{
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  "name": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. LINDA BRASWELL BROWN",
  "name_abbreviation": "State v. Brown",
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    "judges": [
      "Judges Arnold and Johnson concur."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. LINDA BRASWELL BROWN"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "WHICHARD, Judge.\nThe issue is whether the court erred in dismissing, on the basis of unsworn representations by defense counsel that defendant was a partner in the victimized partnership, indictments which on their face sufficiently charge the offense of embezzlement. We hold that it did.\nOn 29 July 1985 the Watauga County Grand Jury issued six indictments charging defendant with violations of N.C. Gen. Stat. 14-90, the embezzlement statute, as follows:\nThe jurors for the State upon their oath present that on or about the date of offense shown and in the county named above the defendant named above unlawfully, willfully and feloniously did embezzle, fraudulently and knowingly misapply and convert to [her] own use, and take and make away with and secrete with the intent to embezzle and fraudulently misapply and convert to [her] own use [various amounts of] US currency belonging to Lott-Brown, d/b/a Jean Lott, a partnership. At the time the defendant was over 16 years of age and was the administrator, agent, bailee, consignee, clerk, employee, executor, guardian, officer, public officer, receiver, servant, trustee, and fiduciary of Lott-Brown, d/b/a Jean Lott, a partnership and in that capacity had been entrusted to receive the property described above and in that capacity [s]he had received and taken that property into [her] care and possession.\nPrior to trial defendant moved to dismiss the indictments pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stats. 15A-952(b) and 954. The motioh alleges: \u201cAt the time of the incidents alleged by the . . . indictments, and as stated in the indictments, [defendant] was a partner in the partnership known as Lott-Brown, doing business or trading as Jean Lott . . . .\u201d The motion further alleges that: a person engaged in a partnership business in North Carolina cannot be charged with embezzlement pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. 14-90 because the partner is an owner of the property allegedly embezzled and the property thus cannot be that of another; the Superior Court has no jurisdiction because the only offense with which defendant could be charged is that of appropriation of partnership funds by a partner to personal use, a misdemeanor under N.C. Gen. Stat. 14-97 over which the District Court has exclusive original jurisdiction (N.C. Gen. Stat. 7A-272); and the indictments, having failed to charge an offense, should be dismissed.\nAt the hearing on defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss the following dialogue occurred:\nThe COURT: Was there a formal partnership between Gene Lott and [defendant]?\nMr. Di SANTI [defense counsel]: Yes, sir; 50-50 partners.\nTHE COURT: Is there any contention or allegation that [defendant] was an employee of the corporation [sic] rather than a partner [?]\nMr. Di SANTI [defense counsel]: No, sir; there is not. The partnership agreement requires 50-50 payment of all proceeds or losses.\nAt the end of the hearing the court stated: \u201cI will allow the defendant\u2019s motion to quash the indictment.\u201d The court subsequently entered a written order which provided that \u201cthe Motions to Dismiss and the Motion to Quash . . . [are] hereby allowed and the indictments are dismissed with prejudice.\u201d The State appealed pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. 15A-1445(a)(l).\nThe State contends the court erred in allowing defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss because the indictments are not patently defective. We agree. Contrary to the allegations of defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss, the indictments do not allege that defendant is a partner in the firm from which she allegedly misapplied and converted funds unlawfully. While the indictments allege that the funds belonged to \u201cLott-Brown,\u201d they do not allege that defendant is the \u201cBrown\u201d in the firm name. Courts take judicial notice of subjects and facts of common knowledge. Smith v. Kinston, 249 N.C. 160, 166, 105 S.E. 2d 648, 653 (1958); McClure v. McClure, 64 N.C. App. 318, 322, 307 S.E. 2d 212, 215 (1983), disc. rev. denied, 310 N.C. 308, 312 S.E. 2d 651 (1984). Pursuant to this principle, we take judicial notice of the commonly known fact that innumerable persons bear the surname \u201cBrown.\u201d We thus find the mere presence of defendant\u2019s surname in the partnership name insufficient to allege that she is a partner in the firm.\nAn indictment couched in the language of the statute is generally sufficient to charge a statutory offense. State v. Palmer, 293 N.C. 633, 637-38, 239 S.E. 2d 406, 409 (1977); State v. Barney-castle, 61 N.C. App. 694, 697, 301 S.E. 2d 711, 713 (1983). The indictments here generally track the language of N.C. Gen. Stat. 14-90. They do not allege that defendant is a partner in the victimized firm, and they are sufficient on their face to charge the offense of embezzlement.\nPrior to enactment of Chapter 15A of the General Statutes, the sufficiency of an indictment to allege a criminal offense was challenged by a motion to quash the indictment. It was well-established law that a motion to quash would not lie unless it appeared from an inspection of the bill of indictment that no crime was charged, and the court was not permitted to consider extraneous evidence in ruling on the motion. As stated in State v. Lee, 277 N.C. 242, 245, 176 S.E. 2d 772, 774 (1970):\nA motion to quash can be properly allowed on the ground that the matter charged does not constitute a criminal offense. ... In ruling on a motion to quash, however, the court is not permitted to consider extraneous evidence, and when the defect must be established by evidence aliunde the record, the motion must be denied. [Citations omitted.]\nSee also State v. Underwood, 283 N.C. 154, 161, 195 S.E. 2d 489, 493 (1973); State v. Vestal, 281 N.C. 517, 520-21, 189 S.E. 2d 152, 155 (1972).\nA motion to dismiss under N.C. Gen. Stat. 15A-954(a)(10) for failure of the indictment to charge an offense as provided in N.C. Gen. Stat. 15A-924(e) is the functional equivalent of a motion to quash under the pre-15A practice. Indeed, the court here stated orally that it was allowing \u201cdefendant\u2019s motion to quash the indictment,\u201d and the written order states that it allows \u201cthe Motions to Dismiss and the Motion to Quash the Indictments].\u201d (Emphasis supplied.) Since a motion to dismiss under N.C. Gen. Stat. 15A-954(a)(10) for failure of the indictment to charge an offense is the functional equivalent of a pre-15A motion to quash, the foregoing principles regarding motions to quash indictments appear equally applicable to a motion to dismiss an indictment under N.C. Gen. Stat. 15A-954(a)(10). We find nothing in Chapter 15A or in the case law thereunder that suggests otherwise. We thus hold that the court erred in allowing the motion to dismiss the indictments, which on their face sufficiently allege the offense of embezzlement.\nAssuming, arguendo, that the court could consider extraneous evidence in ruling on the motion, no such evidence was presented. Only the unsworn representations of defense counsel at the hearing on defendant\u2019s motion were before the court. We do not believe such representations put the State to the burden of proving that defendant was not a partner in the victimized partnership. We thus hold that even if extraneous evidence may properly be considered, there was none here and the court thus erred in allowing the motion. The indictments on their face adequately charge defendant with six counts of embezzlement, and the record establishes no basis for dismissing them for failure to charge a crime.\nWe note that the prosecuting attorney made the following statement at the hearing on defendant\u2019s motion: \u201c[U]nder the Common Law a partner cannot be prosecuted for embezzlement. The State concedes that.\u201d While the issue apparently has not been decided in this jurisdiction, we agree with that statement of the law. In 50 Am. Jur. 2d, Larceny Sec. 84, we find the following:\nBecause of the general principle that an owner or co-owner of property cannot ordinarily be guilty of its larceny in the absence of a statute, a partner cannot steal partnership property, joint owners and tenants in common cannot steal from each other, and members of a voluntary organization having an interest in its funds cannot commit larceny of such funds.\nSee also 29A C.J.S., Embezzlement Sec. 16 at 44 (\u201cIn the absence of statutes otherwise providing, it may be stated as a general rule that partners cannot embezzle partnership funds which come into their possession, because of their joint interest or ownership therein.\u201d); Annot., 82 A.L.R. 3d 822, 825 (\u201cEach partner is said to have an undivided interest in [partnership] property, and it is this indivisibility which has led, at least in part, to the legal theory that a partner cannot be convicted of embezzlement or larceny of partnership property which comes into his possession or under his control during the course of the partnership business by reason of his being a partner.\u201d). The following cases, e.g., are pertinent: Hudson v. State, 408 So. 2d 224 (Fla. App. 1981); State v. Elsbury, 63 Nev. 463, 175 P. 2d 430 (1946); Patterson v. Bogan, 261 S.C. 87, 198 S.E. 2d 586 (1973); State v. Birch, 36 Wash. App. 405, 675 P. 2d 246 (1984).\nIn light of these authorities, upon remand the State should consider attempting to determine defendant\u2019s status in the victimized firm at the pre-trial stage. If it determines that defendant is in fact a partner in the firm, it should consider dismissing the indictments in the interest of judicial economy. Because of the time limitation established by N.C. Gen. Stat. 15-1, the State cannot now proceed with new indictments pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. 14-97, which establishes the misdemeanor offense of appropriation of partnership funds by a partner to his or her own personal use.\nThe order is reversed, and the cause is remanded for further proceedings on the facially valid indictments.\nReversed and remanded.\nJudges Arnold and Johnson concur.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "WHICHARD, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Attorney General Thornburg, by Special Deputy Attorney General Charles J. Murray, for the State, appellant.",
      "Finger, Watson, di Santi & McGee, by Anthony S. di Santi and John A. Turner, for defendant appellee."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. LINDA BRASWELL BROWN\nNo. 8524SC1230\n(Filed 3 June 1986)\n1. Embezzlement \u00a7 4\u2014 embezzlement from partnership \u2014indictment not fatally defective\nIndictments charging defendant with embezzlement from a partnership were not patently defective and the trial court erred in dismissing them, since the indictments did not allege that defendant was a partner in the firm from which she allegedly misapplied and converted funds unlawfully.\n2. Embezzlement \u00a7 4\u2014 motion to dismiss indictment \u2014 insufficiency of evidence\nEven if the trial court could consider extraneous evidence in ruling on defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss indictments, no such evidence was presented, since only the unsworn representations of defense counsel at the hearing on defendant\u2019s motion were before the court, and such representations did not put the State to the burden of proving that defendant was not a partner in the victimized partnership.\n3. Embezzlement \u00a7 1.1\u2014 no prosecution of partner\nA partner cannot be prosecuted for embezzlement. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 14-97.\nAppeal by the State from Beaty, Judge. Order entered 19 August 1985 in Superior Court, WATAUGA County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 10 April 1986.\nThe State appeals from an order allowing defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss six indictments charging her with embezzlement in violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. 14-90.\nAttorney General Thornburg, by Special Deputy Attorney General Charles J. Murray, for the State, appellant.\nFinger, Watson, di Santi & McGee, by Anthony S. di Santi and John A. Turner, for defendant appellee."
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  "file_name": "0281-01",
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