{
  "id": 8522139,
  "name": "JAMES KIRBY HAMILTON, Executor of the Estate of Darren Keith Hamilton, deceased v. THE TRAVELERS INDEMNITY COMPANY, a stock insurance company",
  "name_abbreviation": "Hamilton v. Travelers Indemnity Co.",
  "decision_date": "1985-10-15",
  "docket_number": "No. 8529SC149",
  "first_page": "318",
  "last_page": "324",
  "citations": [
    {
      "type": "official",
      "cite": "77 N.C. App. 318"
    }
  ],
  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.",
    "id": 14983,
    "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals"
  },
  "jurisdiction": {
    "id": 5,
    "name_long": "North Carolina",
    "name": "N.C."
  },
  "cites_to": [
    {
      "cite": "246 S.E. 2d 773",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1978,
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "295 N.C. 500",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8564714
      ],
      "year": 1978,
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/295/0500-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "183 S.E. 2d 247",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1971,
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "279 N.C. 397",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8569058,
        8568932,
        8568969,
        8569105,
        8569144,
        8569019
      ],
      "year": 1971,
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/279/0397-04",
        "/nc/279/0397-01",
        "/nc/279/0397-02",
        "/nc/279/0397-05",
        "/nc/279/0397-06",
        "/nc/279/0397-03"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "182 S.E. 2d 6",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "11 N.C. App. 699",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        8556559
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc-app/11/0699-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "151 P. 2d 1016",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "P.2d",
      "year": 1944,
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "116 Mont. 127",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Mont.",
      "case_ids": [
        5100830
      ],
      "year": 1944,
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/mont/116/0127-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "185 Mont. 164",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "Mont.",
      "case_ids": [
        2571539
      ],
      "weight": 3,
      "year": 1980,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "167-68"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/mont/185/0164-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "24 A.L.R. 4th 13",
      "category": "reporters:specialty",
      "reporter": "A.L.R. 4th",
      "weight": 2,
      "year": 1983,
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "24 A.L.R. 4th 1",
      "category": "reporters:specialty",
      "reporter": "A.L.R. 4th",
      "year": 1981,
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "620 S.W. 2d 476",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.W.2d",
      "case_ids": [
        9973138
      ],
      "year": 1981,
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/sw2d/620/0476-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "254 S.E. 2d 656",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1979,
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "41 N.C. App. 302",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        8549132
      ],
      "year": 1979,
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc-app/41/0302-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "109 R.I. 143",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "R.I.",
      "case_ids": [
        3148920
      ],
      "weight": 2,
      "year": 1971,
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/ri/109/0143-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "218 F. 2d 585",
      "category": "reporters:federal",
      "reporter": "F.2d",
      "case_ids": [
        522728
      ],
      "year": 1955,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "parenthetical": "per curiam"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/f2d/218/0585-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "128 F. Supp. 681",
      "category": "reporters:federal",
      "reporter": "F. Supp.",
      "case_ids": [
        4256460
      ],
      "year": 1954,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "parenthetical": "insurer has no duty to conform existing policy to new statutory minimums"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/f-supp/128/0681-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "191 S.E. 410",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
      "year": 1937,
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "211 N.C. 582",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8628200
      ],
      "year": 1937,
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/211/0582-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "155 S.E. 2d 128",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1967,
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "270 N.C. 532",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8569483
      ],
      "year": 1967,
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/270/0532-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "161 S.E. 2d 453",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1968,
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "274 N.C. 1",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8559308
      ],
      "year": 1968,
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/274/0001-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "172 S.E. 2d 518",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1970,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "parenthetical": "reviewing rules of construction"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "276 N.C. 348",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8561396
      ],
      "year": 1970,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "parenthetical": "reviewing rules of construction"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/276/0348-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "313 S.E. 2d 253",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1984,
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "67 N.C. App. 359",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        8526434
      ],
      "year": 1984,
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc-app/67/0359-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "180 S.E. 2d 823",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1971,
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "278 N.C. 523",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8561041
      ],
      "year": 1971,
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/278/0523-01"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "analysis": {
    "cardinality": 725,
    "char_count": 15325,
    "ocr_confidence": 0.798,
    "pagerank": {
      "raw": 6.570524157179377e-07,
      "percentile": 0.961404506594786
    },
    "sha256": "e9ddba04efbac5b905f4b61bf438ef5ba1a605cc87581500bb5b891454afe171",
    "simhash": "1:91c810611677b67b",
    "word_count": 2397
  },
  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:22:01.691260+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [
      "Judges Johnson and Parker concur."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "JAMES KIRBY HAMILTON, Executor of the Estate of Darren Keith Hamilton, deceased v. THE TRAVELERS INDEMNITY COMPANY, a stock insurance company"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "EAGLES, Judge.\nPlaintiff claims only under the UM coverage; no other liability is asserted under the policy. The parties do not dispute the facts, only the interpretation of the policy and applicable statutory language. Since the case presents only questions of law, summary judgment was appropriate. Kessing v. National Mortgage Corp., 278 N.C. 523, 180 S.E. 2d 823 (1971). The decision of the trial court is fully reviewable here. North Carolina Reins. Facility v. North Carolina Ins. Guaranty Ass\u2019n, 67 N.C. App. 359, 313 S.E. 2d 253 (1984).\nUnder the terms of its UM coverage, defendant obligated itself to do the following:\nTo pay all sums which the insured or his legal representative shall be legally entitled to recover as damages from the owner or operator of an uninsured automobile because of:\n(a) bodily injury, sickness or disease, including death resulting therefrom, hereinafter called \u201cbodily injury,\u201d sustained by the insured;\n* * *\n\u201c[Uninsured automobile\u201d means:\n(a) with respect to damages for bodily injury and property damage an automobile or other vehicle with respect to the ownership, maintenance or use of which there is, in at least the amounts specified in Subsection (c) of Section 20-279.5 of the North Carolina Motor Vehicle Safety and Financial Responsibility Act, neither (1) cash or securities on file with the North Carolina Commissioner of Motor Vehicles nor (2) a bodily injury and property damage liability bond or insurance policy, applicable to the accident with respect to any person or organization legally responsible for the use of such automobile or vehicle. . . .\nThe key language here is \u201cin at least the amounts specified in Subsection (c) of Section 20-279.5 of the North Carolina Motor Vehicle Safety and Financial Responsibility Act.\u201d We note that this language parallels the statutory definition of \u201cuninsured motor vehicle.\u201d G.S. 20-279.21(b)(3). As used here, however, it is part of a contract of insurance. Insurance contracts are construed like other contracts, but in case of ambiguity we construe them against the insurer and in favor of finding coverage. See Wachovia Bank & Trust Co. v. Westchester Fire Ins. Co., 276 N.C. 348, 172 S.E. 2d 518 (1970) (reviewing rules of construction).\nOne of the settled tenets of contract construction is that the law in effect at the time of the execution of the contract becomes part of the contract. Pike v. Wachovia Bank & Trust Co., 274 N.C. 1, 161 S.E. 2d 453 (1968). The contract here was executed after 1 January 1980, at which time the mandatory minimum UM coverage was $25,000 per victim. The amending act which raised the minimum to $25,000 per victim provided that it would not affect policies then in effect. 1979 N.C. Sess. Laws c. 832, s. 12. However, plaintiffs policy was not \u201cin effect\u201d at the time of the amendment, but only became effective when executed in early 1980. At the time the contract was entered into, the language \u201cin at least the amounts specified in [G.S. 20-279.5(c)]\u201d meant in at least the statutory amounts as they then existed. The policy\u2019s coverage letters tend to indicate to the insured that this was in fact the case: they provide $25,000/$50,000 coverage for \u201ceach person\u201d and \u201ceach accident\u201d respectively and premiums are charged accordingly. In the policy language no exceptions for vehicles with lower coverages appear. The contract language \u201cin at least the amounts specified in [G.S. 20-279.5(c)]\u201d allows the construction that plaintiff had contracted for the full $25,000 UM coverage for any covered injury to insured. This is the policy language, not statutory language, and we therefore adopt that construction of the contract. Roberts\u2019 automobile was an \u201cuninsured automobile\u201d as defined under the policy issued by Travelers.\nHad defendant wished to define its UM liability limits in terms that would have allowed it to limit its liability to the lesser amount called for in Roberts\u2019 policy, it could have done so. Defendant\u2019s policy could have provided expressly that compliance with the Act was the key to determining whether a tortfeasor was an uninsured motorist and whether the policy\u2019s UM coverage was invoked. It did not do so, but elected to frame its policy in terms of the \u201camounts specified in\u201d G.S. 20-279.5(c).\nWe believe that our decision is consistent with the legislative intent and policy underlying compulsory UM coverage. UM coverage was designed by the legislature to provide certain minimum financial protection to persons injured by financially irresponsible motorists. Moore v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 270 N.C. 532, 155 S.E. 2d 128 (1967). The legislature decided, as a policy matter, that a certain level of UM coverage was proper, and subsequently reconsidered and increased that minimum level. In increasing the minimum, the legislature did not expressly create any exceptions or exemptions, other than that motorists\u2019 existing policies would not be affected. We doubt that the legislature could have modified existing liability contracts. U.S. Const. Art. I, Section 10 cl. 1; Hood v. Richardson Realty, Inc., 211 N.C. 582, 191 S.E. 410 (1937). The only exception to this legislative policy, as we construe it, would be that motorists with existing policies including UM coverage at the pre-amendment level could not claim up to the new limits if they were struck by an uninsured motorist. If those insureds, before their routinely scheduled policy renewal, desired more UM coverage at the higher, post-amendment level, they could renew their policies early. In the interim, they would not be in violation of the Financial Responsibility Act because they retained their existing, lower-limit policies nor would their insurers be forced to assume additional, uncontracted for liability. See Oksa v. American Employers Ins. Co., 128 F. Supp. 681 (N.D.N.Y. 1954) (insurer has no duty to conform existing policy to new statutory m\u00ednimums), aff\u2019d, 218 F. 2d 585 (2d Cir. 1955) (per curiam).\nOn the other hand, motorists like plaintiff, who contracted and paid premiums for UM coverage after the effective date of the new limits, should receive coverage up to those higher limits. The legislative policy behind UM insurance laws is not to divide liability among insurers or limit insurers\u2019 liability, but to protect the motorist to the extent the statute requires protection against a specific class of tortfeasors. See Pickering v. American Employers Ins. Co., 109 R.I. 143, 282 A. 2d 584 (1971). There is nothing in the legislative scheme suggesting that insured persons should have to concern themselves with the liability insurance limits of tortfeasors; in fact, the very purpose of UM coverage is to ameliorate that concern.\nWe are aware of authority that a tortfeasor is not an \u201cuninsured motorist\u201d even though, because of payments to other plaintiffs, the amount available from which to pay plaintiffs damages is less than the statutory minimum, and even though the result ironically means that the underprotected plaintiff would have been better off if injured by a totally uninsured motorist and permitted to proceed under his own UM coverage. See Tucker v. Peerless Ins. Co., Inc., 41 N.C. App. 302, 254 S.E. 2d 656 (1979); Rogers v. Tennessee Farmers Mut. Ins. Co., 620 S.W. 2d 476, 24 A.L.R. 4th 1 (Tenn. 1981); Annot. 24 A.L.R. 4th 13, Section 8 (1983). However, these cases, including Tucker, involved a tort-feasor fully insured to the required statutory coverage limit per accident then in effect. Those cases concern the legislatively mandated UM upper limit per accident, not UM coverage per victim as here. Where tortfeasors have been sued by single plaintiffs and there has been conflict between the current statutory minimum and the plaintiffs policy, however, courts have been more willing to find plaintiffs insurer liable at least for the difference between the tortfeasor\u2019s insurance and the statutory minimum. Id. section 4.\nOf particular relevance is Oleson v. Farmers Ins. Group, 185 Mont. 164, 605 P. 2d 166 (1980). There plaintiffs UM coverage defined \u201cuninsured motor vehicle\u201d as one for which there was no liability insurance \u201cin at least the amount specified by\u201d the state\u2019s financial responsibility law. The court drew a distinction between the terms \u201cspecify\u201d and \u201crequire,\u201d ruling that \u201cspecify\u201d meant \u201cto name in a specific manner\u201d or \u201cstate precisely.\u201d Id. at 167-68, following Aleksich v. Industrial Accident Fund, 116 Mont. 127, 151 P. 2d 1016 (1944). The statutes under consideration set two different limits. In addition to resolving the conflict in statutory language in favor of plaintiff, the court held that the ambiguity should also be resolved in plaintiffs favor based on general principles of insurance contract law. In holding that the higher coverage limit applied, the Montana court reviewed numerous decisions and observed that where minimum limits conflict, courts typically choose the higher limits.\nFor the reasons stated, we hold that Roberts\u2019 vehicle was an \u201cuninsured automobile\u201d within the meaning of plaintiffs insurance policy with defendant. Under the policy, defendant agreed to provide UM coverage up to $25,000 for this accident. However, other policy language states that \u201cAny amount payable to an insured under [the UM coverage] shall be reduced by . . . all sums paid to such insured ... by or on behalf of a person legally liable therefor. . . .\u201d Plaintiff admits that defendant is entitled to offset amounts already received. Plaintiff has already received more than $25,000 from Roberts\u2019 and Lawrence\u2019s insurers, and therefore has ostensibly lost his rights under the policy.\nNotwithstanding this policy provision, plaintiff argues that each of the three coverage letters provides separate UM coverage paid for by separate premiums, and that these, construed separately, should be considered in the aggregate or \u201cstacked\u201d to yield a total coverage of $75,000. Understandably \u201cstacking\u201d of UM coverage has caused some controversy. See 8C J. Appleman & J. Appleman, Insurance Law & Practice, Sections 5106-8 (1981). Apparently stacking or aggregating coverages may occur under North Carolina\u2019s UM scheme. In Moore v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., supra, the Supreme Court suggested that an insured was not limited to the statutory amount if his other loss was greater than the statutory amount and more than one policy covered the accident. Compare Turner v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 11 N.C. App. 699, 182 S.E. 2d 6 (applying Moore), cert. denied, 279 N.C. 397, 183 S.E. 2d 247 (1971). In Woods v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 295 N.C. 500, 246 S.E. 2d 773 (1978), the court held that policy provisions which require that the terms of the policy should \u201capply separately\u201d to separate automobiles insured under a single policy would allow stacking of medical payments coverages except where there was unambiguous language establishing that the per accident limitation applied regardless of the number of automobiles insured under the policy or other unambiguous language tying the coverages to specific automobiles. See Wachovia Bank & Trust Co. v. Westchester Fire Ins. Co., supra (coverages tied to specific cars, no stacking). It appears then that if stacking is allowed by the policy\u2019s terms, the law of North Carolina would permit it.\nThis policy, no doubt reflecting the \u201cunambiguous language\u201d requirement of Woods, supra, contains the following language relevant to UM coverage:\nThe limit of bodily injury liability stated in the declarations as applicable to \u201ceach person\u201d is the limit of the company\u2019s liability for all damages, including damages for care or loss of services, because of bodily injury sustained by one person as the result of any one accident. . . . (Emphasis added.)\nThe above provision, contained in the single policy issued to plaintiff, applied to all three coverages. Under Woods, supra, it operates to prevent stacking of the separate coverages. Even though it does not contain specific words from Woods such as \u201cregardless of the number of automobiles insured under the policy,\u201d the effect is clearly the same. Therefore, we hold that under this policy plaintiff cannot aggregate or stack UM coverages.\nAccordingly, the limit of defendant\u2019s liability here was $25,000. Plaintiff has received more than that amount, and admits defendant\u2019s right to offset. We therefore conclude that the trial court ruled correctly in granting summary judgment for defendant. The judgment appealed from is\nAffirmed.\nJudges Johnson and Parker concur.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "EAGLES, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Toms & Bazzle, by James H. Toms and Ervin W. Bazzle, for plaintiff-appe llant.",
      "Roberts, Cogburn, McClure & Williams, by Isaac N. Northup, Jr., for defendant-appellee."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "JAMES KIRBY HAMILTON, Executor of the Estate of Darren Keith Hamilton, deceased v. THE TRAVELERS INDEMNITY COMPANY, a stock insurance company\nNo. 8529SC149\n(Filed 15 October 1985)\n1. Insurance \u00a7 69.2\u2014 uninsured motorist coverage \u2014applicable to underinsured motorist\nWhere plaintiffs automobile policy defined an uninsured vehicle as one lacking coverage \u201cin at least the amounts specified in [G.S. 20-279.5(c)],\u201d the minimum liability coverage for bodily injury or death required by the statute at the time plaintiffs policy became effective was $25,000, a motorist who struck and killed an insured under plaintiffs policy had liability coverage of only $15,000, and plaintiffs policy provided uninsured motorist\u2019s coverage of $25,000, the underinsured motorist\u2019s automobile was an \u201cuninsured automobile\u201d within the meaning of plaintiffs policy. However, defendant insurer was entitled to an offset for amounts already received by plaintiff for insured\u2019s death.\n2. Insurance \u00a7 69\u2014 uninsured motorist coverage \u2014 stacking of separate coverages prohibited by policy\nA provision in plaintiffs automobile insurance policy that the \u201climit of bodily injury liability stated in the declarations as applicable to \u2018each person\u2019 is the limit of the company\u2019s liability for all damages . . . because of body injury sustained by one person as the result of any one accident\u201d prevented the stacking or aggregating of uninsured motorist coverages on three separate automobiles covered by plaintiffs policy.\nAppeal by plaintiff from Lewis (John B\u201e Jr.), Judge. Judgment entered 11 December 1984 in Superior Court, HENDERSON County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 19 September 1985.\nThis case involves construction of uninsured motorist (UM) liability coverages.\nRoberts and Lawrence were racing in their automobiles when Roberts\u2019 car struck and killed plaintiffs intestate, plaintiffs son. Lawrence\u2019s insurer paid plaintiff its policy limit of $25,000. Roberts\u2019 insurance policy, issued before 1 January 1980, provided only $15,000 coverage, which the insurer duly paid to plaintiff. Plaintiff had liability insurance with defendant Travelers, with his intestate as an insured, issued after 1 January 1980, with three separate \u201ccoverage letters\u201d for various family vehicles. Each coverage letter included separate UM coverage, with a separate premium, and an applicable liability limit of $25,000. Plaintiff sued defendant Travelers, alleging that Roberts\u2019 car was an uninsured vehicle within the meaning of plaintiffs policy and that defendant was separately liable under each UM coverage for a total liability of $75,000. From summary judgment for defendant, plaintiff appeals.\nToms & Bazzle, by James H. Toms and Ervin W. Bazzle, for plaintiff-appe llant.\nRoberts, Cogburn, McClure & Williams, by Isaac N. Northup, Jr., for defendant-appellee."
  },
  "file_name": "0318-01",
  "first_page_order": 350,
  "last_page_order": 356
}
