{ "id": 8359346, "name": "JOY M. THORNE, Appellant v. NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES, NORTH CAROLINA DIVISION OF SOCIAL SERVICES, Appellees", "name_abbreviation": "Thorne v. North Carolina Department of Human Resources", "decision_date": "1986-08-19", "docket_number": "No. 857SC1334", "first_page": "548", "last_page": "555", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "82 N.C. App. 548" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "96 Stat. 324", "category": "laws:leg_session", "reporter": "Stat.", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "46 Fed. Reg. 47976", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "Fed. Reg.", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "47980" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "95 Stat. 807", "category": "laws:leg_session", "reporter": "Stat.", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "430 U.S. 984", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12163169, 12163236, 12163141, 12163206, 12163181, 12163150, 12163252, 12163220, 12163159, 12163193, 12163134 ], "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/430/0984-05", "/us/430/0984-10", "/us/430/0984-02", "/us/430/0984-08", "/us/430/0984-06", "/us/430/0984-03", "/us/430/0984-11", "/us/430/0984-09", "/us/430/0984-04", "/us/430/0984-07", "/us/430/0984-01" ] }, { "cite": "436 U.S. 962", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1490241, 1490531, 1490439, 1490504, 1490393, 1490494 ], "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/436/0962-02", "/us/436/0962-06", "/us/436/0962-03", "/us/436/0962-04", "/us/436/0962-01", "/us/436/0962-05" ] }, { "cite": "565 F. 2d 1259", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 898519 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "State's use of a dual system to determine Medicaid eligibility violates the core statutory and regulatory requirement that AFDC recipients and the AFDC-related medically needy be treated the same with respect to allowable deductions from income" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/565/1259-01" ] }, { "cite": "452 U.S. 909", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1313952, 1313826, 1313570, 1313702, 1313709, 1313837, 1313588, 1313685, 1313627, 1313821, 1313887 ], "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/452/0909-07", "/us/452/0909-11", "/us/452/0909-06", "/us/452/0909-03", "/us/452/0909-10", "/us/452/0909-09", "/us/452/0909-08", "/us/452/0909-04", "/us/452/0909-01", "/us/452/0909-02", "/us/452/0909-05" ] }, { "cite": "621 F. 2d 491", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 482396 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "495-98", "parenthetical": "state's restrictions on transfer of assets by medically needy impermissible where no such restrictions were imposed on the categorically needy" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/621/0491-01" ] }, { "cite": "42 Fed. Reg. 2685", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "Fed. Reg.", "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "\"[A]I1 aged, blind, and disabled persons . . . must have their eligibility determined using all SSI eligibility rules except for - and only except for -higher dollar amounts for income and resource eligibility levels . . . .\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "79 Stat. 286", "category": "laws:leg_session", "reporter": "Stat.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "547 F. 2d 724", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 999086 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "728", "parenthetical": "income disregarded in allowing SSI eligibility must likewise be disregarded in determining eligibility of SSI - related medically needy" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/547/0724-01" ] }, { "cite": "770 F. 2d 316", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 332892 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "321" }, { "page": "325" }, { "page": "326" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/770/0316-01" ] }, { "cite": "51 Fed. Reg. 9205", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "Fed. Reg.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "783 F. 2d 454", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1544047 ], "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/783/0454-01" ] }, { "cite": "448 U.S. 297", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1787609 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "301" }, { "page": "2680" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/448/0297-01" ] }, { "cite": "453 U.S. 34", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11721956 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "36" }, { "page": "465" }, { "page": "2636" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/453/0034-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 658, "char_count": 15995, "ocr_confidence": 0.822, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.676830387708631e-08, "percentile": 0.3557628263269403 }, "sha256": "cef2fdfd8b00ac0a53ffb2fdf537e0139017a0f9bd1df45027793e1ec5fed077", "simhash": "1:30f627fa1bda8ddd", "word_count": 2508 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:29:18.916973+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judges BECTON and PHILLIPS concur." ], "parties": [ "JOY M. THORNE, Appellant v. NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES, NORTH CAROLINA DIVISION OF SOCIAL SERVICES, Appellees" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "COZORT, Judge.\nPetitioner applied for Aid to Families with Dependent Children (hereinafter referred to as AFDC) medically needy assistance. The Wilson County Department of Social Services (hereinafter referred to as DSS) calculated petitioner\u2019s eligibility income, including therein her federal and state income tax refunds. Under the North Carolina AFDC program, an income tax refund is considered as a resource, not as income, in determining AFDC eligibility. The question presented by this appeal is whether treatment of an income tax refund as income in determining eligibility of an AFDC-medically needy applicant while treating an income tax refund as a resource in determining eligibility of an AFDC applicant violates the federal Medicaid statute. We hold that it does.\nThe facts of this case are not in dispute. Petitioner Joy M. Thorne applied for Medicaid on 17 April 1984. Ms. Thorne, at the time of the administrative proceeding below, was a single head of household responsible for raising two minor children. She worked at the local Blue Bell Factory in Wilson, North Carolina. Ms. Thorne received income of $400-$500 per month from Blue Bell and $190 in Social Security benefits for her children. In February of 1984, Ms. Thorne\u2019s oldest child was shot in the eye and severely injured. The child required extensive medical treatment, including four operations. Because of these medical needs, petitioner applied for retroactive medical assistance pursuant to the Aid to Families with Dependent Children \u2014 Medically Needy program. She was found eligible for AFDC-medically needy benefits, but was required to \u201cspend-down\u201d $1,356.88 in medical expenses before she could receive any benefits. The $1,356.88 \u201cspend-down\u201d was calculated by determining the amount of income Ms. Thorne had and then subtracting from that amount the AFDC-medically needy income eligibility limit. When calculating petitioner\u2019s income, the Wilson County DSS included a federal tax refund of $665.00 and a state tax refund of $71.00.\nThe petitioner appealed the Wilson County DSS\u2019s decision contending that her federal and state income tax refund should not have been considered as income but should have been considered a resource (not included in determining amount of spend-down). The DSS decision was upheld at all administrative levels, including the North Carolina Department of Human Resources. After exhausting all her administrative remedies, Ms. Thorne petitioned the Superior Court of Wilson County for judicial review, requesting the superior court to reverse and modify the decision of the Department of Human Resources. The superior court affirmed the decision of the North Carolina Department of Human Resources upholding the designation of petitioner\u2019s income tax refund as income in determining AFDC-medically needy eligibility.\nThe sole issue presented by this appeal is whether the treatment of income tax refunds as income in determining AFDC-medically needy eligibility while at the same time treating income tax refunds as a resource in determining AFDC eligibility violates the requirements of the federal Medicaid statute. For the reasons set forth below we hold such disparate treatment violates the federal Medicaid statute.\nThe Medicaid program is a cooperative, cost-sharing program between federal and state governments which \u201c \u2018provides] federal financial assistance to States that choose to reimburse certain costs of medical treatment for needy persons.\u2019 \u201d Schweiker v. Gray Panthers, 453 U.S. 34, 36, 69 L.Ed. 2d 460, 465, 101 S.Ct. 2633, 2636 (1981), quoting Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297, 301, 65 L.Ed. 2d 784, 100 S.Ct. 2671, 2680 (1980). Participation in the program is optional; however, once the State opts to participate, it must develop a plan which complies with federal law. Harris v. McRae, supra. There are two classes of eligible persons under Medicaid: the \u201ccategorically needy\u201d and the \u201cmedically needy.\u201d The \u201ccategorically needy\u201d are those persons eligible for cash assistance under (1) the AFDC program, 42 U.S.C. Sec. 601, et seq., or (2) the Supplemental Security Income program (SSI), 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1381, et seq. The \u201cmedically needy\u201d are those persons who meet the nonfinancial eligibility requirements for AFDC or SSI, but whose income or resources exceed the financial eligibility requirements of the relevant program. The \u201cmedically needy\u201d qualify for assistance because their income and resources are insufficient to pay for necessary medical care. This appeal concerns a person who, but for income or resources, would qualify for AFDC; she is known as \u201cAFDC-medically needy.\u201d\nProviding coverage for the medically needy is optional for states electing to participate in the Medicaid program. 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1396a(a)(10)(C). North Carolina has opted to provide coverage to the medically needy. G.S. 108-51. Having opted to provide benefits to both AFDC and AFDC-medically needy, the State must use the same eligibility standards for each group. 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1396a(a)(10)(C)(i)(III); Morris v. Morrow, 783 F. 2d 454 (4th Cir. 1986). A regulation promulgated by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (\u201cSecretary\u201d) in 1986 requires states to treat income tax refunds as a resource in determining eligibility under the AFDC program. 51 Fed. Reg. 9205. Prior to this regulation a state could treat an income tax refund as income or a resource in computing eligibility under the AFDC program. North Carolina treated an income tax refund as a resource when determining eligibility under the AFDC program but treated an income tax refund as income when determining eligibility under the AFDC-medically needy program. 10 N.C.A.C. 49B .0307(d)(1).\nThe statutory section at issue here, 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1396a(a)(10) (CKiXlII) requires the State to use a \u201csingle standard\u201d in determining income and resource eligibility for all Medicaid groups and to use the \u201csame methodology\u201d in determining the eligibility of AFDC-medically needy as it uses in determining AFDC eligibility. That section provides that if a state plan allows assistance for the medically needy,\nthe plan must include a description of (I) . . . (II) . . . (Ill) the single standard to be employed in determining income and resource eligibility for all such groups, and the methodology to be employed in determining such eligibility, which shall be the same methodology which would be employed under the supplemental security income program in the case of groups consisting of aged, blind, or disabled individuals in a State in which such program is in effect, and which shall be the same methodology which would be employed under the appropriate State plan ... to which such group is most closely categorically related .... (Emphasis added.)\n42 U.S.C. Sec. 1396a(a)(10)(C)(i)(III). Thus, we must determine whether the disparate categorization of an income tax refund in determining AFDC and AFDC-medically needy eligibility violates the \u201csame methodology\u201d requirement of 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1396a(a)(10) (CXiXIII).\nThe statutory scheme at issue has been described as \u201ca statute of unparalleled complexity,\u201d DeJesus v. Perales, 770 F. 2d 316, 321 (2d Cir. 1985), and \u201c \u2018almost unintelligible to the uninitiated,\u2019 \u201d Schwieker, supra, at 469, quoting Friedman v. Berger, 547 F. 2d 724, 727 n. 7 (2d Cir. 1976); however, the language of Sec. 1396a(a)(10)(C)(i)(III) clearly requires the same methodology be used by a state for computation of Medicaid eligibility of AFDC applicants as for AFDC-medically needy applicants. There is no indication in the language \u201cshall be the same methodology\u201d that any leeway exists to adopt a different methodology because of the differences in the AFDC and AFDC-medically needy programs. A review of the legislative history is illuminating.\nThe original counterpart to the present Sec. 1396a(a)(10)(C)(i) in the 1965 Act was Sec. 1902(a)(10)(B)(i). The original section required states choosing to provide Medicaid to the medically needy to determine the applicant\u2019s Medicaid eligibility using \u201ccomparable\u201d criteria to those used to determine eligibility for the related cash assistance program. Pub. L. No. 89-97 Sec. 1902(a)(10)(B)(i), 79 Stat. 286, 345 (1965). The \u201ccomparable\u201d standards language which remained in the Act until 1981, was interpreted by the Secretary and the courts to mean that a state was required to treat eligibility criteria for the medically needy in the same way that they were treated for the related cash assistance program. See, e.g., 42 Fed. Reg. 2685 (1977) (\u201c[A]I1 aged, blind, and disabled persons . . . must have their eligibility determined using all SSI eligibility rules except for \u2014 and only except for \u2014higher dollar amounts for income and resource eligibility levels . . . .\u201d); Caldwell v. Blum, 621 F. 2d 491, 495-98 (2d Cir. 1980) (state\u2019s restrictions on transfer of assets by medically needy impermissible where no such restrictions were imposed on the categorically needy), cert. denied, 452 U.S. 909 (1981); Greklek v. Toia, 565 F. 2d 1259, 1261 n. 5 (2d Cir. 1977) (State\u2019s use of a dual system to determine Medicaid eligibility violates the core statutory and regulatory requirement that AFDC recipients and the AFDC-related medically needy be treated the same with respect to allowable deductions from income), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 962 (1978); Friedman v. Berger, 547 F. 2d 724, 728 (2d Cir. 1976) (income disregarded in allowing SSI eligibility must likewise be disregarded in determining eligibility of SSI \u2014 related medically needy), cert. denied, 430 U.S. 984 (1977).\nThe Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 (OBRA) Pub. L. No. 97-35 Sec. 2171(a)(3), 95 Stat. 807 replaced 1902(a)(10)(B)(i) as amended by Sec. 1396a(a)(10)(C)(i) with a much less complex provision. The OBRA required only that state Medicaid plans for the medically needy \u201cinclude a description of . . . the criteria i for determining eligibility of individuals in the [medically needy] group for medical assistance.\u201d Pub. L. No. 97-35, Sec. 2171(a)(3)(i), 95 Stat. 807. The Secretary interpreted this change as allowing states to use different methodologies for treating income and resources in determining eligibility for medically needy and categorically needy. DeJesus, supra, at 325. The regulations promulgated by the Secretary stated the following:\nTreatment of Income and Resources\n1. Provisions: States are no longer required to apply a uniform methodology for treating income and resources in such matters as deemed income, interest, court-ordered support payments, and infrequent and irregular income. Rather, the State plan must specify the methodology that will be used; and that methodology must be reasonable.\n2. Discussion: Before the 1981 Amendments, the methodology for treatment of income and resources of the medically needy depended on the individuals\u2019 relationship to a specific cash assistance program. For example, the methodology for deeming the income of medically needy aged, blind, and disabled was taken from the SSI program. This was based on the former wording of section 1902(a)(10) of the Act that described the medically needy, in part, as individuals who \u201cexcept for income and resources\u201d would be eligible for cash assistance and for Medicaid as categorically needy. . . .\nSection 2171 of the 1981 Amendments revised the Medicaid statute so that the direct linkage between the cash assistance program is no longer explicit. . . . Therefore, we have concluded that the State need not adopt the methodology of a related cash assistance program in treating income and resources of the medically needy. . . .\nMedicaid Program; Medicaid Eligibility and Coverage Criteria, 46 Fed. Reg. 47976, 47980.\nIn response to the Secretary\u2019s regulations Congress enacted the present \u201csame methodology\u201d requirement of 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1396a(a)(10)(C)(i)(III). See Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (TEFRA), Pub. L. No. 97-248, Sec. 137(a)(8), 96 Stat. 324, 378. That section explicitly states that the methodology used by the states shall be the same methodology which would be employed under the related cash assistance program. Id. The legislative history of the current provision clearly demonstrates that the \u201csame methodology\u201d language of Sec. 1396a(a)(10HC)(i)(III) requires states to use the same methodologies in determining such matters as income, interest, court-ordered support payments, and infrequent and irregular income in the AFDC-medically needy program as it uses in the AFDC program. DeJesus, supra, at 326.\nIn 1984, Congress imposed a moratorium on disapproving state Medicaid plans that might be inconsistent with the \u201csame methodology\u201d requirement. See H. R. Rep. No. 861, 98th Cong., 2d Sess. 1366-67 (1984), reprinted, in 1984 U.S. Code Cong. & Ad. News 2055. Nothing in the moratorium suggests that Sec. 1396a(a) (10)(C)(i)(III) no longer requires the \u201csame methodology\u201d be employed in determining eligibility of the medically needy. Until Congress amends or rescinds Sec. 1396a(a)(10)(C)(i)(III), we will apply that section as it was enacted.\nBasic to the determination of Medicaid eligibility is the categorization of an applicant\u2019s financial receipts as income or resources. After this categorization is done then the amount of income and resources determined by the categorization is compared to the eligibility standard. A \u201cmethodology\u201d is \u201ca body of methods\u201d or \u201ca way, technique or process of or for doing something.\u201d Webster\u2019s New Collegiate Dictionary 747 (9th ed. 1983). In the context of Medicaid, the \u201cmethodology\u201d is the means of computing or categorizing what is income and what is a resource. It is clear from the statute that \u201cmethodology\u201d refers to the treatment of receipts as income or resources. Thus, whether a certain receipt is considered as income or a resource it must be the same for AFDC applicants as it is for AFDC-medically needy applicants. The statute, its legislative history, and the applicable case law invite no other interpretation.\nThe Department of Human Resources contends that the State is not required to use the \u201csame methodology\u201d because the \u201cspend-down\u201d requirement is not part of the AFDC program. The Department\u2019s argument is misplaced. The spend-down must be based on the \u201ccorrect\u201d categorization of income and resources. Simply stated, if a receipt is considered as income in the AFDC program, it must be considered as income in the AFDC-medically needy program. Thereafter, the computation of the spend-down is determined by the applicable state and federal legislation. See DeJesus, supra.\nWe hold that the treatment of an income tax refund as a resource in determining AFDC eligibility while treating an income tax refund as income in determining AFDC-medically needy eligibility violates the \u201csame methodology\u201d requirement of the federal Medicaid statute. The order of the superior court is\nReversed and remanded.\nJudges BECTON and PHILLIPS concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "COZORT, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "Attorney General Lacy H. Thornburg by Associate Attorney General Cathy J. Rosenthal for the appellee.", "Eastern Carolina Legal Services, Inc. by David H. Harris, Jr., and N. C. Legal Services Resource Center, Inc., by Pam Sil-berman, for petitioner appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "JOY M. THORNE, Appellant v. NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES, NORTH CAROLINA DIVISION OF SOCIAL SERVICES, Appellees\nNo. 857SC1334\n(Filed 19 August 1986)\nSocial Security and Public Welfare \u00a7 1\u2014 AFDC-medically needy assistance calculation of eligibility income \u2014federal and state tax refunds\nThe treatment of an income tax refund as a resource in determining AFDC eligibility while treating an income tax refund as income in determining AFDC-medically needy eligibility violates the \u201csame methodology\u201d requirement of 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1396a(a)(10)(C)(i)(III), the federal Medicaid statute. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 108-61, 10 N.C.A.C. 49B .0307(d)(1).\nAppeal by petitioner from Stephens, Judge. Judgment entered 16 September 1985 in Superior Court, WILSON County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 9 April 1986.\nAttorney General Lacy H. Thornburg by Associate Attorney General Cathy J. Rosenthal for the appellee.\nEastern Carolina Legal Services, Inc. by David H. Harris, Jr., and N. C. Legal Services Resource Center, Inc., by Pam Sil-berman, for petitioner appellant." }, "file_name": "0548-01", "first_page_order": 576, "last_page_order": 583 }