{ "id": 8358272, "name": "TONY C. HARRIS v. DUKE POWER COMPANY, a corporation", "name_abbreviation": "Harris v. Duke Power Co.", "decision_date": "1986-11-04", "docket_number": "No. 8626SC300", "first_page": "195", "last_page": "200", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "83 N.C. App. 195" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "327 S.E. 2d 888", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "313 N.C. 324", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4724761 ], "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/313/0324-01" ] }, { "cite": "1985 Duke L.J. 196", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "Duke L.J.", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "226 S.E. 2d 340", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "290 N.C. 473", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8561779 ], "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/290/0473-01" ] }, { "cite": "344 S.E. 2d 18", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "316 N.C. 557", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4693913, 4704150, 4701941, 4693702 ], "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/316/0557-04", "/nc/316/0557-02", "/nc/316/0557-03", "/nc/316/0557-01" ] }, { "cite": "338 S.E. 2d 617", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "78 N.C. App. 758", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8524088 ], "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/78/0758-01" ] }, { "cite": "333 S.E. 2d 490", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "314 N.C. 331", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4686660, 4695653, 4695471, 4689718, 4689592 ], "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/314/0331-03", "/nc/314/0331-01", "/nc/314/0331-05", "/nc/314/0331-02", "/nc/314/0331-04" ] }, { "cite": "328 S.E. 2d 818", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "74 N.C. App. 331", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8524570 ], "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/74/0331-01" ] }, { "cite": "114 S.E. 530", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "year": 1922, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "184 N.C. 406", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11270684 ], "year": 1922, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/184/0406-01" ] }, { "cite": "341 S.E. 2d 39", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "315 N.C. 597", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4714275, 4718790, 4717073, 4719672, 4715545 ], "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/315/0597-02", "/nc/315/0597-01", "/nc/315/0597-03", "/nc/315/0597-04", "/nc/315/0597-05" ] }, { "cite": "335 S.E. 2d 79", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "77 N.C. App. 253", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8521759 ], "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/77/0253-01" ] }, { "cite": "346 S.E. 2d 14", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "317 N.C. 334", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4780326, 4777709, 4778478, 4779983, 4776954 ], "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/317/0334-03", "/nc/317/0334-02", "/nc/317/0334-05", "/nc/317/0334-01", "/nc/317/0334-04" ] }, { "cite": "340 S.E. 2d 116", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "79 N.C. App. 483", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8521761 ], "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/79/0483-01" ] }, { "cite": "182 S.E. 2d 403", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "279 N.C. 254", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8566604 ], "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/279/0254-01" ] }, { "cite": "79 A.L.R. 3d 651", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 3d", "weight": 2, "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "659" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "221 S.E. 2d 282", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "288" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "289 N.C. 71", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8566728 ], "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/289/0071-01" ] }, { "cite": "301 S.E. 2d 120", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "61 N.C. App. 603", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8523059 ], "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/61/0603-01" ] }, { "cite": "254 S.E. 2d 611", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "297 N.C. 181", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8568312 ], "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/297/0181-01" ] }, { "cite": "341 S.E. 2d 39", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "315 N.C. 597", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4714275, 4718790, 4717073, 4719672, 4715545 ], "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/315/0597-02", "/nc/315/0597-01", "/nc/315/0597-03", "/nc/315/0597-04", "/nc/315/0597-05" ] }, { "cite": "335 S.E. 2d 79", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "77 N.C. App. 253", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8521759 ], "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/77/0253-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 673, "char_count": 13911, "ocr_confidence": 0.795, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.1066564673557795e-07, "percentile": 0.5696961483082604 }, "sha256": "f2d0f3454163e00b7e48ec90b0af92e11e852d49f894efbdfc942caf8f47b629", "simhash": "1:99fbf56b4e29bb66", "word_count": 2276 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:07:52.921422+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judge WELLS concurs.", "Judge Phillips dissents." ], "parties": [ "TONY C. HARRIS v. DUKE POWER COMPANY, a corporation" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "MARTIN, Judge.\nPlaintiff excepted and assigned error to (1) the dismissal of his tort claim for wrongful discharge, and (2) the dismissal of his claim for breach of his employment contract. He has not presented or discussed the issue of dismissal of his tort claim and we, therefore, conclude that he has abandoned that claim in this court. N.C. R. App. P. 28(a). The sole remaining issue is whether the complaint was sufficient to state a claim for relief against Duke for breach of its employment contract with plaintiff. We hold that it was not and affirm the order of the trial court.\nIn order to withstand a motion to dismiss made pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the complaint must give sufficient notice of the events and circumstances from which the claim arises, and must make allegations sufficient to satisfy the substantive elements of at least some recognizable claim. Stanback v. Stanback, 297 N.C. 181, 254 S.E. 2d 611 (1979); Hewes v. Johnston, 61 N.C. App. 603, 301 S.E. 2d 120 (1983). In considering the motion, the allegations contained within the complaint must be treated as true. Smith v. Ford Motor Co., 289 N.C. 71, 221 S.E. 2d 282, 79 A.L.R. 3d 651 (1976).\nPlaintiff contends that his complaint was sufficient to survive the motion to dismiss because he alleged that the personnel policy promulgated by Duke became a part of his employment contract, and that Duke\u2019s failure to follow the terms and conditions for termination set out in the policy constituted a breach of his contract. We hold, however, that even if the policy was made part of the contract, plaintiff has no right to relief because his employment was terminable at Duke\u2019s will.\nWith few and narrow exceptions, North Carolina adheres to the common law rule that employment contracts of indefinite duration are terminable at the will of either party. Still v. Lance, 279 N.C. 254, 182 S.E. 2d 403 (1971); Hogan v. Forsyth Country Club, 79 N.C. App. 483, 340 S.E. 2d 116, disc. rev. denied, 317 N.C. 334, 346 S.E. 2d 14 (1986); Walker v. Westinghouse Electric Corp., 77 N.C. App. 253, 335 S.E. 2d 79 (1985), disc. rev. denied, 315 N.C. 597, 341 S.E. 2d 39 (1986). \u201cWhere a contract of employment does not fix a definite term, it is terminable at the will of either party, with or without cause, except in those instances in which the employee is protected from discharge by statute.\u201d Smith v. Ford Motor Co., supra, at 80, 221 S.E. 2d at 288, 79 A.L.R. 3d at 659.\nIn Roberts v. Mills, 184 N.C. 406, 114 S.E. 530 (1922), it was recognized that an additional agreement, which was itself enforceable under contract law, could restrict the employer\u2019s right to terminate at will. In that case, the employer offered in January to pay a 10% bonus at Christmas of the same year to employees employed continuously during that year. The plaintiff was discharged in September without bonus pay. The plaintiff alleged that he had intended to quit his job in January but stayed on because of the bonus. The Court ruled that while the agreement did not alter the terminable at will nature of the employment contract, it did create a right quantum meruit for the bonus that the plaintiff had earned up to the time of discharge.\nMore recently, this court held that where an employee gave additional consideration beyond the usual obligation of service to the employer, such additional consideration could give rise to a contract of employment for so long as the services were performed satisfactorily even though no definite term was agreed upon. Sides v. Duke Hospital, 74 N.C. App. 331, 328 S.E. 2d 818, disc. rev. denied, 314 N.C. 331, 333 S.E. 2d 490 (1985). In Sides, the plaintiff alleged that she moved to North Carolina from Michigan in reliance upon her defendant-employer\u2019s promises that she could be discharged only for incompetence. The move from Michigan was, according to the Sides court, sufficient additional consideration to remove the plaintiffs employment contract from the terminable-at-will rule. Since the plaintiff alleged that she was discharged for reasons other than unsatisfactory performance, her complaint was sufficient to state a claim for breach of the employment contract.\nIn Walker v. Westinghouse, supra, another panel of this court suggested that unilaterally imposed employment manuals or policies, if expressly included in the employment contract, could restrict an employer\u2019s right to terminate an employee at will. Thus, in Trought v. Richardson, 78 N.C. App. 758, 338 S.E. 2d 617 (1985), disc. rev. denied, 316 N.C. 557, 344 S.E. 2d 18 (1986), the court recognized a claim for breach of an employment contract based on the provisions of an employer\u2019s personnel policy manual. In that case, the plaintiff alleged that she was required, at the time of her employment, to sign a statement that she had read the manual and agreed to abide by the regulations and benefits contained therein. The manual itself provided that an employee could be terminated only for cause, and that certain procedures were required for termination. Though the court did not expressly say as much, it apparently felt that because plaintiff was required to sign the statement, the manual became an express part of her contract of employment. The provisions of the personnel policy relating to the reasons and procedures for termination of employment were sufficiently specific to amount to an express contractual limitation on the right of the employer to terminate the plaintiff at its will. The plaintiffs allegations that she was discharged for reasons other than \u201cfor cause\u201d and in violation of the required procedures were deemed sufficient to state a claim for breach of her employment contract.\nIn the present case, plaintiff does not contend that he furnished any consideration to Duke, other than the usual obligation of service, or that he entered into any supplemental agreement, in addition to his original contract of employment, which would restrict Duke\u2019s right to terminate his employment at its will. Thus, our decision in Sides affords him no relief. Rather, plaintiff alleges that the \u201cRules of Conduct,\u201d unilaterally promulgated by Duke, were made an express part of his original contract of employment and that the \u201cRules\u201d restrict Duke\u2019s right to terminate. We find no such restriction.\nThe \u201cRules of Conduct,\u201d attached to plaintiff s complaint, contain provisions similar to those in Walker v. Westinghouse, supra. They state that they \u201care not intended to be all-inclusive. They serve as examples of the types of offenses that require disciplinary action.\u201d Discharge from employment is provided for \u201cif warranted.\u201d The application of the \u201cRules of Conduct\u201d is, by the terms thereof, within Duke\u2019s discretion rather than restrictive of its right to terminate employment. See Walker, supra. Moreover, neither the allegations of the complaint nor the provisions of the \u201cRules of Conduct\u201d disclose any representation that Duke would not discharge plaintiff except \u201cfor cause.\u201d Thus, our decision in Trought v. Richardson, supra, is not applicable and we are bound by the holding in Walker. Plaintiffs employment, being of indefinite duration and not otherwise protected from termination by statute or contract, was terminable at Duke\u2019s will and the trial court properly dismissed plaintiffs claim for breach of contract. Still v. Lance, supra, Nantz v. Employment Security Comm., 290 N.C. 473, 226 S.E. 2d 340 (1976).\nAs ably discussed by Judge Eagles in Walker, we recognize that a number of jurisdictions are, upon varying theories, limiting or abandoning the application of the employment-at-will doctrine, particularly where employee manuals are involved. See also, Note, Employee Handbooks and Employment-at-Will Contracts, 1985 Duke L.J. 196 (1985). We must, however, apply the law of North Carolina as established by our Supreme Court. Cannon v. Miller, 313 N.C. 324, 327 S.E. 2d 888 (1985). Accordingly, we hold that plaintiff has failed to state a cognizable claim for breach of his employment contract.\nFinally, we note that defendant has cited as authority, and quoted extensively from, an unreported opinion of this court filed in 1984. We have declined to consider the cited case in reaching our decision and remind counsel of the provisions of Rule 30(e) of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure, which explicitly states: \u201c[a] decision without a published opinion is authority only in the case in which such decision is rendered and should not be cited in any other case in any court for any purpose. . . .\u201d\nAffirmed.\nJudge WELLS concurs.\nJudge Phillips dissents.", "type": "majority", "author": "MARTIN, Judge." }, { "text": "Judge Phillips\ndissenting.\nIn my opinion this is a simple, well pleaded breach of contract suit that was improperly dismissed at the pleading stage. Except for legal inhibitions and limitations irrelevant to this case, employers and employees no less than others have the right under our law to contract as they see fit. Plaintiffs complaint clearly and explicitly alleges that the parties entered into a valid employment contract in which it was agreed that he would be dismissed only for certain stated causes, that the defendant breached the contract by firing him for a cause not agreed to, and plaintiff was damaged as a consequence. Thus, a claim for which our law has always authorized relief has been alleged and plaintiff is entitled to the opportunity to prove it.\nNor in my opinion is the case controlled by Walker v. Westinghouse Electric Corp., 77 N.C. App. 253, 335 S.E. 2d 79 (1985), disc. rev. denied, 315 N.C. 597, 341 S.E. 2d 39 (1986); because in Walker the employer expressly retained the discretionary right to do as it saw fit, which this employer did not do so far as plaintiffs complaint shows. Furthermore, if the parties did contract that plaintiff would be discharged only upon certain conditions, as plaintiff alleges, the employment was not nevertheless at will as the majority states, but an employment subject to being terminated upon the conditions stated, a different matter altogether. For if there was a valid contract it necessarily follows that defendant was obligated to follow the contract and did not have the right to violate it at will. I also disagree with the determination that as a matter of law the alleged contract was entered into without consideration. The complaint alleges that there was mutual consideration for the contract and in my view the allegation is not necessarily unprovable. Certainly, protection against being arbitrarily discharged from one\u2019s job can be a valuable consideration to anyone accepting employment, and acquiring a stable and secure work force can be a valuable benefit to any employer. Whether the parties entered into a valid contract and, if so, what its terms and considerations were are not questions of law, but fact, and I vote to return the case to the trial court for resolution in the usual way.", "type": "dissent", "author": "Judge Phillips" } ], "attorneys": [ "Russell, Sheely & Hollingsworth by Michael A. Sheely, and Edlestein & Payne, by M. Travis Payne, for plaintiff appellant.", "Mullins & Van Hoy, by Philip M. Van Hoy, and Robert M. Bisanar for defendant appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "TONY C. HARRIS v. DUKE POWER COMPANY, a corporation\nNo. 8626SC300\n(Filed 4 November 1986)\nMaster and Servant \u00a7 10.1\u2014 discharge from employment \u2014 employment terminable at will\nPlaintiff failed to state a claim for breach of his employment contract where plaintiffs employment was terminable at will, and \u201cRules of Conduct\u201d promulgated by defendant, which plaintiff contended were made an express part of his original contract of employment and which restricted defendant\u2019s right to terminate, stated by their own terms that their application was within defendant\u2019s discretion and stated that discharge from employment could take place \u201cif warranted.\u201d\nJudge Phillips dissenting.\nAPPEAL by plaintiff from Saunders, Chase B., Judge, MECKLENBURG County Superior Court. Order entered 29 January 1986. Heard in the Court of Appeals 28 August 1986.\nPlaintiff brought this action as a result of his discharge from employment by defendant Duke Power Company (Duke). In his complaint, plaintiff alleged that he had been employed by Duke since 1977, and had worked in the pipe fabrication shop of Duke\u2019s Catawba Nuclear Plant at Rock Hill, S.C. since 1983. He alleged that at the time of his employment, and throughout the course thereof, Duke maintained a written personnel policy providing, inter alia, for the terms and conditions of termination of employment for work-related conduct. According to the complaint, the policy categorized rules infractions into three classes, Class A, Class B, and Class C. Three Class A infractions within twelve months could result in termination of employment as could two Class B infractions within the same period. The most serious offenses were categorized as Class C offenses; an employee committing a single Class C offense was subject to discharge.\nPlaintiff alleged that during the month of October, 1984, he performed a \u201ctack\u201d as requested by a fitter. Sometime later, he learned that the \u201ctack\u201d was being investigated, and he was questioned about it by two of Duke\u2019s management employees. On 14 November 1984, he was told by his foreman that his employment was being terminated for \u201cB\u201d and \u201cC\u201d violations, but Duke refused to provide him with a termination notice or to explain what violations he had committed. He alleged that at the time of his discharge, he had no active \u201cA\u201d or \u201cB\u201d violations on his record. At most, he alleged, the \u201ctack\u201d which he performed amounted to \u201cConcealing defective work,\u201d a Class B violation. Plaintiff alleged that the written personnel policy was made a part of his employment contract and that he had been discharged in violation thereof.\nDuke moved to dismiss the complaint pursuant to G.S. 1A-1, Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. From an order granting Duke\u2019s motion and dismissing the action, plaintiff appeals.\nRussell, Sheely & Hollingsworth by Michael A. Sheely, and Edlestein & Payne, by M. Travis Payne, for plaintiff appellant.\nMullins & Van Hoy, by Philip M. Van Hoy, and Robert M. Bisanar for defendant appellee." }, "file_name": "0195-01", "first_page_order": 223, "last_page_order": 228 }