{ "id": 8358482, "name": "RALEIGH WILBUR HARTMAN v. ELSIE H. HARTMAN", "name_abbreviation": "Hartman v. Hartman", "decision_date": "1986-08-05", "docket_number": "No. 8621DC39", "first_page": "167", "last_page": "182", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "82 N.C. App. 167" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "124 S.E. 566", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1924, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "569" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "188 N.C. 200", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8653506 ], "year": 1924, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "205" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/188/0200-01" ] }, { "cite": "202 S.E. 2d 318", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "324" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "20 N.C. App. 610", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8554654 ], "year": 1974, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/20/0610-01" ] }, { "cite": "266 S.E. 2d 401", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "403" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "46 N.C. App. 795", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8553789 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "796-97" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/46/0795-01" ] }, { "cite": "312 S.E. 2d 905", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "67 N.C. App. 271", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8526189 ], "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/67/0271-01" ] }, { "cite": "208 S.E. 2d 666", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1974, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "285 N.C. 724", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8569803 ], "year": 1974, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/285/0724-01" ] }, { "cite": "324 S.E. 2d 33", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "72 N.C. App. 205", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8526494 ], "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/72/0205-01" ] }, { "cite": "324 S.E. 2d 829", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "312 N.C. 770", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4755941 ], "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/312/0770-01" ] }, { "cite": "308 S.E. 2d 68", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "72" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "64 N.C. App. 432", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8527007 ], "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/64/0432-01" ] }, { "cite": "326 S.E. 2d 283", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "286" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "73 N.C. App. 406", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8524242 ], "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "410" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/73/0406-01" ] }, { "cite": "341 S.E. 2d 116", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "118", "parenthetical": "emphasis in original" }, { "page": "118" }, { "page": "118" }, { "page": "119" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "80 N.C. App. 110", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8522067 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "112", "parenthetical": "emphasis in original" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/80/0110-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1115, "char_count": 33015, "ocr_confidence": 0.818, "pagerank": { "raw": 4.0975232870777914e-07, "percentile": 0.9095719480170465 }, "sha256": "1a82d0d6cd77010b0696ec80858832a8403f458f38aaf24f80e5f173bca9855d", "simhash": "1:026a542a740df770", "word_count": 5612 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:29:18.916973+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judge WHICHARD concurs.", "Judge WEBB dissents." ], "parties": [ "RALEIGH WILBUR HARTMAN v. ELSIE H. HARTMAN" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JOHNSON, Judge.\nPlaintiff Raleigh Wilbur Hartman and defendant Elsie H. Hartman were married on 28 June 1947. Two children, Sue Ann and Raleigh Wilbur Hartman, Jr. (\u201cBuddy\u201d), were born of this marriage. On 22 January 1982, the parties separated. At the time of the parties\u2019 separation both the parties\u2019 children were emancipated. An absolute divorce was entered in Forsyth County District Court on 12 December 1983; pursuant to court order, the equitable distribution claim was severed from the divorce claim for later trial.\nDEFENDANT\u2019S APPEAL\nThe trial court, sitting as the trier of fact, found in pertinent part, the following: Neither the plaintiff nor defendant owned any separate property. At the time of trial defendant was employed at Crestview Memorial Gardens; that plaintiff was employed at Gardens of Memory, Inc. As of the date of the parties\u2019 separation, Gardens of Memory, Inc., a closely held corporation in the cemetery business, had 2,568 outstanding shares of common stock. The fair market value of the corporation is approximately $401,407.00. The corporation originally issued 3,250 shares. Plaintiff as an original investor in 1960 was the purchaser of 684 shares and subsequently in January of 1981, plaintiff purchased 434 shares at $40.00 per share from another original investor, J. C. Fulp. Plaintiff owned 1,118 shares of stock free and clear from any individual or legal obligation. The value of plaintiffs stock is $100.00 per share for a total value of $118,000.00. Approximately one year prior to the parties\u2019 separation, in early 1981, James C. Fulp and his wife, Dorothy Fulp, went to plaintiff and informed him of their desire to sell 684 shares of stock in Gardens of Memory, Inc. to plaintiffs son, R. W. Hartman, Jr.; however, they informed plaintiff that they realized that his son was not financially capable to purchase their stock. On 6 January 1981, plaintiff executed a purchase agreement for the Fulps\u2019 684 shares of stock for $30,000.00. The terms of the purchase agreement were $7,500.00 down and that plaintiff execute a promissory note for $22,500.00, secured by a pledge and assignment of stock; that the $22,500.00 note was payable with interest of 12% per annum and was payable in four equal installments of $5,625.00 with the first payment due 6 January 1982. On 18 February 1981, plaintiff and his son, executed an agreement for plaintiff to sell the recently acquired 684 shares of stock to his son with the following terms: $500.00 as a cash down payment, $7,000.00 as a payment due on or before 6 January 1987, and $22,500.00 plus interest of 12% per annum being due and payable in four equal installments of $5,625.00 each, with the first payment due 6 January 1982. This agreement recited that the 684 shares were pledged to the Fulps as security for plaintiffs 6 January 1981 note to the Fulps. Defendant\u2019s sister as of 22 January 1982 was the owner of 600 shares of Gardens of Memory, Inc. stock; 165 shares of said corporation\u2019s stock was owned by William Huffstetler, II, but in 1983 said stock was sold to plaintiffs son for $40.00 per share.\nDefendant first contends that the trial judge erred as a matter of law in determining the ownership interest held by plaintiff in Gardens of Memory, Inc. and in his valuation of plaintiffs stock in said corporation. We disagree.\nThe standard of our review for domestic law cases, as stated by this Court, is as follows: Nix v. Nix, 80 N.C. App. 110, 112, 341 S.E. 2d 116, 118 (1986) (emphasis in original) (citations omitted). Defendant first argues that the conveyance of stock from plaintiff to his son was a \u201csham\u201d and therefore plaintiff held 1,802 shares of stock, a majority share, not 1,118 shares as the trial court found. By this assertion defendant challenges the value of each share plaintiff owned by virtue of plaintiff being able to sell a majority share, and the value of the stock owned by plaintiff according to the amount of shares (registered in plaintiff s name). Defendant alleges that the evidence presented to the trial court showed that plaintiff exercised control over the disputed stock; and that the stock continued to be registered in plaintiffs name until 1985. Defendant further alleges that the alleged sale of stock by plaintiff to his son cannot withstand our scrutiny. We disagree.\nOur trial courts have broad discretionary powers in domestic law cases. A trial court may be reversed for abuse of discretion only upon a showing that its actions are manifestly unsupported by reason, or that its ruling could not have been the result of a reasoned decision. Only when the evidence fails to show any rational basis for the distribution ordered by the court will its determination be upset on appeal. Further, when an appellant contends the findings of fact are not supported by the evidence, we look to see whether the findings are supported by any competent evidence in the record.\nDefendant, in her presentation of evidence, did not establish that the stock sale entered into between plaintiff and the parties\u2019 son was fraudulent. The contract has not been voided in any previous action and the legal effect of said document remains intact. The trial court, as alluded to, supra, specifically found as fact the following:\nWhile plaintiff was the title owner of said 684 shares of stock on the date of separation, the plaintiff did have a legal obligation to sell said stock to the son of the parties for the same amount of money that the plaintiff owed for the purchase of said stock; that for this reason, the Court does not place a net value on said 684 shares of stock as the plaintiff had a legal obligation at the time of separation to sell said stock, as the plaintiff has sold said stock since the separation pursuant to said legal obligation, and as the stock was sold to the parties\u2019 son for the amount the plaintiff owed on said stock at the time of the parties\u2019 separation; that the Court further notes that the Court is making the $7,000.00 note from R. W. Hartman, Jr., to the plaintiff a marital asset.\n(Emphasis supplied.) As stated earlier, the court found as fact that the reason for the subject sale of stock was that plaintiff wanted his son to become an owner in Gardens of Memory, Inc. The record in the case sub judice supports this finding by the court sitting as the trier of fact. Testimony by Mr. Fulp, an original investor who sold the subject stock to plaintiff, was as follows:\nQ. Do you know how many shares of stock you all had in the company?\nA. 684.\nQ. Do you know know [sic] much money you paid for that stock?\nA. It was $10 a share. That\u2019d [sic] be $6,840.\nQ. All right. Now at some point in time, did you become interested in selling that stock?\nA. Yes, I did.\nQ. Would you tell us how you became interested in selling the stock?\nA. I was having lunch with a mutual friend of mine and the Hartmans, Mr. Bill Witherow, and he and I got to talking business and we drifted off on the cemetery which I was a stockholder in. And I told him I\u2019d be glad to sell my shares and he said that his son and Buddy might be interested in buying it.\nQ. And what was this gentleman\u2019s name?\nA. C. W., Bill Witherow.\nQ. All right, and when you say Buddy, who are you referring to?\nA. This younger Hartman back there.\nQ. Mr. Hartman\u2019s son?\nA. That\u2019s right.\nLater in his testimony Mr. Fulp testified with respect to his understanding of the actual stock sale as follows:\nQ. Now, the note came from Mr. Hartman. Whose understanding was it \u2014 what was your understanding as to who was going to end up with the stock?\nA. It was my understanding that\u2014\nMr. Comerford: [defendant\u2019s attorney]\u2014\nWell, objection, Your Honor.\nQ. (Mr. Morrow) [plaintiffs attorney] Well, from your conversation with Mr. Hartman?\nThe COURT: Overruled. You may answer.\nThe WITNESS: It was my understanding that Mr. Hartman was buying that for Buddy. In fact, he told me he was.\nQ. (Mr. Morrow) Can you tell us why you didn\u2019t just sign these contracts with Buddy?\nA. Buddy didn\u2019t have the resources at that time.\nQ. In other words, you financed it yourself, didn\u2019t you?\nA. Yes.\nQ. Now, after the $7,500 was paid, the contract and note calls for $5,625 per year plus interest at the rate of 12 percent per annum on the balance of $22,500.\nWere those payments made?\nA. That\u2019s correct.\nQ. Who made those payments?\nA. Buddy Hartman.\nBuddy Hartman testified as follows:\nQ. When was the agreement signed?\nA. February the 11th, 1981.\nQ. Now, prior to signing that agreement, had you had any conversations with your father about that stock and your purchasing of it from Mr. Fulp?\nA. Yes, sir, he had come to me and said that J. C. had wanted to sell his stock and that he would like for me to buy that stock, but he knew that I really didn\u2019t have the money to do that and that he would be willing to help me make payments that I couldn\u2019t make if I would \u2014you know, if I was going to stay at the company and become interested and \u2014 and wanted to become a stockholder.\nQ. And what did you tell him?\nA. I told him that, you know, I knew it would be tough but that if there was any way we could do it that I wanted to buy it.\nBuddy Hartman further testified that he was making all payments to J. C. Fulp toward the purchase price as payments became due; that the stock was transferred in January of 1985, after he made the final payment to Mr. J. C. Fulp; and that a $7,000.00 payment which is due in 1987 to be paid to plaintiff. Plaintiff\u2019s testimony corroborated the testimony by his son and Mr. Fulp as follows:\nQ. (Mr. Morrow) Tell us about the conversation you had with Mr. Fulp concerning this stock.\nA. And I said, yes, I would like for Buddy to have your stock if you want to sell it, J. C. And he said, well I think that\u2014 you know, that you \u2014 you\u2014you run the company, you\u2019ve done all the work here, and you \u2014 you all should have it. Buddy is helping you, he\u2019s coming on in the business, and \u2014and that was basically the conversation.\nAnd I said, J. C., I don\u2019t have the money to buy all the stock, and Buddy certainly doesn\u2019t have it. And he said, well, I don\u2019t want all the money. I had rather have it spread out over a period of years. And he \u2014 and I asked him what he wanted, and he said $45 a share or something like that. And \u2014 and I said, well, I \u2014 I\u2019ll give you [$]30,000.00 for the whole thing, you know. I think that\u2019s the conversation.\nThe 11 February 1981 agreement between plaintiff and his son for the sale of stock recites the following: \u201cseller hereby agrees to do whatever is necessary to effectuate an assignment and transfer of said 684 shares of stock immediately upon payment in full of the consideration set out in section one herein-above.\u201d We hold that the trial court\u2019s findings are supported by sufficient evidence to meet the \u201cany competent evidence\u201d standard set forth in Nix, supra, at 112, 341 S.E. 2d at 118. Plaintiff entered into a legitimate agreement for the sale of stock to his son approximately one year prior to the parties separation agreement and therefore the trial court was correct in assessing the number of shares owned by plaintiff, which he had the power to transfer. The evidence presented to the trial court supports a finding that plaintiff owned 1,118 shares of stock for purposes of equitable distribution. Plaintiff merely was a conduit for his son\u2019s acquisition of the subject 684 shares of stock. The evidence and the court\u2019s findings reveal that it was never contemplated by anyone involved with the sale of the stock that plaintiff would purchase the 684 shares of stock and retain ownership thereof. There was no dissipation of marital assets as defendant contends. The trial court specifically noted that the $7,000.00 note from R. W. Hartman, Jr., to plaintiff was a marital asset. Therefore, any marital asset funds expended by plaintiff in his role as a conduit for the sale of stock to R. W. Hartman, Jr. will be recouped.\nDefendant also argues that the trial court\u2019s findings, pertaining to the valuation of the stock owned by plaintiff, are not supported by the evidence. Defendant\u2019s argument on the valuation of the stock is, as discussed supra, erroneously premised on plaintiff being a majority shareholder of Gardens of Memory, Inc. The trial court made the following pertinent findings of fact:\nXi Mr. William Etheridge was considered by the Court to be an expert in his chosen field as a Certified Public Accountant; that furthermore, Mr. Etheridge has training and experience in valuing shares of stock in small, privately held corporations; that from the evidence of Mr. Etheridge, the court finds that the minority stock of Gardens of Memory, Inc., has a limited marketable capacity; that furthermore, due to the fact that said corporation has never been able to pay substantial dividends, the court finds from the testimony of Mr. Etheridge, that a discount factor must be applied by the Court in determining the value of the plaintiffs 1,118 shares of stock;\nXii The court finds that the value of all the shares in the corporation, if they could be sold as a whole, is $156 per share; that this sum is determined by dividing $401,407 (the value as determined by defendant\u2019s expert witness to be the fair market value of the corporation) by 2,568, the total number of outstanding shares of stock;\nXiii The Court finds that a discount factor of 36% must be applied to the value of stock as a whole due to the fact that the plaintiff did not have the power and ability to sell a majority interest in the corporation at the time of the separation and the further fact that said plaintiff still does not have the power and ability to sell a majority interest in said corporation; that 36% of $156 is $56.16; that the Court further finds the value of the plaintiffs 1,118 shares of stock at the time of separation to be $100 per share at $118,800.\n(Emphasis supplied.) Bearing in mind the principles of Nix, supra, and the cases cited therein, we hold that the trial court\u2019s findings are supported by competent evidence and we further hold that defendant has failed to show that the trial court\u2019s actions were \u201cmanifestly unsupported by reason, or that its ruling could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.\u201d Nix, supra, at 112, 341 S.E. 2d at 118.\nThe trial court in the capacity of trier of fact \u201cis entitled to assess the credibility of the witnesses, and to determine the weight to be afforded their testimony.\u201d Nix, supra, at 115, 341 S.E. 2d at 119, citing Mayo v. Mayo, 73 N.C. App. 406, 410, 326 S.E. 2d 283, 286 (1985). The transcript of the proceedings is replete with testimony pertaining to the value of the subject stock. Defendant even testified that her husband had told her a year prior to their separation that the stock was worth $100.00 per share. There were several sales of stock in Gardens of Memory, Inc. for $40.00 per share prior to and after the parties separated. The trial court indicated in its findings and defendant testified \u201cThere had been no dividends paid since like 1977.\u201d The parties\u2019 son also testified that he was offered the opportunity to purchase stock from Harvey Huffstetler for $30.00 per share.\nThe expert testimony and evidence upon which the trial court based its calculations was to the effect that the value of plaintiff\u2019s 1,118 shares of stock should be valued as those of a minority interest holder due to his inability to convey a majority of the shares of outstanding stock in Gardens of Memory, Inc.; that generally the value of stock interests representing less than control are normally discounted 30 to 50 percent; that restricted securities bear a discount rate of as much as 90 percent with a large number of stocks being discounted in the range of 50 to 70 percent. Plaintiffs expert was the only expert who testified on the process of valuing stock held in a closely held corporation. The expert explained the basis for his testimony and testified about relevant factors which may be considered in the valuation of stock held in a closely held corporation. Two factors which directly affect the marketability of said stock were dividend payments and liquidity of assets. There was evidence presented to the trial court that dividend payments had not been paid since 1977 and that Gardens of Memory, Inc. had experienced cash flow difficulties. In the final analysis, the expert testified that the valuation of a minority share of stock in a closely held corporation is a very subjective process. Minority shareholders lack influence to affect the liquidation to convert the underlying assets to cash. The expert testified that in his expert opinion the appropriate discount factor should be at least 50 percent. The trial court in the case sub judice discounted the value of the stock as a whole using the fair market value of the corporation as determined by defendant\u2019s expert witness. The trial court made detailed findings with respect to testimony by the parties\u2019 expert witnesses. The court considered, inter alia, the following in determining the value of the subject stock: (1) the selling price of the stock in 1981 and 1983; (2) the restrictions on the shares of stock as stated in the Gardens of Memory, Inc. Bylaws; (3) the minority stock of Gardens of Memory, Inc. has a limited marketable capacity; and (4) Gardens of Memory, Inc. has never been able to pay substantial dividends. For nearly four months the trial court labored on the disputed findings in this disputed order of equitable distribution. This order reflects a detailed sifting of the evidence wherein the trial court was called upon to decide the correctness of capitalization rates, an Inwood coefficient, and a franchise value. After extensive review of the record on appeal we find that there is competent evidence to support the trial court\u2019s valuation of plaintiffs stock at $118,000.00. Nix, supra. We note that in April of 1981, 682 shares of stock were repurchased by the corporation, as treasury stock, at $40.00 per share.\nDefendant next argues that it was error for the trial court to distribute the 1,118 shares of stock in Gardens of Memory, Inc. to plaintiff. We disagree. The trial court has broad discretion in the division of marital property. White v. White, 64 N.C. App. 432, 308 S.E. 2d 68 (1983), modified and affirmed, 312 N.C. 770, 324 S.E. 2d 829 (1985). This Court in White, supra, stated the following:\nThat our legislature intended to grant courts wide discretion in dividing marital property is indicated by (1) the language of G.S. 50-20(c); (2) the existence of the twelve enumerated factors in the statute which the court is to consider in determining what will be an equitable division; (3) the existence of the catchall factor in G.S. 50-20(c)(12) whereby the court is permitted to consider any other factor which the court finds to be just and proper; and (4) the lack of any indication as to the quantum of evidence on each of the factors required to overcome the presumption.\nId. at 438, 308 S.E. 2d at 72. G.S. 50-20(e) states that if impractical the trial court does not have to make a distribution of all or portions of the marital property in kind. Due to the nature of the management of a closely held corporation such as Gardens of Memory, Inc., there is no abuse of discretion by the trial court in the case sub judice to award all of the stock in said corporation to one of the parties. The trial court heard testimony of existing internal struggles among stockholders of Gardens of Memory, Inc. It was within the trial court\u2019s discretion to award defendant marital property to achieve an equal and equitable distribution.\nDefendant next contends that the trial court failed to accomplish an equal or equitable distribution. The first argument forwarded by defendant is that the court improperly neglected to consider the relative incomes of the parties as a factor affecting the equitable distribution of marital property. We disagree.\nThe trial court specifically noted in its findings that it \u201cconsidered all of the evidence presented by the parties pertaining to N.C.G.S. 50-20(c)(1-12) in making its determination that an equal division of marital properties is equitable . . .\u201d (emphasis supplied). Findings five and six reflect the trial court\u2019s findings on the parties\u2019 income. The trial court made a determination that its findings support an equal distribution and we hold there was a rational basis therefor. White, supra; Loeb v. Loeb, 72 N.C. App. 205, 324 S.E. 2d 33 (1985).\nDefendant argues that it was inequitable for the court to distribute the note from Gardens of Memory, Inc. to her and distribute the note from Buddy Hartman, Jr. to plaintiff. We disagree. Basically, defendant attempts to reargue the validity of the sale of stock from plaintiff to Buddy Hartman, Jr. Also, defendant questions her ability to collect payment due on the $30,000.00 note from Gardens of Memory, Inc. From our review of the record we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in distributing the $7,000.00 and $30,000.00 notes.\nDefendant\u2019s final argument with respect to the trial court\u2019s distribution of the property is that she was substantially prejudiced and that said distribution violated the statutory requirement that the distribution be equal or equitable. The items of property awarded to plaintiff were valued at $177,332.00. The items of property awarded to defendant were valued at $78,-700.00. In order to make the distribution equitable the trial court ordered the following:\n(19) As the items of property awarded to the plaintiff exceed in value the items of property awarded to the defendant by $98,632, it is equitable that the defendant be paid a distributive award by the plaintiff in the total sum of $49,316 as follows:\nA. Plaintiff should pay the $34,300, 14%, mortgage on the former homeplace of the parties in Walkertown, North Carolina, as said mortgage becomes due and payable; that it is recognized by the Court that, due to the age of plaintiff, the plaintiff has a limited borrowing power with lending institutions and therefore it is practical and equitable for said plaintiff to pay the $34,300 to the defendant by making the before mentioned mortgage payments;\nB. By paying to the defendant $15,016 within 90 days of the date of the execution of this order. . . .\nDefendant does not present any new contentions in support of her final challenge to the order of distribution. Our review of the order reveals an extremely complex, detailed order setting forth the trial court\u2019s rational basis for distribution of the parties\u2019 marital property and defendant has not shown any abuse of discretion by the trial court. Nix, supra; White, supra.\nDefendant\u2019s final argument is that the trial court abused its discretion in denying her discovery requests. We disagree. On 24 February 1984, defendant served 50 interrogatories on plaintiff. On 4 April 1984, plaintiff objected to questions twenty-four (24) through thirty-one (31) and moved the court for a protective order. In support of his motion plaintiff averred that \u201cit would be a violation of his duties as officer of the corporation to reveal the requested information without a directive from the stockholders and/or the Board of Directors.\u201d Plaintiff further stated that defendant works for a competitor of the corporation and that the requested information could be used in competition with Gardens of Memory, Inc. Defendant did not object to the timeliness of plaintiffs objections or motion. The trial court, without objection by defendant, in an 18 April 1984 order, directed plaintiff not to answer interrogatories twenty-four (24) through thirty-one (31), but allowed defendant to resubmit said interrogatories upon a showing by defendant that the information requested was necessary to the issues being decided. Defendant failed to show the necessity of interrogatories pertaining to Gardens of Memory, Inc.\u2019s payroll and never resubmitted said interrogatories. Since defendant did not raise lack of timeliness for the trial court\u2019s consideration, it cannot be raised for the first time for us to consider. See Little v. Rose, 285 N.C. 724, 208 S.E. 2d 666 (1974). Moreover, protective orders are, pursuant to Rule 26(c), N.C. Rules Civ. P., within the trial court\u2019s discretion and will only be disturbed for an abuse of discretion. Defendant has failed to establish such an abuse of discretion. Williams v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 67 N.C. App. 271, 312 S.E. 2d 905 (1984).\nDefendant also argues that the trial court abused its discretion by allowing plaintiffs 6 November 1984 motion for a protective order, objection to depositions, objection to interrogatories, and objection to request for production of documents. Defendant contends that \u201cher ability to properly prepare and present her case was irreparably prejudiced by the trial court\u2019s order.\u201d The record herein does not bear out such a contention. It was within the trial court\u2019s discretion to issue a protective order upon plaintiffs motion. Plaintiff, in his motion averred, inter alia, that defendant was requesting additional discovery for purposes of harassment. The case was calendared for trial the week of October 15, nearly a month prior, but the entire day was spent in settlement negotiations. We find no abuse of discretion by the trial court. Williams, supra.\nPlaintiff\u2019s Cross-Appeal\nPlaintiff brings forward three Assignments of Error pertaining to the trial court\u2019s findings and conclusions on plaintiff and defendant\u2019s ownership interests in a house and lot located at Baden Lake, Montgomery County, North Carolina. Plaintiff contends that the trial court erred as a matter of law in making findings of fact that plaintiff and defendant had a one-half (V2) ownership interest in said property when the deed to said property contained a conveyance of a one-third (V3) ownership interest of said property to plaintiff and defendant.\nThis Court has stated the construction of conveyances contained in a deed as follows:\nIt is well settled that except in cases of fraud, mistake, or undue influence, parol trusts or agreements will not be set up or engrafted in favor of the grantor upon a written deed conveying to the grantee the absolute title, and giving clear indication on its face that such title was intended to pass. Testimony tending to show an oral agreement in direct conflict with the deed is incompetent.\nRourk v. Brunswick County, 46 N.C. App. 795, 796-97, 266 S.E. 2d 401, 403 (1980). The conveyance contained in the granting clause of the deed to the Baden Lake property conveyed ownership interests in the property to \u201cRaleigh W. Hartman, Sr. & Wife, Elsie H. Hartman, Donald T. Shafer & Wife, Sue Ann Shafer, and Raleigh W. Hartman, Jr.\u201d The proposition for construing this conveyance was stated in In Re Gardner, 20 N.C. App. 610, 202 S.E. 2d 318 (1974), as follows:\n\u2018If an estate be given to A., B. and C., and A. and B. are husband and wife, nothing else appearing, they will take a half interest in the property and C. will take the other half.\u2019\nId. at 619, 202 S.E. 2d at 324, quoting, Davis v. Bass, 188 N.C. 200, 205, 124 S.E. 566, 569 (1924). The trial court did not construe the subject conveyance in the manner set forth in Gardner, supra. The trial court considered parol evidence and found that plaintiff and defendant were one-half (V2) owners of the house and lot located at Baden Lake. There are no findings or conclusions that would under Rourk, supra, warrant the trial court to go outside the face of the deed to construe the subject conveyance. The conveyance was unambiguous as a matter of law. The conveyance was to one individual grantee and two sets of husbands and wifes whereby each husband and wife were tenants by the entirety as to each other and tenants in common with the other grantees. Thus, plaintiff and defendant were conveyed as tenants by the entirety a one-third undivided interest in the Baden Lake property. The trial court found that the fair market value of the property was $108,000.00 and divided that amount in half for a $54,000.00 gross value the parties owned. The trial court should have arrived at a one-third interest of $36,000.00. Therefore, this trial court should recalculate the parties\u2019 interest in the Baden Lake property in a manner not inconsistent with this opinion and reflect that recalculation in its order of equitable distribution. In all other aspects the order stands as is.\nAffirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded.\nJudge WHICHARD concurs.\nJudge WEBB dissents.", "type": "majority", "author": "JOHNSON, Judge." }, { "text": "Judge WEBB\ndissenting.\nI dissent. It appears to me that the court used evidence which placed a low valuation on the stock in Gardens of Memory, Inc. It then gave all the stock to the plaintiff. I do not believe we should hold this was an equitable distribution.", "type": "dissent", "author": "Judge WEBB" } ], "attorneys": [ "Morrow & Reavis, by John F. Morrow and Clifton R. Long, Jr., for plaintiff appellant.", "Petree, Stockton & Robinson, by W. Thompson Comerford, Jr. and Jane C. Jackson, for defendant appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "RALEIGH WILBUR HARTMAN v. ELSIE H. HARTMAN\nNo. 8621DC39\n(Filed 5 August 1986)\n1. Divorce and Alimony \u00a7 30\u2014 equitable distribution of marital property \u2014 husband\u2019s interest in cemetery\nIn a proceeding for equitable distribution of marital property, the evidence was sufficient to support the trial court\u2019s determination as to the ownership interest held by plaintiff in a cemetery where the court determined that plaintiff owned 1,118 shares of stock and plaintiffs son owned 684 shares of stock; the father served as a conduit for the son\u2019s purchase of the stock; plaintiff had the power to transfer only the 1,118 shares of stock; it was never contemplated by anyone involved with the sale of the 684 shares of stock that plaintiff would purchase it and then retain ownership thereof; and the son paid the seller directly for the stock, at which time it was transferred to his name.\n2. Divorce and Alimony \u00a7 30\u2014 equitable distribution of marital property \u2014 husband\u2019s interest in cemetery \u2014 valuation of stock\nIn a proceeding for equitable distribution of marital property the trial court\u2019s findings pertaining to the valuation of stock owned by plaintiff were supported by the evidence where the expert testimony and evidence upon which the trial court based its calculations was to the effect that the value of plaintiffs 1,118 shares of stock should be valued as those of a minority interest holder due to his inability to convey a majority of the shares of outstanding stock in the corporation; generally the value of stock interests representing less than control are normally discounted 30 to 50 percent; plaintiffs expert was the only expert who testified on the process of valuing stock held in a closely-held corporation; and the court considered the selling price of the stock in 1981 and 1983, the restrictions on the shares of stock as stated in the corporation\u2019s bylaws, the limited marketable capacity of the minority stock of the corporation and the fact that the corporation had never been able to pay substantial dividends.\n3. Divorce and Alimony \u00a7 30\u2014 equitable distribution of marital property \u2014 all of corporate stock awarded to one party \u2014 no error\nDue to the nature of the management of a closely-held corporation such as the one in question, there was no abuse of discretion by the trial court in a proceeding for the equitable distribution of marital property in awarding all of the stock in the corporation to one of the parties.\n4. Divorce and Alimony \u00a7 30\u2014 equitable distribution of marital property \u2014items of greater value awarded to one party \u2014 distribution proper\nThere was no merit to defendant\u2019s contention that she was substantially prejudiced by the court\u2019s distribution of marital property because plaintiff was awarded items of property valued at more than twice what the items of property were which were awarded to defendant, since the court, in order to make the distribution equitable, required plaintiff to pay the mortgage on the former homeplace of the parties and required him to make a lump sum payment to defendant.\n5. Deeds \u00a7 11; Divorce and Alimony \u00a7 30\u2014 equitable distribution of marital property-interest of parties in lake house \u2014 court\u2019s going outside face of deed improper\nThe trial court erred in considering parol evidence and determining that the parties to a proceeding for equitable distribution of marital property owned a one-half interest in a lake house and lot rather than a one-third interest, since there were no findings or conclusions which would warrant the trial court\u2019s going outside the face of the deed to construe the subject conveyance, and the conveyance was to one individual grantee and two sets of husbands and wives.\nJudge Webb dissenting.\nAppeal by defendant and cross-appeal by plaintiff from Gat-to, Judge. Judgment entered 4 October 1985 in District Court, Forsyth County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 3 June 1986.\nThe parties appeal from a judgment distributing marital property pursuant to the Equitable Distribution Act, G.S. 50-20.\nMorrow & Reavis, by John F. Morrow and Clifton R. Long, Jr., for plaintiff appellant.\nPetree, Stockton & Robinson, by W. Thompson Comerford, Jr. and Jane C. Jackson, for defendant appellant." }, "file_name": "0167-01", "first_page_order": 195, "last_page_order": 210 }