITTLE RED SCHOOL HOUSE, LIMITED, Z. H. HOWERTON, JR., Trustee, PATRICIA A. BALLINGER, EMILY RUTH BALLINGER, and MAX D. BALLINGER v. THE CITY OF GREENSBORO, a municipality, and THE GREENSBORO CITY COUNCIL, the Governing Board of the City of Greensboro" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "HEDRICK, Judge.\nBy Assignments of Error Nos. 2, 7, 11, and 23, petitioners contend that the trial court erred in determining that the City of Greensboro complied with N.C. Gen. Stat. Sec. 160A-47 in connection with the provision of water and sewer services to the annexed area. G.S. 160A-47 in pertinent part provides:\nA municipality exercising authority under this Part shall make plans for the extension of services to the area proposed to be annexed and shall . . . prepare a report setting forth such plans to provide services to such area. The report shall include:\n(1) A map ... of the municipality and adjacent territory to show the following information:\nb. The present major trunk water mains and sewer interceptors and outfalls, and the proposed extensions of such mains and outfalls. . . .\n(3) A statement setting forth the plans of the municipality for extending to the area to be annexed each major municipal service performed within the municipality at the time of annexation. Specifically, such plans shall:\nb. Provide for extension of major trunk water mains and sewer outfall lines into the area to be annexed. . . .\nc. If extension of major trunk water mains and sewer outfall lines into the area to be annexed is necessary, set forth a proposed timetable for construction of such mains and outfalls as soon as possible following the effective date of annexation.\nOur appellate courts have discussed G.S. 160A-47 on several occasions. In In re Annexation Ordinance, 304 N.C. 549, 284 S.E. 2d 470 (1981), our Supreme Court said:\nThe central purpose behind our annexation procedure is to assure that, in return for the added financial burden of municipal taxation, the residents receive the benefits of all the major services available to municipal residents. [Citations omitted.] The minimum requirements of the statute are that the City provide information which is necessary to allow the public and the courts to determine whether the municipality has committed itself to provide a nondiscriminatory level of service and to allow a reviewing court to determine after the fact whether the municipality has timely provided such services. ... We believe that the report need contain only the following: (1) information on the level of services then available in the City, (2) a commitment by the City to provide this same level of services in the annexed area within the statutory period, and (3) the method by which the City will finance the extension of these services.\nId. at 554-55, 284 S.E. 2d at 474.\nIn the instant case, the Report prepared by the City pursuant to G.S. 160A-47 contains the following plans concerning water and sewer services:\nI. City Water Service \u2014 Water service will be provided in accordance with City ordinances and policies applicable at the time extensions are made. Preparation of plans and specifications will begin prior to the effective date of annexation. Contracts will be let and construction begun within one year after the effective date of annexation on all major water lines to serve the areas involved, as required by State law. (Exhibits L, M and N).\nWater service to all public streets in the areas to be annexed will be extended on the same basis as is now used in the existing city. Service is extended upon receipt of a petition from more than 50 percent of the number of property owners on a street, who collectively own more than 50 percent of the property frontage on the street. The City Council may also extend services, without such a petition, on the basis of public necessity. In either case the property owner is assessed at a specified maximum rate with the rate not to exceed the cost of a six inch line.\nThe cost of installation for major lines will be financed by appropriation from the water construction account in the Water and Sewer Operating Fund. Assessments levied for these lines will be used to install additional lines with the difference between cost of installation of lines and cost assessed being made up from current revenues from water and sewer charges. The estimated cost for extending major water lines is $715,000.\nJ. City Sewer Service \u2014 City sewer service will be provided in accordance with City ordinances and policies applicable at the time extensions are made. Preparation of plans and specifications for major sanitary sewer outfalls, collectors and any lift stations will begin prior to the effective date of annexation. Contracts will be let and construction begun on these facilities within one year after the effective date of annexation as required by State law. (Exhibits O, P and Q).\nExhibits O, P and Q identify major sanitary sewer outfalls, collectors and lift stations that are existing and/or necessary to serve the annexation areas. The Horsepen Creek project, which is indicated on Exhibits P and Q, is a Federal, State and County approved and funded project. Bids are scheduled to be received on November 5, 1981, with construction anticipated to begin by Spring of 1982 and completion by Fall of 1983.\nSewer services to all public streets in the areas will be extended upon the same basis as is now used in the existing city. Service is extended upon receipt of a petition from more than 50 percent of the number of property owners, who collectively own more than 50 percent of the property frontage on a street. The City Council may also extend service without such a petition on the basis of public necessity. In either case the property owner is assessed at a specified maximum rate with the rate not to exceed the cost of an eight inch line.\nThe cost of installation for sewer outfalls, collectors and lift stations, will be financed by appropriation from the sewer construction fund in the Water and Sewer Operating Fund. Assessments levied for these lines will be used to install additional lines with the difference between cost of installation of the lines and cost assessed being made up from current revenues from water and sewer charges. The estimated cost of extending major sewer lines is $235,000.\nAlso included in the Report are maps showing existing and proposed water mains and sewer lines in Area M. We think it clear that the Report prepared by the City substantially complies with the statutory requirements. Petitioners\u2019 attempts to distinguish plans to provide water from plans to provide water trunk lines, and their contentions regarding probable accelerated growth in Area M are of no avail, and we hold they have failed to carry their burden of demonstrating the City\u2019s noncompliance with G.S. 160A-47.\nPetitioners next assign error to the court\u2019s \u201cfindings of fact and conclusions of law that the character of the area sought to be annexed met the requirements of G.S. 160A-48(c) and G.S. 160A-48(d).\u201d N.C. Gen. Stat. Sec. 160A-48(c) requires that \u201c[p]art or all of the area to be annexed must be developed for urban purposes,\u201d and sets out three standards by which compliance with this requirement is to be measured. N.C. Gen. Stat. Sec. 160A-48(d) provides for the inclusion of areas not developed for urban purposes \u201cwhich constitute necessary land connections between the municipality and areas developed for urban purposes or between two or more areas developed for urban purposes.\u201d\nIn connection with compliance with G.S. 160A-48(c) and (d), Judge Seay made detailed findings of fact to the following effect: Area M is divided into subareas M-l, M-2, and M-3. Subareas M-l and M-3 meet the requirements of G.S. 160A-48(c)(l), each having a resident population exceeding two persons per acre. Subarea M-2 does not meet the requirements of G.S. 160A-48(c), and thus is not an \u201carea developed for urban purposes,\u201d but does fully comply with the requirements of G.S. 160A-48(d), having 74.9% of its external boundary adjacent to the boundaries of the municipality and subareas M-l and M-3.\nPetitioners challenge the court\u2019s findings and conclusions on two grounds: first, they contend \u201c[t]he sub-areas M-l, M-2, and M-3 were, and remain, totally undescribed.\u201d We reject petitioners\u2019 contentions in this regard for three reasons. First, we are aware of no authority, and petitioners cite none, requiring the City to provide a precise description of subareas considered for annexation. Second, Exhibit E contained in the Services Report prepared by the City is a map of Area M clearly showing the outlines of the subareas. Finally, we note that petitioners have shown no material prejudice to their substantive rights resulting from their claimed ignorance of the boundaries of the subareas.\nPetitioners next contend that \u201cthe population figures used by the City for that nebulous area of M-l were overstated by 640 persons,\u201d resulting in an average resident population of less than two persons per acre, disqualifying subarea M-l for annexation under G.S. 160A-48(c).\nG.S. 160A-54 in pertinent part provides:\nIn determining population and degree of land subdivision for purposes of meeting the requirements of G.S. 160A-48, the municipality shall use methods' calculated to provide reasonably accurate results. In determining whether the standards set forth in G.S. 160A-48 have been met on appeal to the superior court under G.S. 160A-50, the reviewing court shall accept the estimates of the municipality:\n(1) As to population, if the estimate is based on the number of dwelling units in the area multiplied by the average family size in such area, or in the township or townships of which such area is a part, as determined by the last preceding federal decennial census; or if it based on a new enumeration carried out under reasonable rules and regulations by the annexing municipality; provided, that the court shall not accept such estimates if the petitioners demonstrate that such estimates are in error in the amount of ten percent (10%) or more.\nJudge Seay made detailed findings of fact and conclusions of law in regard to the methods used by the City to determine the population in the annexed areas, including the following:\n14. As part of the method used by the City in determining the population in the annexed areas, the City used the number of dwelling units in those areas multiplied by the persons per dwelling unit, as determined by calculations from the preliminary Census Bureau counts of population in the annexed areas. In doing so the City used figures and information gathered by officials from the United States Census Bureau.\nIn making the determination of whether there were at least two persons per acre in the annexed areas, the City used the Census Bureau\u2019s information contained in the Preliminary 1980 Census Computer Printout in Guilford County, which contained population data on the enumeration district level, which was the smallest area for which population and housing data was available. This method of determining persons per dwelling unit was used because it was the most accurate method possible to be sure that the population figures were correct.\nThe Court finds that the methods used to determine the acreage, population, number of dwelling units, and number of persons per acre comply with the requirements of the statute. . . .\n3. That the method used by the City of Greensboro in determining the usage and population of the annexed areas is legal and proper and within the standards required by G.S. 160A-48 and G.S. 160A-54.\nIt is elementary that the trial court\u2019s findings of fact are conclusive if supported by any competent evidence, even though contrary evidence is also presented. Williams v. Insurance Co., 288 N.C. 338, 218 S.E. 2d 368 (1975). In the instant case the City offered plenary evidence tending to show full compliance with the statutory requirements, and which amply supports the court\u2019s findings of fact. Petitioners\u2019 attempts to impeach this evidence were obviously not found credible by the trial court. We note in particular, in response to repeated complaints in petitioners\u2019 brief about the City\u2019s use of preliminary census figures, that reliance on preliminary census figures was specifically sanctioned by this Court in In re Durham Annexation Ordinance, 66 N.C. App. 472, 311 S.E. 2d 898 (1984). We find no error in the findings of fact and conclusions of law challenged by petitioners in these assignments of error.\nPetitioners next contend the annexation ordinance should be vacated due to the City\u2019s failure to comply with the statutory procedures set out in G.S. 160A-49. Specifically, petitioners contend that the public hearing, required by G.S. 160A-49 and conducted by the City on 2 and 4 November, 1981, \u201cwas a mere formality,\u201d and a \u201cceremonial assemblage misnamed a \u2018hearing.\u2019 \u201d Petitioners complain that the mayor and Council members were insufficiently attentive to the speakers at the 4 November hearing, sometimes leaving their chairs and talking with each other. The record reveals that the 4 November hearing was attended by more than 1,000 persons, that the hearing lasted some five and one half hours, ending at 1:00 A.M., and that numerous persons, including petitioners, were permitted to speak. Petitioners\u2019 contentions in connection with this assignment of error approach absurdity.\nPetitioners next argue that the City acted \u201carbitrarily, capriciously, or in an unreasonable manner in annexing the petitioners\u2019 property so as to produce unfair and inequitable results not in keeping with legislative intent.\u201d While petitioners make reference to a number of entirely irrelevant facts in the portion of their brief discussing this question, careful scrutiny reveals that the gist of their argument is that the City failed to comply with the statutory requirements set out in G.S. 160A-47, -48, and -49. We have upheld the trial court\u2019s determination that there was substantial compliance with the statutory requirements, and thus find these assignments of error without merit.\nBy Assignments of Error 18 and 23, petitioners argue the court erred in concluding that the City had complied \u201cwith the requirements of 160A-48(e) respecting boundaries of the annexation area as relates to these petitioners\u2019 property.\u201d The issue argued by petitioners was decided in Campbell v. City of Greensboro, 70 N.C. App. 252, 319 S.E. 2d 323 (1984), a case involving an appeal by other property owners in the annexed areas from the same judgment as that appealed from by petitioners in the instant case. In Campbell this Court held that there is \u201cmuch competent evidence\u201d to support the findings of fact, which in turn support the conclusion that the City substantially complied with G.S. 160A-48(e). The assignments of error are thus overruled.\nBy Assignments of Error Nos. 12, 1, 23, and 13, petitioners contend that certain portions of the statues governing annexation are unconstitutional, in that they \u201cviolate the petitioners\u2019 constitutional right to equal protection of the laws\u201d under the United States and North Carolina Constitutions, and that they \u201cviolate the local act prohibition\u201d contained in the North Carolina Constitution. In support of these assignments of error, petitioners purport to \u201cincorporate into their brief and adopt the argument on this question presented in the Campbell petitioners\u2019 brief as their argument on this particular question.\u201d Assuming arguendo that such a practice is permissible under the Rules of Appellate Procedure so as to preserve petitioners\u2019 right to have this question considered on appeal, we note that this Court rejected identical contentions in Campbell, and we are bound by its ruling in this regard. Id. at 254, 319 S.E. 2d at 325.\nPetitioners next argue that the court erred \u201cin failing to find as fact and determine as a matter of law that the annexation statute, Part 3 of Article 4A of Chapter 160A, as enacted and as applied by the City of Greensboro was a revenue bill and viola-tive of Article II, Section 23, of the North Carolina Constitution in that it was not passed in accordance with the constitutional provisions for the enactment of revenue bills.\u201d In brief, petitioners contend that the annexation statute was subject to the constitutional requirement, applicable to the enactment of revenue bills, that the proposed statute be read three times in each house of the General Assembly, that these statutes were not so read, and that Chapter 160A, Article 4A, Part 3, is void. The same argument was unsuccessfully made to our Supreme Court in 1908 in a case involving an extension of the Fayetteville municipal boundaries. Lutterloh v. Fayetteville, 149 N.C. 65, 62 S.E. 758 (1908). The argument has not improved with age. The assignment of error is without merit.\nPetitioners next contend that the court erred \u201cin determining as a matter of law that the annexation statutes under which the City of Greensboro purported to annex were not in the nature of retrospective taxation statutes prohibited by Article 1, Section 16, of the North Carolina Constitution.\u201d Having ruled that the annexation statutes are not taxation statutes, it follows that they are not \u201cretrospective taxation statutes.\u201d See Matthews v. Blowing Rock, 207 N.C. 450, 177 S.E. 429 (1934); Lutterloh v. Fayetteville, 149 N.C. 65, 62 S.E. 758 (1908). The assignment of error is without merit.\nPetitioners\u2019 remaining assignments of error are based on the premise that the court erred in one of the numerous rulings discussed above. Having found no error in these rulings, we find it unnecessary to discuss these assignments of error. The judgment appealed from is in all respects affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nJudges WEBB and HILL concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "HEDRICK, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Max D. Ballinger for petitioners, appellants.", "Dale Shepherd and Linda A. Miles for respondent, appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE LITTLE RED SCHOOL HOUSE, LIMITED, Z. H. HOWERTON, JR., Trustee, PATRICIA A. BALLINGER, EMILY RUTH BALLINGER, and MAX D. BALLINGER v. THE CITY OF GREENSBORO, a municipality, and THE GREENSBORO CITY COUNCIL, the Governing Board of the City of Greensboro\nNo. 8418SC80\n(Filed 20 November 1984)\n1. Municipal Corporations \u00a7 2.6\u2014 annexation \u2014 plans for water and sewer service \u2014 adequate\nThe report issued by the City in connection with its annexation of petitioners\u2019 property substantially complied with the requirements of G.S. 160A-47 concerning the provision of water and sewer services in the annexed areas.\n2. Municipal Corporations \u00a7 2.2\u2014 annexation \u2014use of area \u2014 description of subareas\nAlthough the area sought to be annexed was broken into three subareas for determining under G.S. 160-48(c) and (d) whether the area was urban or connected urban areas, there is no authority requiring a precise description of the subareas, the Services Report prepared by the City contained a map clearly showing the outlines of the subareas, and petitioners have shown no material prejudice to their substantive rights resulting from their claimed ignorance of the boundaries of the subareas.\n3. Municipal Corporations \u00a7 2.2\u2014 annexation \u2014population density \u2014 evidence sufficient \u2014 use of preliminary census figures approved\nThe court\u2019s findings that the City had complied with statutory requirements in determining population and degree of land subdivision were supported by plenary evidence, and are therefore conclusive. The use of preliminary census figures was specifically sanctioned in In re Durham Annexation Ordinance, 66 N.C. App. 472. G.S. 160A-48(c), G.S. 160A-54.\n4. Municipal Corporations \u00a7 2\u2014 annexation \u2014 conduct of hearing \u2014 proper\nThe City conducted a proper hearing under G.S. 160A-49, despite petitioners' complaints that the mayor and council members were insufficiently attentive to the speakers, sometimes leaving their chairs and talking with each other, where the record reveals that the hearing was attended by more than 1,000 persons, that the hearing lasted five and one-half hours, ending at 1:00 a.m., and that numerous persons, including petitioners, were permitted to speak.\n5. Municipal Corporations 8 2\u2014 annexation procedure \u2014 proper\nThe City did not act arbitrarily, capriciously, or in an unreasonable manner in annexing the petitioners\u2019 property, and complied with the statutory requirements set out in G.S. 160A-47, 48, and 49.\n6. Municipal Corporations \u00a7 2.3\u2014 annexation \u2014 compliance with statutory requirements\nThere was much competent evidence to support the finding that the City substantially complied with the requirements of G.S. 160A-48(e) respecting the boundaries of the annexation area as related to the petitioners\u2019 property.\n7. Municipal Corporations 8 2\u2014 annexation \u2014no violation of equal protection or local act prohibition\nThe statutes governing annexation do not violate the petitioners\u2019 constitutional right to equal protection and do not violate the local act prohibition of the North Carolina Constitution.\n8. Municipal Corporations 8 2\u2014 annexation statute not a revenue bill\nThe annexation statute, Part 3 of Article 4A of Chapter 160A, as enacted and as applied by the City of Greensboro, was not a revenue bill required to be read three times in each house of the General Assembly.\n9. Municipal Corporations 8 2\u2014 annexation statutes not retroactive taxation statutes\nThe annexation statutes under which the City acted were not taxation statutes, and therefore were not retroactive taxation statutes. Art. I, \u00a7 16, North Carolina Constitution.\nAPPEAL by petitioners from Seay, Judge. Judgment entered 23 March 1983 in Superior Court, Guilford County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 23 October 1984.\nThis is an appeal from a final judgment affirming an ordinance of annexation enacted by the Greensboro City Council on 16 November 1981. The record reveals the following:\nOn 1 October 1981 the City Council of Greensboro adopted a resolution announcing its intent to consider the annexation of three areas lying just outside the Greensboro city limits. On 19 October the City Council received and approved an annexation report containing plans for extension of services to the areas being considered for annexation, pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. Sec. 160A-47. On 2 and 4 November 1981, following proper and timely notice, public hearings were held on the proposed annexation. On 16 November the ordinances of annexation were enacted by the City Council. On 17 December 1981 two groups of persons owning property in the areas annexed filed petitions seeking judicial review of the annexation ordinances in Superior Court, pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. Sec. 160A-50. The two appeals were heard and tried together in superior court. On 23 March 1983 the superior court entered judgment affirming the ordinances appealed from. Both groups of property owners appealed Judge Seay\u2019s decision to this Court. On 4 September 1984 this Court affirmed Judge Seay\u2019s decision, insofar as it related to one group of property owners in Campbell v. City of Greensboro, 70 N.C. App. 252, 319 S.E. 2d 323 (1984). The instant appeal is that taken by the second group of petitioners, all of whom own property in \u201cArea M\u201d \u2014one of the three areas annexed. The questions presented on this appeal thus relate solely to that part of Judge Seay\u2019s order pertaining to Ordinance 81-106, authorizing annexation of that property hereinafter referred to as Area M.\nMax D. Ballinger for petitioners, appellants.\nDale Shepherd and Linda A. Miles for respondent, appellee." }, "file_name": "0332-01", "first_page_order": 366, "last_page_order": 376 }