{ "id": 8520035, "name": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. ERNEST EUGENE SMITH, II; STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. DAVID MICHAEL SCHOCH", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Smith", "decision_date": "1988-03-01", "docket_number": "No. 8726SC320", "first_page": "19", "last_page": "25", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "89 N.C. App. 19" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.", "id": 14983, "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "362 S.E. 2d 605", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "88 N.C. App. 69", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8357788 ], "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/88/0069-01" ] }, { "cite": "323 S.E. 2d 84", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "interpreting Va. Code Ann. sec. 18.2-374 to consider the sale of each one of a number of obscene materials as a separate offense" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "228 Va. 392", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Va.", "case_ids": [ 2072522 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "interpreting Va. Code Ann. sec. 18.2-374 to consider the sale of each one of a number of obscene materials as a separate offense" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/va/228/0392-01" ] }, { "cite": "349 U.S. 81", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11333568 ], "year": 1955, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/349/0081-01" ] }, { "cite": "459 U.S. 359", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6196436 ], "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/459/0359-01" ] }, { "cite": "395 U.S. 711", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1772134 ], "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/395/0711-01" ] }, { "cite": "107 S.Ct. 1918", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "case_ids": [ 6217454 ], "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/481/0497-01" ] }, { "cite": "359 S.E. 2d 30", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "86 N.C. App. 569", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 12137526 ], "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/86/0569-01" ] }, { "cite": "358 S.E. 2d 383", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "320 N.C. 485", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 4727097 ], "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/320/0485-01" ] }, { "cite": "351 S.E. 2d 305", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "83 N.C. App. 544", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C. App.", "case_ids": [ 8359068 ], "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc-app/83/0544-01" ] }, { "cite": "99 L.Ed. 905", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed.", "year": 1955, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "349 U.S. 81", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11333568 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1955, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/349/0081-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 768, "char_count": 15330, "ocr_confidence": 0.828, "pagerank": { "raw": 3.8118579219100256e-07, "percentile": 0.8979139324338986 }, "sha256": "9d6e97c01c5ce0650b1f4520100eacb394ebad7f2a08aa9263fe78ef25a30695", "simhash": "1:916e5c1c641c829e", "word_count": 2440 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:39:00.818604+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Judge COZORT concurs.", "Judge WELLS concurs in part and dissents in part." ], "parties": [ "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. ERNEST EUGENE SMITH, II STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. DAVID MICHAEL SCHOCH" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JOHNSON, Judge.\nDefendants bring forward eleven assignments of error. For reasons stated below, we overrule all assignments.\nThe basic facts are not in dispute. On the afternoon of 1 October 1985, Officer H. F. Frye of the Charlotte City Police entered the Cinema Blue Bookstore in Charlotte, where defendant Schoch was the manager and defendant Smith worked as a clerk, and purchased from Schoch a package of magazines containing one entitled \u201cCum Up My Asshole\u201d and a film entitled \u201cNature Lovers.\u201d Defendant Smith took no part in this first sale. Later that same afternoon, Sergeant T. G. Barnes, also of the Charlotte City Police, entered the same bookstore and purchased, from defendants Schoch and Smith together, a magazine entitled \u201cButt-Fucked Brunette,\u201d a magazine entitled \u201cBi-Bi Love No. 2,\u201d and a motion picture film entitled \u201cSwedish Classics, No. 113, Play Ball.\u201d Defendant Schoch was subsequently indicted on five counts of violating G.S. sec. 14-190.1 (one count for each of the three magazines and two films he had sold to Officer Frye and Sergeant Barnes). Defendant Smith was indicted on three counts of violating the same statute (one count for each of the two magazines and one film he, together with Schoch, had sold to Sergeant Barnes). Neither defendant contests that he sold the materials.\nBy their first Assignment of Error defendants contend that G.S. sec. 14-190.1 violates individual rights protected by the North Carolina and United States Constitutions. We have ruled on all of defendants\u2019 constitutional claims in prior cases. In Cinema I Video, Inc. v. Thornburg, 83 N.C. App. 544, 351 S.E. 2d 305 (1986), aff\u2019d, 320 N.C. 485, 358 S.E. 2d 383 (1987), we rejected arguments that G.S. sec. 14-190.1 is unconstitutional for failing expressly to include the phrase \u201ctaken as a whole\u201d in subsection (b)(3) or for failing to include an express \u201cpublic place\u201d requirement in its scheme. And in State v. Mayes, 86 N.C. App. 569, 359 S.E. 2d 30 (1987), we upheld the constitutionality of the \u201ccontemporary community standards\u201d test for determining obscenity as a jury question.\nBy part (c) of their tenth assignment, defendants correctly point out that the trial court\u2019s instructions on the value prong of the obscenity test were erroneous in light of the recent decision of the Supreme Court in Pope v. Illinois, 107 S.Ct. 1918 (1987). In Pope the Illinois trial court charged the jury that it should apply community standards in deciding the question of a work\u2019s value. On appeal, the Supreme Court held that the value question must be determined not in the light of community standards, but rather on an objective basis, i.e., the reasonable person standard. In the present case the trial court gave the same instruction held erroneous in Pope. However, the Supreme Court also held in Pope that the appealed convictions should stand \u201cif a reviewing court concludes that no rational juror, if properly instructed, could find value in the magazines.\u201d We have examined the materials introduced into evidence in the present case and have concluded that no rational juror, properly instructed, could find value in them. Hence, we conclude that the trial court\u2019s error was harmless.\nWe have carefully examined assignments two through nine, and parts A and B of assignment ten, and find them all to be without merit. However, we choose to discuss assignment four.\nBy their fourth Assignment of Error, defendants contend that the State\u2019s \u201cmultiplicitous pleading\u201d and subsequent prosecution violated constitutional guarantees against double jeopardy. As hereinbefore indicated, the basis for defendant Schoch\u2019s five convictions was the sale of three magazines and two films in two separate transactions; and the basis for defendant Smith\u2019s three convictions was his sale of two magazines and one film in one transaction. The State answers that the protection against double jeopardy does not bar the State from imposing multiple punishments for offenses arising out of one transaction if all charges are tried simultaneously and if the legislature intended the offenses to be punished separately.\nWe find that the Double Jeopardy Clause of the U.S. Constitution is irrelevant to the resolution of this case. The Double Jeopardy Clause bars (1) a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal, (2) a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction, and (3) multiple punishments for the same offense. North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711 (1969). Where multiple punishment is involved, the Double Jeopardy Clause prohibits courts from punishing cumulatively the same act or conduct under more than one statute absent clear legislative authorization. See Missouri v. Hunter, 459 U.S. 359 (1983). However, in the case at bar, we are concerned not with the violation of two or more statutes by one transaction, but rather with multiple violations of one statute. Therefore, the question is: What is the allowable unit of prosecution?\nThe State contends and defendants concede, that the fixing of the unit of prosecution lies within the province and discretion of the General Assembly. However, defendants cite Bell v. United States, 349 U.S. 81 (1955), for the proposition that where a legislature\u2019s intent in this regard is ambiguous, the courts should resolve the ambiguity in favor of lenity toward the defendant. We are unconvinced and refuse to apply the reasoning of Bell to the facts of the case sub judice. The ambiguity which would allow us to \u201csecond-guess\u201d the legislature and apply lenity toward the defendant in the absence of any ascertainable intent, is simply not present here. G.S. 14-190.1(a) provides in pertinent part:\n(a) It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to intentionally disseminate obscenity. A person, firm or corporation disseminates obscenity within the meaning of this Article if he or it:\n(1) Sells, delivers or provides or offers or agrees to sell, deliver or provide any obscene writing, picture, record or other representation or embodiment of the obscene; or . . .\n(3) Publishes, exhibits or otherwise makes available anything obscene', or\n(4) Exhibits, presents, rents, sells, delivers or provides-, or offers or agrees to exhibit, present, rent or to provide: any obscene still or motion picture, film, filmstrip, or projection slide, or sound recording, sound tape, or sound track, or any matter or material of whatever form which is a representation, embodiment, performance, or publication of the obscene.\n(Emphasis supplied.)\nWe feel that the express statutory language used provides us with the clear intention that the \u201csale\u201d of \u201cany\u201d obscene item constitutes a separate offense, regardless of whether, as here, defendants disseminated several items during each sales transaction. See Educational Books, Inc. v. Commonwealth of Va., 228 Va. 392, 323 S.E. 2d 84 (1984) (interpreting Va. Code Ann. sec. 18.2-374 to consider the sale of each one of a number of obscene materials as a separate offense).\nIn addition, we are guided by the reasoning set forth in State v. Wilds, 88 N.C. App. 69, 362 S.E. 2d 605 (1987), this Court\u2019s most recent opportunity to consider the issue raised by this assignment. In Wilds, the defendant was convicted of two counts of disseminating obscenity based upon his sale of two films in a single transaction entitled \u201cThese Bases are Loaded,\u201d containing depictions of males engaging in oral and anal intercourse, and \u201cThree Of A Kind,\u201d depicting a male and two females engaging in vaginal intercourse, oral stimulation and masturbation. Both convictions were upheld.\nThe Court found that the clear legislative intent of G.S. 14-190.1(a) is to consider the dissemination of each item listed within the statute as a \u201cseparate unlawful act.\u201d The Court also reasoned in reaching its conclusion, that it would be basically unsound to affix defendant\u2019s proposed unit of prosecution, i.e., allowing one indictment only for each transaction, irrespective of volume or quantity disseminated, because each item disseminated must be evaluated separately to determine whether it meets the legal definition of obscenity.\nWith this reasoning and decision we are in accord, and therefore affirm the convictions of both defendants, holding that they were properly convicted of separate offenses arising out of the dissemination of each item determined by the jury to be obscene.\nNo error.\nJudge COZORT concurs.\nJudge WELLS concurs in part and dissents in part.", "type": "majority", "author": "JOHNSON, Judge." }, { "text": "Judge WELLS\nconcurring in part and dissenting in part.\nI concur with the majority in rejecting assignments of error 1-3 and 5-10. However, in my opinion, defendants\u2019 assignment of error 4 should be sustained.\nAs the majority indicates, the question presented by this assignment is: What is the allowable unit of prosecution under G.S. \u00a7 14-190.1? All sides agree that it lies within the province of the General Assembly to fix the unit of prosecution. Furthermore, the majority seems impliedly to endorse, in principle, the rule of statutory construction laid down in Bell v. United States, 349 U.S. 81, 75 S.Ct. 620, 99 L.Ed. 905 (1955) \u2014 that where a legislature fails clearly and unambiguously to establish the unit of prosecution, such ambiguity should be resolved in favor of lenity toward the defendant. But unlike the majority I discern in G.S. \u00a7 14-190.1 no clear expression of legislative intent to punish separately and cumulatively for each and every obscene item disseminated, regardless of the number of transactions involved.\nIn Bell the issue was whether the simultaneous interstate transportation of two women in violation of the Mann Act constituted two offenses or only one. The relevant provisions of the Act were: \u201cWhoever knowingly transports in interstate or foreign commerce . . . any woman or girl for the purpose of prostitution or debauchery . . . shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.\u201d (Emphasis added.) The Supreme Court refused to construe \u201cany\u201d as a mandate to punish separately and cumulatively for each and every woman unlawfully transported. The Supreme Court stated:\nWhen Congress has the will it has no difficulty in expressing it \u2014 when it has the will, that is, of defining what it desires to make the unit of prosecution and, more particularly, to make each stick in a faggot a single criminal unit. When Congress leaves to the Judiciary the task of imputing to Congress an undeclared will, the ambiguity should be resolved in favor of lenity. And this not out of any sentimental consideration, or for want of sympathy with the purpose of Congress in proscribing evil or antisocial conduct. It may fairly be said to be a presupposition of our law to resolve doubts in the enforcement of a penal code against the imposition of a harsher punishment. This in no wise implies that language used in criminal statutes should not be read with the saving grace of common sense with which other enactments, not cast in technical language, are to be read. Nor does it assume that offenders against the law carefully read the penal code before they embark on crime. It merely means that if Congress does not fix the punishment for a federal offense clearly and without ambiguity, doubt will be resolved against turning a single transaction into multiple offenses. . . . [Emphasis added.]\nThe resemblance between Bell and the present case is obvious. As the Mann Act prohibited the unlawful interstate transportation of \"any woman or girl,\u201d so our G.S. \u00a7 14-190.1 proscribes the dissemination of \u201cany obscene writing, picture, record or other representation or embodiment of the obscene.\u201d I cannot espy in the word \u201cany\u201d an unambiguous mandate to punish separately for each \u201cstick\u201d in the transactional \u201cfaggot\u201d any more than the Supreme Court could. Accordingly, applying the Bell rule of lenity, I construe \u201cany\u201d in the context of our statute to signify the number of transactions in which a defendant sells at least one obscene item.\nThe State contends that since each indictment charges with disseminating a different item, the determination whether each item was obscene must be made independently, thus justifying separate, and cumulative, punishments. However, by this reasoning the State could prosecute separately and cumulatively each and every obscene photograph in a large magazine on the ground that subsection (a)(1) prohibits the dissemination of \u201cany obscene . . . picture.\u201d But I do not think the General Assembly intended to appoint the staple gun to be the arbiter of the unit of prosecution. I fully recognize that under my conception of the statute a retailer who sells a single obscene item may be subject to the same punishment as a distributor who delivers 100 obscene items to a store. However, until the General Assembly unambiguously declares a contrary intent, we should assume that a single sale in contravention of G.S. \u00a7 14-190.1 does not spawn multiple indictments.\nIn the present case, since the evidence showed that Schoch participated in two unlawful transactions, and Smith in only one, the trial court should have dismissed three of the indictments against Schoch and two of the indictments against Smith.", "type": "concurring-in-part-and-dissenting-in-part", "author": "Judge WELLS" } ], "attorneys": [ "Attorney General Lacy H. Thornburg, by Assistant Attorney General Thomas J. Ziko, for the State.", "James, McElroy & Diehl, P.A., by Edward T. Hinson, Jr., and Mark T. Calloway, for defendant-appellant Smith.", "Ferguson, Stein, Watt, Wallas, and Adkin, P.A., by John W. Gresham, for defendant-appellant Schoch." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. ERNEST EUGENE SMITH, II STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. DAVID MICHAEL SCHOCH\nNo. 8726SC320\n(Filed 1 March 1988)\n1. Obscenity \u00a7 1\u2014 disseminating obscenity \u2014 constitutionality of statute\nThe statute prohibiting the dissemination of obscenity is not unconstitutional for failing expressly to include the phrase \u201ctaken as a whole\u201d in subsection (b)(3) or for failing to include an express \u201cpublic place\u201d requirement. Furthermore, the \u201ccontemporary community standards\u201d test set forth in the statute for determining obscenity is constitutional.\n2. Obscenity \u00a7 3\u2014 value of material \u2014 reasonable man standard \u2014 instruction on community standard \u2014 harmless error\nThe trial court in a prosecution for disseminating obscenity erred in instructing the jury that it should apply a community standard rather than a reasonable man standard in deciding the question of a work\u2019s value, but such error was harmless because no rational juror, properly instructed, could find value in the materials in question.\n3. Obscenity \u00a7 1\u2014 single transaction \u2014 sale of multiple items \u2014separate offenses\nIn enacting N.C.G.S. \u00a7 14-190.1(a) the legislature intended that a defendant could be convicted of a separate offense for each obscene item disseminated in a single sales transaction.\nJudge Wells concurring in part and dissenting in part.\nAPPEAL by defendants from Lewis, Robert D., Judge. Judgment entered 7 November 1986 in Superior Court, MECKLENBURG County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 16 November 1987.\nDefendants David Michael Schoch and Ernest Eugene Smith, II, were convicted in a jury trial of multiple violations of N.C.G.S. sec. 14-190.1, which prohibits the dissemination of obscene literature and exhibitions. The trial court imposed fines, costs of court, and active prison sentences on each defendant. Defendants appealed.\nAttorney General Lacy H. Thornburg, by Assistant Attorney General Thomas J. Ziko, for the State.\nJames, McElroy & Diehl, P.A., by Edward T. Hinson, Jr., and Mark T. Calloway, for defendant-appellant Smith.\nFerguson, Stein, Watt, Wallas, and Adkin, P.A., by John W. Gresham, for defendant-appellant Schoch." }, "file_name": "0019-01", "first_page_order": 47, "last_page_order": 53 }