{ "id": 8358513, "name": "DONALD PHILLIP KLASSETTE by his guardian, JOHN PHILLIP KLASSETTE v. MECKLENBURG COUNTY AREA MENTAL HEALTH, MENTAL RETARDATION AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE AUTHORITY", "name_abbreviation": "Klassette ex rel. Klassette v. Mecklenburg County Area Mental Health, Mental Retardation & Substance Abuse Authority", "decision_date": "1988-02-02", "docket_number": "No. 8726SC583", "first_page": "495", "last_page": "505", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "88 N.C. App. 495" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "353 S.E. 2d 433", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "435-38", "parenthetical": "discussing degree of expert certainty required for admissible testimony" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "84 N.C. App. 598", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 12169034 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "601-06", "parenthetical": "discussing degree of expert certainty required for admissible testimony" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/84/0598-01" ] }, { "cite": "362 S.E. 2d 273", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "in part requiring trial court to \"examine carefully into [the tape's] authenticity, relevancy and competency . . .\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "321 N.C. 260", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 2569131 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "in part requiring trial court to \"examine carefully into [the tape's] authenticity, relevancy and competency . . .\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/321/0260-01" ] }, { "cite": "352 S.E. 2d 902", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "905-06", "parenthetical": "in part requiring trial court to \"examine carefully into [the tape's] authenticity, relevancy and competency . . .\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "84 N.C. App. 314", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 12168487 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "319-21", "parenthetical": "in part requiring trial court to \"examine carefully into [the tape's] authenticity, relevancy and competency . . .\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/84/0314-01" ] }, { "cite": "360 S.E. 2d 109", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "111-113" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "87 N.C. App. 95", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8357935 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "100-03" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/87/0095-01" ] }, { "cite": "358 S.E. 2d 49", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "discussing degree of expert certainty required for admissible testimony" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "320 N.C. 167", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4728805, 4731467, 4729521, 4723670, 4730200 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "discussing degree of expert certainty required for admissible testimony" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/320/0167-04", "/nc/320/0167-01", "/nc/320/0167-05", "/nc/320/0167-03", "/nc/320/0167-02" ] }, { "cite": "3 S.E. 2d 297", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1939, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "215 N.C. 726", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8631884 ], "year": 1939, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/215/0726-01" ] }, { "cite": "64 S.E. 2d 551", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1951, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "233 N.C. 472", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8611171 ], "year": 1951, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/233/0472-01" ] }, { "cite": "255 S.E. 2d 580", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "584" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "41 N.C. App. 661", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8551418 ], "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "666" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/41/0661-01" ] }, { "cite": "179 S.E. 2d 453", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "voluntary adoption of rules as guide for protection of public is admissible as some evidence of reasonably prudent conduct" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "278 N.C. 104", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8559746, 8559716, 8559722, 8559756, 8559734 ], "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "voluntary adoption of rules as guide for protection of public is admissible as some evidence of reasonably prudent conduct" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/278/0104-04", "/nc/278/0104-01", "/nc/278/0104-02", "/nc/278/0104-05", "/nc/278/0104-03" ] }, { "cite": "178 S.E. 2d 316", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "322", "parenthetical": "voluntary adoption of rules as guide for protection of public is admissible as some evidence of reasonably prudent conduct" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "10 N.C. App. 287", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8553437 ], "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "295-96", "parenthetical": "voluntary adoption of rules as guide for protection of public is admissible as some evidence of reasonably prudent conduct" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/10/0287-01" ] }, { "cite": "131 S.E. 2d 501", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1963, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "505", "parenthetical": "voluntary adoption of safety code is \"some evidence\" that a reasonably prudent person would adhere to requirements of code" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "259 N.C. 660", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8561907 ], "year": 1963, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "666", "parenthetical": "voluntary adoption of safety code is \"some evidence\" that a reasonably prudent person would adhere to requirements of code" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/259/0660-01" ] }, { "cite": "321 S.E. 2d 136", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "311 N.C. 758", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4681026, 4679843, 4682027, 4681877, 4685885 ], "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/311/0758-04", "/nc/311/0758-03", "/nc/311/0758-01", "/nc/311/0758-05", "/nc/311/0758-02" ] }, { "cite": "315 S.E. 2d 786", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "788" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "68 N.C. App. 629", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8527739 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "632" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/68/0629-01" ] }, { "cite": "20 S.E. 2d 299", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1942, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "304" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "221 N.C. 292", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8627563 ], "year": 1942, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "300" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/221/0292-01" ] }, { "cite": "278 S.E. 2d 286", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "289", "parenthetical": "citations omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "52 N.C. App. 255", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 12170143 ], "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "260", "parenthetical": "citations omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/52/0255-01" ] }, { "cite": "272 S.E. 2d 357", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "360", "parenthetical": "citation omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "49 N.C. App. 642", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8523168 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "645", "parenthetical": "citation omitted" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/49/0642-01" ] }, { "cite": "201 S.E. 2d 897", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "902" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "284 N.C. 576", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8563409 ], "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "583" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/284/0576-01" ] }, { "cite": "305 S.E. 2d 734", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "309 N.C. 192", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4763169, 4764848, 4767347, 4762776, 4761567 ], "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/309/0192-05", "/nc/309/0192-02", "/nc/309/0192-04", "/nc/309/0192-03", "/nc/309/0192-01" ] }, { "cite": "300 S.E. 2d 833", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "836" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "61 N.C. App. 170", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8520017 ], "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "174" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/61/0170-01" ] }, { "cite": "171 S.E. 2d 427", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1970, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "429", "parenthetical": "municipality has no authority to waive its governmental immunity absent express statutory authority" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "276 N.C. 172", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8560510 ], "year": 1970, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "175", "parenthetical": "municipality has no authority to waive its governmental immunity absent express statutory authority" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/276/0172-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1028, "char_count": 24909, "ocr_confidence": 0.813, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.6598927682400965e-07, "percentile": 0.6940952928143688 }, "sha256": "bfee3b6d4aaf58368e530a953eb584424b3c85849edeabeb4d075117321ed878", "simhash": "1:df93bd3b4cee8dfc", "word_count": 3797 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:20:42.285314+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Chief Judge HEDRICK concurs in the result.", "Judge MARTIN concurs with the majority that plaintiff is entitled to a new trial for the reasons contained in Part I of this opinion.", "Judge Martin concurred in this opinion prior to 31 December 1987." ], "parties": [ "DONALD PHILLIP KLASSETTE by his guardian, JOHN PHILLIP KLASSETTE v. MECKLENBURG COUNTY AREA MENTAL HEALTH, MENTAL RETARDATION AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE AUTHORITY" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "GREENE, Judge.\nThis appeal arises from plaintiffs negligence suit against defendant for its operation of the Seventh Street Detoxification Center, a treatment center for drug and alcohol abuse in Charlotte, North Carolina (hereinafter, the \u201cCenter\u201d). The trial court entered directed verdict against plaintiff at the close of plaintiffs evidence. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff reveals that plaintiffs friend drove plaintiff to the Center around midnight one evening. Plaintiff had injected himself with a drug which rendered him unconscious. Plaintiffs friend related plaintiffs condition to a Center employee who apparently offered no help. The friend then called the Center from a public telephone and described plaintiffs condition to the shift supervisor. Although the friend informed the supervisor that plaintiff was in a car at the Center\u2019s main entrance, the supervisor refused to admit plaintiff into the Center since the friend would not take responsibility for admitting plaintiff and plaintiff could not admit himself. After the friend went home, the shift supervisor found plaintiff lying in the back seat of plaintiffs automobile at the main entrance of the Center. The supervisor concluded plaintiff was alcoholically intoxicated, locked the doors of the automobile and took the car keys with him. The supervisor monitored plaintiffs condition at intervals of approximately 45 minutes to an hour until 5:00 a.m. the next morning. At that time, the supervisor discovered plaintiffs breathing and skin color had deteriorated and called an ambulance.\nPlaintiff was diagnosed as having severe permanent brain damage caused by oxygen deprivation. Doctors testified on plaintiffs behalf that plaintiff would have had no brain damage at the time he was brought to the Center. Both doctors testified the drugs in plaintiffs blood system were insufficient alone or together to cause the resulting brain damage. However, the trial court barred certain testimony on the specific time at which plaintiff suffered irreversible brain damage. The court also barred testimony by the Center\u2019s acting director on the application and interpretation of the Center\u2019s written policies and procedures. At the close of plaintiffs evidence, the trial court entered directed verdict for defendant.\nAt the outset, we note the parties expressly stipulated that certain portions of the transcript would be omitted from the record on appeal. However, a remaining portion of the transcript reveals some dispute whether defendant had waived its governmental immunity by purchasing liability insurance under N.C.G.S. Sec. 153A-435 (1987). Although the trial court apparently denied defendant\u2019s motion pertaining to that plea in bar, defendant has not appealed that ruling. As we therefore assume defendant waived any governmental immunity as provided under Section 153A-435, we need not determine whether defendant\u2019s failure to appeal the denial of its motion would itself constitute a valid waiver of its governmental immunity. Cf. Galligan v. Town of Chapel Hill, 276 N.C. 172, 175, 171 S.E. 2d 427, 429 (1970) (municipality has no authority to waive its governmental immunity absent express statutory authority).\nDefendant has similarly not argued any possible limited immunity from civil liability under N.C.G.S. Sec. 122C-210.1 (1986) (no \u201cfacility\u201d or staff held civilly liable for examination of \u201cclient\u201d where they abide by \u201caccepted professional judgment, practices and standards\u201d); compare Sec. 122C-3(14) (\u201cfacility\u201d includes any \u201cperson\u201d providing services under the statute) with Sec. 122C-3\u00cd28) (\u201cperson\u201d includes area authority). As plaintiff was apparently not a \u201cclient\u201d of the Center and as neither party has discussed possible limited immunity under Section 122C-210.1, we express no opinion whether its statutory standard of \u201caccepted professional judgment\u201d applies to the treatment of non-clients such as plaintiff.\nThis appeal therefore presents only the following issues: I) where defendant\u2019s employee refused to admit an unconscious plaintiff to a county detoxification facility, whether defendant\u2019s employee either (A) owed or (B) assumed a duty of care in further attending plaintiff\u2019s condition without referring plaintiff for medical treatment; II) whether the trial court properly barred plaintiffs doctor from testifying as to the specific time at which plaintiffs condition required medical attention in order to prevent serious brain injury; and III) whether the trial court properly excluded all questions concerning the interpretation and application of defendant\u2019s written policies and procedures governing admission to the Center.\nI\nOur standard for reviewing the trial court\u2019s directed verdict in this case was set forth in Mazza v. Huffaker, 61 N.C. App. 170, 174, 300 S.E. 2d 833, 836, disc. rev. denied, 309 N.C. 192, 305 S.E. 2d 734 (1983):\nIn passing upon a defendant\u2019s motion for directed verdict, the plaintiff\u2019s \u2018evidence must be taken as true, . . . and [the motion] may be granted only if, as a matter of law, the evidence is insufficient to justify a verdict for the plaintiffs.\u2019 Dickenson v. Pake, 284 N.C. 576, 583, 201 S.E. 2d 897, 902 (1974). In a negligence case, \u2018[i]f the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, giving him the benefit of all permissible inferences from it, tends to support all essential elements of actionable negligence, then it is sufficient to survive the motion . . . [for a directed verdict].\u2019 Hunt v. Montgomery Ward and Co., 49 N.C. App. 642, 645, 272 S.E. 2d 357, 360 (1980) (citation omitted). In addition to the rule giving the plaintiff the benefit of the doubt on a motion for nonsuit, \u2018judicial caution is particularly called for in actions alleging negligence as a basis for recovery.\u2019 Smithers v. Collins, 52 N.C. App. 255, 260, 278 S.E. 2d 286, 289 (1981) (citations omitted).\nThe Center was established pursuant to the general provisions of N.C.G.S. Sec. 122C et seq. (1986). These provisions are designed to provide, among other things, \u201cservices to . . . reduce the disabling effect of . . . substance abuse through a ... system designed to meet the needs of clients . . . .\u201d Sec. 122C-2 (emphasis added). Defendant argues this statutory policy imposes on it a duty of care only to \u201cclients,\u201d who are defined as individuals \u201cadmitted to and receiving services from\u201d a regulated facility. Sec. 122C-3(6). Defendant correctly points out that there exists in this state no general duty to aid individuals in distress. See, e.g., Parrish v. Atlantic Coastline R.R., 221 N.C. 292, 300, 20 S.E. 2d 299, 304 (1942). Since the Center supervisor refused to admit plaintiff as a \u201cclient,\u201d defendant therefore claims it owed plaintiff no duty of care whatsoever. Plaintiff\u2019s alleged failure to establish a legal duty to plaintiff could constitute grounds for a directed verdict in his negligence case. See Kilpatrick v. University Mall Shopping Center, 68 N.C. App. 629, 632, 315 S.E. 2d 786, 788, disc, rev. denied, 311 N.C. 758, 321 S.E. 2d 136 (1984). However, the record discloses two bases for defendant\u2019s duty of reasonable care to plaintiff.\nA\nThe detailed statutory scheme for treating substance abusers itself necessarily implies some duty of care toward those prospective clients who are actually denied admission to regulated facilities. For example, Section 122C-211, which governs voluntary admission of substance abusers, clearly provides for some obligation to those individuals denied admission to the facility:\nAn individual may not be accepted as a client if the facility determines that the individual does not need or cannot benefit from the care, treatment, habilitation, or rehabilitation available and that the individual is not in need of further evaluation by the facility. The facility shall give to an individual who is denied admission a referral to another facility or facilities that may he able to provide the treatment needed by the client.\nSec. 122C-211 (emphasis added); cf. Sec. 122C-202 (Article applies to all facilities). Section 122C-211 imposes on a facility the duty to refer an individual to another facility for treatment: therefore, the facility must necessarily use due care in exercising its judgment not to refer an individual for further treatment. Cf. Sec. 122C-301(b) (no officer liable if uses \u201creasonable measures\u201d set forth to assist publicly intoxicated individuals). Given the Center\u2019s specific public purpose and the circumstances under which plaintiff was deposited on Center premises with the supervisor\u2019s knowledge, we also note the assertion in the Restatement of Torts that \u201ca possessor of land who holds it open to the public is under a . . . duty to members of the public who enter in response to his invitation.\u201d Restatement of Torts (Second) Sec. 314A(3) (1965).\nViewing this evidence favorably to plaintiff discloses that plaintiffs friend apparently brought plaintiff to the Center in response to the Center\u2019s publicly stated mandate to help substance abusers. The friend twice informed Center employees, including the shift supervisor, that plaintiff had suffered a drug overdose. However, the shift supervisor decided plaintiff was simply intoxicated with alcohol. Since the Center\u2019s treatment mandate includes all \u201csubstance abuse\u201d (including alcohol abuse) under Section 122C-3(36), plaintiff was in either event a \u201cprospective client\u201d of the Center under these circumstances. Section 122C-211 embodies the legislature\u2019s recognition that denying a prospective client admission to a specific facility does not terminate a duty to refer that individual for further help if necessary. Therefore, we hold the shift supervisor was required to use due care in deciding whether or not to refer plaintiff for further aid.\nWe recognize the unusual manner by which plaintiffs friend brought plaintiff to the Center and notified the shift supervisor of plaintiffs intoxication. However, the shift supervisor testified he examined plaintiff but did not admit him \u201cbecause he did not meet the criteria of the Center at that time.\u201d While plaintiffs unconscious condition may not have met the Center\u2019s criteria for voluntary admission, Section 122C-211 does not limit the scope of the facility\u2019s referral duty based on the specific criteria used to deny the individual admission.\nFurthermore, defendant\u2019s own written policies and procedures specifically dealt with the preliminary evaluation and admission of prospective clients. Several written procedures evidence defendant\u2019s voluntary assumption of a standard of care toward prospective clients prior to their actual admission or after admission is denied. For example, one written policy apparently implemented the referral directive of Section 122C-211 as it provided in part that, at the preliminary admission evaluation, the \u201csupervisor on duty shall determine the need for medical services . . . and provide transportation to the services.\u201d Another written procedure provided that \u201cindividuals brought to the Center . . . by referral agents shall be admitted . . . unless in the judgment of Center staff the individual is not appropriate for detoxification services (including significant medical or physical problems) and would benefit more from other services.\" (Emphases added.) These written procedures specifically charged the shift supervisor with using his own discretion in their implementation. Furthermore, the stated admission policy of the Center was that it \u201c[would] attempt to treat at some level, or to refer to other appropriate treatment, anyone who has developed the disease of alcoholism or who is experiencing problems with alcohol.\u201d\nWe recognize voluntary written policies and procedures do not themselves establish a per se standard of due care appropriate to these circumstances; however, they represent some evidence of a reasonably prudent standard of care. See generally Wilson v. Lowe\u2019s Asheboro Hardware, Inc., 259 N.C. 660, 666, 131 S.E. 2d 501, 505 (1963) (voluntary adoption of safety code is \u201csome evidence\u201d that a reasonably prudent person would adhere to requirements of code); Slade v. New Hanover County Bd. of Educ., 10 N.C. App. 287, 295-96, 178 S.E. 2d 316, 322, cert. denied, 278 N.C. 104, 179 S.E. 2d 453 (1971) (voluntary adoption of rules as guide for protection of public is admissible as some evidence of reasonably prudent conduct).\nThe legislature\u2019s statutory scheme for treating substance abuse under Section 122C requires defendant to refer individuals denied admission to a facility for further help if necessary. Defendant\u2019s written procedures are some evidence of the reasonable steps necessary to fulfill that requirement. In light of these requirements, defendant owed plaintiff a duty of care in deciding whether or not to refer plaintiff for medical treatment.\nB\nIrrespective of any duty of care arising by virtue of the above statutes and procedures, we also conclude defendant\u2019s shift supervisor assumed a duty of care toward plaintiff by his affirmative conduct. In locking plaintiff in plaintiff\u2019s car and regularly monitoring plaintiff\u2019s vital signs, the supervisor clearly took charge of the helpless plaintiff. As we stated in Davidson and Jones, Inc. v. County of New Hanover, 41 N.C. App. 661, 666, 255 S.E. 2d 580, 584 (1979):\nThe law imposes upon every person who enters upon an act or course of conduct the positive duty to exercise ordinary care to protect others from harm and calls a violation of that duty negligence. Council v. Dickerson\u2019s, Inc., 233 N.C. 472, 64 S.E. 2d 551 (1951); Stroud v. Transportation Co., 215 N.C. 726, 3 S.E. 2d 297 (1939). The duty to protect others from harm arises whenever one person is by circumstances placed in such a position towards another that anyone of ordinary sense who thinks will at once recognize that if he does not use ordinary care and skill in his own conduct with regard to those circumstances, that he will cause danger of injury to the person or property of the other. [Citations omitted.]\nAt the very least, the supervisor\u2019s affirmative conduct precluded any other rescuer from rendering the aid allegedly necessary to prevent plaintiff\u2019s brain injuries. Cf. Restatement of Torts (Second) Sec. 314A(4) (1965) (one who voluntarily takes custody of another under circumstances depriving other of other opportunity for rescue assumes duty of care).\nOf course, whether defendant\u2019s shift supervisor did or did not use reasonable care in attending to plaintiff is a question for the jury. We simply hold defendant has not demonstrated that it owed no duty whatsoever to plaintiff as a matter of law. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court\u2019s directed verdict and remand for a new trial.\nIn passing, we reject defendant\u2019s contributory negligence argument. Defendant argues that plaintiff\u2019s apparently voluntary intoxication is contributory negligence which bars plaintiff's recovery. We have already noted that, when officers deal with publicly intoxicated individuals, the legislature has immunized them from civil and criminal liability only if the officers use reasonable measures under Section 122C-301(b): such limited immunity would be unnecessary if an individual\u2019s intoxication always constituted contributory negligence. To deny a substance abuser any standard of care when he seeks treatment of his substance abuse would vitiate the legislature\u2019s detailed regulatory scheme for aiding substance abusers. Under these circumstances, defendant\u2019s contributory negligence argument is meritless.\nII\nAlthough we remand for a new trial, plaintiff has also assigned error to certain other evidentiary rulings. Defendant may be expected to raise again on remand those objections sustained by the trial court. We therefore address these evidentiary issues in the interest of judicial economy.\nIn eliciting an expert neurologist\u2019s opinion concerning the time at which plaintiff suffered irreversible brain damage, plaintiff\u2019s counsel directed the doctor to make certain hypothetical assumptions based upon hospital records and the doctor\u2019s treatment of plaintiff. The detailed factual assumptions covered plaintiff\u2019s specific physical condition and responses during the time plaintiff was unconscious between 12:30 a.m. and 5:00 a.m. Based upon these assumptions, the doctor concluded that plaintiff had not suffered brain damage at 12:30 a.m. The trial court also allowed the doctor\u2019s subsequent opinion that plaintiffs brain damage resulted from \u201chis not getting medical attention when he needed it.\u201d The doctor then generally testified that such treatment was needed when it was recognized that plaintiff was unconscious and could not be aroused to full alertness and wakefulness.\nPlaintiff\u2019s counsel then asked the doctor again to assume the above-mentioned facts and asked, \u201c[A]t what point are you saying that [the plaintiff] needed to get the medical attention?\u201d The trial court sustained defendant\u2019s objection to both this question and a series of subsequent questions attempting to clarify the doctor\u2019s general response. Defendant argues exclusion of this testimony is proper as there was nothing in the record from which the time of plaintiffs deterioration could be determined with precision. Defendant asserts any opinion would therefore be sheer speculation.\nWe disagree. The factual basis of the doctor\u2019s opinion was assumed in part in counsel\u2019s previous hypothetical questions. Given these assumed facts and the doctor\u2019s expertise and actual treatment of plaintiff, the doctor was not being required to speculate baselessly when asked to narrow the actual time at which plaintiffs brain function had irreversibly deteriorated. See generally Cherry v. Harrell, 84 N.C. App. 598, 601-06, 353 S.E. 2d 433, 435-38, disc. rev. denied, 320 N.C. 167, 358 S.E. 2d 49 (1987) (discussing degree of expert certainty required for admissible testimony); see also Haponski v. Constructor\u2019s Inc., 87 N.C. App. 95, 100-03, 360 S.E. 2d 109, 111-113 (1987). Under N.C.G.S. Sec. 1A-1, Rule 702 (1983), the neurologist was clearly in a superior position to help the jury determine at what point defendant\u2019s alleged negligence occurred. Under N.C.G.S. Sec. 1A-1, Rule 705, defendant is afforded ample opportunity to examine the factual basis of the doctor\u2019s opinion.\nIll\nWe agree with defendant that the trial court properly excluded certain questioning of the Center\u2019s acting director concerning the Center\u2019s internal investigation of the incident resulting in this lawsuit. See N.C.G.S. Sec. 1A-1, Rule 407 (1983). The trial court also properly barred plaintiffs counsel from asking the Center director for his personal opinion whether an unconscious person presented a medical emergency: the director was never qualified as a medical expert and his testimony on this issue would not be admissible under Rule 702.\nHowever, the trial court also precluded plaintiffs counsel from even asking whether, in light of its written policies and procedures, it was Center policy \u201cthat a state of unconsciousness was a medical emergency.\u201d Defendant objected that the written documents in evidence \u201cspoke for themselves.\u201d The transcript reveals the trial court echoed this notion:\nThe COURT: . . . The policy speaks for itself and it can come in.\nMr. MRAZ: Well, okay. Well, I think he\u2019s entitled to say what the policy requires.\nThe Court: Well, I don\u2019t.\nWe conclude the trial court should have allowed the Center director to testify as to his personal knowledge of the Center\u2019s interpretation and implementation of its own written policies and procedures. The director was presumably competent to answer such questions. Furthermore, since the written policies do not themselves establish defendant\u2019s standard of care under these circumstances, such questions do not call for any ultimate legal conclusions which would otherwise invade the province of the jury. Cf. N.C.G.S. Sec. 1A-1, Rule 704, Advisory Committee Note (1983) (Rules 701, 702 and 403 afford assurance against admitting opinions which merely tell the jury what result to reach and exclude opinions \u201cphrased in terms of inadequately explored legal criteria\u201d). Thus, while plaintiff may not inquire on remand as to those remedial measures taken by the Center after the incident, we fail to see why plaintiff may not inquire as to how the Center actually implemented its written policies and procedures: such evidence would be extremely helpful in determining what duty of care the Center voluntarily assumed which in turn is relevant to the standard of reasonable care at issue.\nWhile we note the trial court also excluded plaintiffs \u201cday-in-the-life\u201d video tape, we express no opinion whether the court\u2019s action was an abuse of discretion. See generally Campbell v. Pitt County Memorial Hosp., 84 N.C. App. 314, 319-21, 352 S.E. 2d 902, 905-06, aff\u2019d, 321 N.C. 260, 362 S.E. 2d 273 (1987) (in part requiring trial court to \u201cexamine carefully into [the tape\u2019s] authenticity, relevancy and competency . . .\u201d).\nFor the above and foregoing reasons, the trial court\u2019s entry of directed verdict for defendant is reversed and plaintiffs claims against defendant are remanded for a new trial in accordance with this opinion.\nReversed and remanded.\nChief Judge HEDRICK concurs in the result.\nJudge MARTIN concurs with the majority that plaintiff is entitled to a new trial for the reasons contained in Part I of this opinion.\nJudge Martin concurred in this opinion prior to 31 December 1987.", "type": "majority", "author": "GREENE, Judge." } ], "attorneys": [ "John A. Mraz, P.A., for plaintiff-appellant.", "Palmer, Miller, Campbell & Martin, by Douglas M. Martin, for defendant-appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "DONALD PHILLIP KLASSETTE by his guardian, JOHN PHILLIP KLASSETTE v. MECKLENBURG COUNTY AREA MENTAL HEALTH, MENTAL RETARDATION AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE AUTHORITY\nNo. 8726SC583\n(Filed 2 February 1988)\n1. Negligence \u00a7 29.2\u2014 detoxification center \u2014 refusal to admit unconscious plaintiff-decision on reference to another facility \u2014 due care\nWhere a supervisor of a county detoxification center refused to admit the unconscious plaintiff to the center as a client after he was informed that plaintiff had suffered a drug overdose but decided that plaintiff was intoxicated with alcohol, the supervisor was required by N.C.G.S. \u00a7 122C-211 and the center\u2019s written policies and procedures to use due care in deciding whether or not to refer plaintiff to another facility for treatment.\n2. Negligence \u00a7 29.2\u2014 assumption of duty of care by actions\nAlthough a supervisor of a county detoxification center refused to admit the unconscious plaintiff to the center as a client after he was informed that plaintiff had suffered a drug overdose but decided that plaintiff was intoxicated with alcohol, the supervisor assumed a duty of care toward plaintiff by his conduct when he locked the unconscious plaintiff in plaintiffs car at the center\u2019s main entrance and regularly monitored plaintiffs condition throughout the night.\n3. Negligence \u00a7 35.2\u2014 action against detoxification center \u2014 voluntary intoxication not contributory negligence\nPlaintiffs voluntary intoxication from drugs did not constitute contributory negligence which barred plaintiffs recovery against a county detoxification center for negligence in failing to refer plaintiff to another facility for medical treatment.\n4. Evidence \u00a7 47.1\u2014 expert testimony \u2014 basis for opinion\nA neurologist\u2019s opinion testimony as to the time at which plaintiff suffered irreversible brain damage was not speculation and was properly admitted where it was based on assumed facts in previous hypothetical questions and the neurologist\u2019s expertise and actual treatment of plaintiff.\n5. Evidence \u00a7 40.1; Negligence \u00a7 27\u2014 internal investigation of incident \u2014 opinion on medical emergency \u2014 knowledge of policies and procedures \u2014 admission of testimony\nIn an action against a county detoxification center for negligence in failing to refer plaintiff, who was unconscious from a drug overdose, to another facility for medical treatment, the trial court properly excluded questioning of the center\u2019s acting director concerning the center\u2019s internal investigation of the incident in question and properly barred plaintiffs counsel from asking the director for his personal opinion whether an unconscious person presented a medical emergency. However, the trial court erred in refusing to permit the director to testify as to his personal knowledge of the center\u2019s interpretation and implementation of its own written policies and procedures concerning whether a state of unconsciousness was a medical emergency. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 8C-1, Rules 407, 702 and 704.\nChief Judge Hedrick concurs in the result.\nJudge Martin concurs with the majority that plaintiff is entitled to a new trial for the reasons contained in part I of this opinion.\nAPPEAL by plaintiff from Gray, Judge. Judgment entered 13 February 1987 in Superior Court, MECKLENBURG County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 2 December 1987.\nJohn A. Mraz, P.A., for plaintiff-appellant.\nPalmer, Miller, Campbell & Martin, by Douglas M. Martin, for defendant-appellee." }, "file_name": "0495-01", "first_page_order": 523, "last_page_order": 533 }