{
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  "name": "CLYDE WILLIAM WHITLEY, JR. v. LARRY MICHAEL OWENS",
  "name_abbreviation": "Whitley v. Owens",
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    "judges": [
      "Judges Martin and Cozort concur."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "CLYDE WILLIAM WHITLEY, JR. v. LARRY MICHAEL OWENS"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "BECTON, Judge.\nClyde William Whitley, Jr., driver of a garbage truck, brought this action seeking to recover damages for personal injuries he sustained when he was struck by a van driven by defendant, Larry Michael Owens. At the time of the accident, Whitley was walking alongside the garbage truck during a regular stop on his garbage pick-up route. In his Answer, Owens denied that he was negligent and alleged that plaintiffs own negligence contributed to the injuries. The case was tried before a jury which found that both parties were negligent and thus denied recovery to plaintiff. From judgment entered 25 August 1986 in accordance with the verdict, plaintiff appeals. We find no error.\nOn appeal, plaintiff assigns as error the trial judge\u2019s (1) failure to give a limiting instruction after sustaining objections to opinion testimony of defendant\u2019s witness, Nadine Howell, (2) admission of hearsay testimony of defendant\u2019s wife as corroborative of defendant\u2019s testimony, and (3) denial of plaintiffs motions for directed verdict at the close of all the evidence, for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, and for a new trial on the issue of contributory negligence.\nI\nThe accident occurred on U.S. Highway 158 in Davie County at approximately 8:15 a.m. on 18 December 1984. The plaintiffs evidence tended to show the following facts. Whitley, and his coworker, Kenneth Head, who rode in the passenger side of the garbage truck, stopped at a certain spot along their regular route heading in an easterly direction. They were unable to pull the truck completely off the road but parked on the right side at an angle so that the rear left corner overhung the pavement approximately two feet, and turned on the truck\u2019s hazard flashers.\nThe two men alighted, walked to the back of the truck, and emptied the trash cans which were a few feet away. They then looked for traffic, but neither remembered seeing a vehicle approaching although visibility was good and they could see approximately a quarter of a mile. Each began to walk from the back of the truck to his respective door (a distance of ten to twelve feet), Head along the passenger (right) side and Whitley along the driver\u2019s (left) side. Whitley was nearly abreast of the driver\u2019s door and about to reach for the handle when he looked back and became aware of Owens\u2019 vehicle coming toward the truck. He attempted to jump into the space between the bed and cab of the truck, but the van skidded into him, crushing him between the vehicles and seriously injuring his leg. The van continued travel-ling for a distance and then stopped.\nThe defendant\u2019s evidence tended to show the following. Owens turned onto Highway 158 in the middle of a curve approximately one-half to three-quarters of a mile from the accident site and headed in an easterly direction. He followed the road uphill and around the curve (approximately one-fourth of the total distance). From that point, the road was straight and downhill to where the garbage truck was parked.\nOwens first saw the truck as he was about halfway down the hill and recognized it as a garbage truck, but he did not recall seeing any lights flashing and did not see anyone around the truck. He was \u201cright on top\u201d of the truck when he first saw Whitley coming from the front of the truck toward the back, walking out in the road. At that time, Owens\u2019 van was travelling between 45 and 50 m.p.h. Because of the angle at which the truck was parked, Owens could not see around the left side toward the front until he was right up to it. When he saw Whitley, he slammed on the brakes, the rear wheels locked, and the rear end of the van slid to the right, striking the garbage truck and its driver. Owens then pulled ahead a short distance to the fire station across the road and walked back to where the accident occurred.\nII\nWhitley contends that the evidence of contributory negligence was insufficent to take that issue to the jury and that the trial court thus erred in denying his motions for directed verdict, for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, and for a new trial. We disagree.\nOn a motion for a directed verdict, the court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, resolving all conflicts in his favor, and giving him the benefit of every inference that could reasonably be drawn from the evidence in his favor. West v. Slick, 313 N.C. 33, 326 S.E. 2d 601 (1985). The same standard of sufficiency of the evidence applies to a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Northern National Life Insurance Co. v. Lacy J. Miller Machine Co., 311 N.C. 62, 316 S.E. 2d 256 (1984).\nA pedestrian crossing the road at any point other than a marked crosswalk, or walking along or upon a highway, has a statutory duty to yield the right of way to all vehicles on the roadway. See N.C. Gen. Stat. Sec. 20-174 (1983); Garman v. Thomas, 241 N.C. 412, 85 S.E. 2d 589 (1955). Such a pedestrian also has a common law duty to exercise reasonable care for his own safety by keeping a proper lookout for approaching traffic before entering the road and while on the roadway. See, e.g., Blake v. Mallard, 262 N.C. 62, 136 S.E. 2d 214 (1964); Rosser v. Smith, 260 N.C. 647, 133 S.E. 2d 499 (1963); Brooks v. Boucher, 22 N.C. App. 676, 207 S.E. 2d 282, cert. denied, 286 N.C. 211, 209 S.E. 2d 319 (1974). Failure to yield the right of way to traffic pursuant to G.S. Sec. 20-174 does not constitute negligence per se but is some evidence of negligence. E.g., Clark v. Bodycombe, 289 N.C. 246, 221 S.E. 2d 506 (1976); Blake; Troy v. Todd, 68 N.C. App. 63, 313 S.E. 2d 896 (1984).\nIn Kellogg v. Thomas, 244 N.C. 722, 94 S.E. 2d 903 (1956), our Supreme Court outlined the standard of care applicable to highway workers whose duties of employment require their presence on a street or highway. Such a person working in an area marked by warning signs occupies a different status from an ordinary pedestrian crossing a street and is not required to keep a constant lookout for traffic while working. This fact must be considered in determining the degree of care he must exercise for his own safety and in deciding whether he is contributorily negligent. However,\n[t]he sound general rule that a workman laboring at his job on a highway is not required to exercise the same degree of care for his own safety required of an ordinary pedestrian does not apply where the worker is at a place where his work does not require him to be or is not actually engaged in work at the time of his injury which requires the diversion of his attention from approaching traffic. . . .\nId. at 729, 94 S.E. 2d at 909. Thus, an important factor is whether the worker\u2019s activity at the time of injury is one which leaves him free to take precautions for his own safety, and a worker merely engaged in crossing the street in his work may be expected to exercise the same degree of care for his own safety that is required of an ordinary person under the same circumstances. Id. In our view, the same principles apply to the case at bar since the duties of garbage collectors often require them to stand and walk upon or near streets and highways while working.\nThe uncontroverted evidence in this case shows that, at the time of his injury, Whitley was not engaged in carrying or dumping garbage or any other duties of employment which would divert his attention and thus confer upon him a different status from an ordinary pedestrian on the roadway. He was merely walking alongside the truck in order to reenter the cab and was free to keep a proper lookout and otherwise take precautions for his own safety. Under these circumstances, Whitley was under a duty not only to look, but to keep a lookout, to see traffic that could be seen, and to yield the right of way. See, e.g., Blake; Rosser; Garman; Brooks.\nWhitley contends, based upon N.C. Gen. Stat. Sec. 20-149 (1983), which requires a driver overtaking another vehicle proceeding in the same direction to pass at least two feet to the left thereof, that he was entitled to assume that the van would pass the garbage truck with at least a two-foot clearance. However, the existence of this statutory requirement does not resolve the issue of Whitley\u2019s contributory negligence. While a pedestrian (or motorist) has a right to assume that other motorists will use due care and obey the rules of the road, that right does not relieve him of the legal duty to maintain a proper lookout and otherwise exercise a reasonable degree of care for his own safety. See Kellogg; Weavil v. C. W. Myers Trading Post, Inc., 245 N.C. 106, 95 S.E. 2d 533 (1956); Cox v. Hennis Freight Lines, Inc., 236 N.C. 72, 72 S.E. 2d 25 (1952).\nWhitley testified that he looked for traffic but did not see any approaching vehicles; that he then walked around the truck to the driver\u2019s door, a distance of ten to twelve feet, without looking back; and that only as he reached for the door did he see the van coming toward him. Owens\u2019 uncontroverted testimony established that the van\u2019s speed was 45 to 50 m.p.h. in a 55 m.p.h. zone. Evidence presented by both parties tended to show that the road was straight and that Whitley had a clear and unobstructed view in the direction of Owens\u2019 oncoming vehicle for at least a quarter of a mile. Nevertheless, by his own admission, Whitley never saw the van until it was too late.\nWe conclude that this evidence is sufficient to support a finding that Whitley failed to keep a timely lookout, or if he looked, that he failed to see what he ought to have seen. See, e.g., Blake (pedestrian struck by vehicle held contributorily negligent as matter of law because evidence showed she walked into path of vehicle at place where its lights were visible for a mile); Rosser (pedestrian held contributorily negligent as matter of law who walked into path of vehicle at point where road was straight and level with clear visibility for 500 to 600 feet); Kellogg (issue of contributory negligence properly submitted to jury when plaintiff highway worker testified he looked both ways before entering highway but failed to see defendant\u2019s approaching vehicle until it was too late although his view in both directions was unobstructed); Garman (highway contractor\u2019s employee injured while placing flares along the highway who testified that he looked both ways before crossing road, and that he could see clearly 700 to 1000 feet in the direction from which defendant\u2019s truck came but did not see it until it was within five feet of him held contributorily negligent as a matter of law). However, there is some evidence that Whitley\u2019s view may have become obstructed after he rounded the truck due to the angle at which it was parked. Consequently, the question of whether Whitley exercised reasonable care for his own safety in view of his work and surrounding circumstances was properly presented to the jury.\nA trial judge\u2019s discretionary decision to deny a new trial may be reversed on appeal only in those exceptional cases in which the record reveals a manifest abuse of discretion. Worthington v. Bynum, 305 N.C. 478, 290 S.E. 2d 599 (1982). Having concluded that the evidence of contributory negligence was sufficient to withstand plaintiffs motions for directed verdict and judgment notwithstanding the verdict, we find no abuse of discretion by the trial court in denying the motion for a new trial.\nIll\nFor the foregoing reasons, we hold that the trial court properly denied the plaintiffs motions for directed verdict, judgment notwithstanding the verdict, and new trial. We have also carefully reviewed plaintiffs two remaining assignments of error and conclude that they are without merit.\nNo error.\nJudges Martin and Cozort concur.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "BECTON, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Hall & Vogler, by William E. Hall, for plaintiff appellant.",
      "Womble, Carlyle, Sandridge & Rice, by Allan R. Gitter, for defendant appellee."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "CLYDE WILLIAM WHITLEY, JR. v. LARRY MICHAEL OWENS\nNo. 8622SC1344\n(Filed 16 June 1987)\nAutomobiles and Other Vehicles \u00a7 83.2\u2014 garbage collector struck by a vehicle \u2014 contributory negligence\nThe evidence was sufficient to support a jury finding that plaintiff garbage collector was contributorily negligent in failing to keep a proper lookout or to see what he ought to have seen when he was struck by defendant\u2019s van while walking alongside his truck to reenter the cab where it tended to show that the garbage truck was parked on the right side of the highway at an angle so that the rear left corner overhung the pavement approximately two feet; in the direction from which defendant\u2019s van approached, the road was straight and downhill to where the garbage truck was parked and plaintiff could see up the road for a quarter of a mile; and, at the time of his injury, plaintiff was not carrying or dumping garbage or engaged in other employment duties which would divert his attention and confer upon him a status different from an ordinary pedestrian on the roadway.\nAppeal by plaintiff from Collier, Judge. Judgment entered 25 August 1986 in Superior Court, DAVIE County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 2 June 1987.\nHall & Vogler, by William E. Hall, for plaintiff appellant.\nWomble, Carlyle, Sandridge & Rice, by Allan R. Gitter, for defendant appellee."
  },
  "file_name": "0180-01",
  "first_page_order": 208,
  "last_page_order": 213
}
