{
  "id": 8522017,
  "name": "ROBIN LAXTON SHOOK v. TONY RALPH SHOOK",
  "name_abbreviation": "Shook v. Shook",
  "decision_date": "1989-09-19",
  "docket_number": "No. 8825DC895",
  "first_page": "578",
  "last_page": "585",
  "citations": [
    {
      "type": "official",
      "cite": "95 N.C. App. 578"
    }
  ],
  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "N.C. Ct. App.",
    "id": 14983,
    "name": "North Carolina Court of Appeals"
  },
  "jurisdiction": {
    "id": 5,
    "name_long": "North Carolina",
    "name": "N.C."
  },
  "cites_to": [
    {
      "cite": "703 F.Supp. 435",
      "category": "reporters:federal",
      "reporter": "F. Supp.",
      "case_ids": [
        4061220
      ],
      "weight": 2,
      "year": 1989,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "440"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/f-supp/703/0435-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "679 F.Supp. 1204",
      "category": "reporters:federal",
      "reporter": "F. Supp.",
      "case_ids": [
        7402425
      ],
      "year": 1987,
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/f-supp/679/1204-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "381 S.E.2d 706",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "weight": 2,
      "year": 1989,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "713"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "325 N.C. 152",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        2491380
      ],
      "weight": 2,
      "year": 1989,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "163"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/325/0152-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "201 S.E.2d 46",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.2d",
      "year": 1973,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "49"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "20 N.C. App. 149",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C. App.",
      "case_ids": [
        8550190
      ],
      "year": 1973,
      "pin_cites": [
        {
          "page": "152"
        }
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc-app/20/0149-01"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "analysis": {
    "cardinality": 601,
    "char_count": 13178,
    "ocr_confidence": 0.734,
    "pagerank": {
      "raw": 2.511445676723088e-07,
      "percentile": 0.8105628938212228
    },
    "sha256": "cd92b3918dca821b15bdd35a175600ab50c902e29a786d5d7df558bba86c30dd",
    "simhash": "1:5a6b57c70ae98b68",
    "word_count": 2132
  },
  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:25:49.576177+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [
      "Judges Becton and Parker concur."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "ROBIN LAXTON SHOOK v. TONY RALPH SHOOK"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "ORR, Judge.\nPlaintiff and defendant were married on 17 January 1987. On 14 March 1988, plaintiff filed a complaint requesting a divorce from bed and board, alimony and alimony pendente lite, attorney fees, court costs and equitable distribution. See G.S. 50-7, 50-16.2, 50-16.3, 50-16.5, and 50-20. Plaintiff\u2019s complaint included the following requests: $3,000.00 per week for support, $10,000.00 for costs and expenses for maintaining the action, $20,000.00 for \u201cexpenses incurred in presenting plaintiff\u2019s claim for relief . . .\u201d and $30,000.00 for \u201cexpenses of the appeal ....'\u2019\nOn 24 March 1988, defendant filed a motion to dismiss plaintiff\u2019s claim pursuant to G.S. 1A-1, Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. In addition, on 24 March 1988, defendant filed a motion to strike plaintiff\u2019s complaint and to impose G.S. 1A-1, Rule 11(a) sanctions against plaintiff\u2019s attorney because many of the allegations in the complaint were \u201cuntrue and ridiculous\u201d and were made with plaintiff\u2019s attorney\u2019s knowledge.\nI.\nPlaintiff\u2019s first contention is that the trial court erred by finding her pleadings were insufficient on their face and dismissing her action for alimony and alimony pendente lite. We disagree.\nPlaintiff requested alimony pendente lite under G.S. 50-16.3 and permanent alimony under G.S. 50-16.5. These statutes require there be a \u201cdependent spouse.\u201d A \u201cdependent spouse\u201d is defined in G.S. 50-16.1(3) as a spouse \u201cwho is actually substantially dependent upon the other spouse for his or her maintenance and support or is substantially in need of maintenance and support from the other spouse.\u201d\nPlaintiff asserted in her complaint that she was a \u201cdependent spouse,\u201d but the only support she offered for this conclusion was evidence (which was factually incorrect) of her husband\u2019s salary. She did not present any evidence that she needed assistance to \u201csubsist during the prosecution or defense of the suit . . . .\u201d G.S. 50-16.3. Such evidence is critical to plaintiff\u2019s claim because in order to be awarded the relief she requested the court must make a finding that she is a dependent spouse.\nThis Court has overturned alimony pendente lite awards when \u201cthe trial court made factual findings as to the earnings of the parties, but made no finding of fact that the wife in this case is either \u2018substantially dependent\u2019 upon her husband for her maintenance and support or that she is \u2018substantially in need of maintenance and support\u2019 from her husband.\u201d Manning v. Manning, 20 N.C. App. 149, 152, 201 S.E.2d 46, 49 (1973).\nThe trial court in the case at bar properly dismissed plaintiff\u2019s claim for alimony and alimony pendente lite in accordance with defendant\u2019s G.S. 1A-1, Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Plaintiff failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted and we affirm the trial court\u2019s ruling.\nII.\nPlaintiff\u2019s next contention is that the trial court abused its discretion by imposing sanctions against her attorney pursuant to G.S. 1A-1, Rule 11. Plaintiff claims there was no legal basis for the imposition of sanctions. We disagree.\nG.S. 1A-1, Rule 11(a) states:\nThe signature of an attorney or party constitutes a certificate by him that he has read the pleading motion or other paper; that to the best of his knowledge, information and belief formed after reasonable inquiry it is well grounded in fact and is warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law, and that it is not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to harass or to cause unnecessary delay .... If a pleading, motion, or other paper is signed in violation of this rule, the court, upon motion or upon its own initiative, shall impose upon the person who signed it, a represented party, or both, an appropriate sanction, which may include an order to pay to the other party or parties the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred because of the filing of the pleading, motion, or other paper, including a reasonable attorney\u2019s fee.\nG.S. 1A-1, Rule 11(a). (Emphasis added.)\nThe North Carolina Supreme Court has recently set the standard for appellate review of trial court decisions imposing Rule 11(a) sanctions. See Turner v. Duke University, 325 N.C. 152, 381 S.E.2d 706 (1989). In reversing the Court of Appeals\u2019 use of the \u201cclearly erroneous\u201d standard, the Supreme Court set out the following three-part test for de novo review:\nIn the de novo review, the appellate court will determine (1) whether the trial court\u2019s conclusions of law support its judgment or determination, (2) whether the trial court\u2019s conclusions of law are supported by its findings of fact, and (3) whether the findings of fact are supported by a sufficiency of the evidence. If the appellate court makes these three determinations in the affirmative, it must uphold the trial court\u2019s decision to impose or deny the imposition of mandatory sanctions under N.C.G.S. [sec.] 1A-1, Rule 11(a).\nId. at 165.\nIn the case sub judice, the complaint stated that defendant, a postal service employee, earned \u201cincome of about $5,000.00 or more per week . . . .\u201d Plaintiff alleged that $3,000.00 per week was from defendant\u2019s job with the U.S. Postal Service. If this allegation was true, defendant\u2019s income from the postal service would be $156,000.00 per year. Further, plaintiff\u2019s own affidavit states defendant made $3,000.00 per month, not per week. After defendant\u2019s initial motion to strike and for appropriate sanctions, plaintiff\u2019s counsel filed income tax returns of plaintiff but took no action to amend the original pleadings. Plaintiff\u2019s counsel had a second opportunity to amend the pleadings when defendant filed a second motion for sanctions on 6 April 1988. However, plaintiff again failed to do so despite having an additional 40 days before the order was entered 18 May 1988.\nJudge Bogle\u2019s findings of fact in his order of 18 May 1988 include the following:\n1. The Plaintiff has initiated this action seeking from the Defendant, inter alia, first, a divorce from bed and board to include the following:\n(a) $3,000.00 per week in temporary and permanent support payments to Plaintiff.\n(b) Attorney fees equal to 15% of the gross assets of Defendant alleged to be $500,000.00; an additional sum of 20% of the gross value of Defendant\u2019s assets upon the entry of a permanent order; or an additional 25% of the gross value of- Defendant\u2019s assets if the Defendant should appeal from the judgment to this Court. Under the circumstances most favorable to Plaintiff, she seeks attorney fees equal to 40% of the alleged value of Defendant\u2019s estate (or $200,000.00).\n(c) Additionally, Plaintiff seeks \u201c$10,000.00 estimated costs and expenses of bringing and maintaining this action,\u201d plus an additional \u201c$20,000.00 for presenting Plaintiff\u2019s claims for relief to be paid at the entry of final judgment, or $30,000.00 additional expense assessment if Defendant should appeal.\u201d But in no case less than $30,000.00, nor more than $40,000.00 for estimated costs in this non-complex matter.\n7. This Court is of the opinion that it is unrealistic to believe that a postal employee earns $156,000.00 per year, and any effort by counsel for Plaintiff would have revealed the unreasonableness of his contentions. Counsel for Plaintiff knew or should have known that they were false or inaccurate.\n8. The complaint contends that the Plaintiff needs $3,000.00 per week for temporary and permanent alimony. The court has carefully reviewed her financial affidavit in support of her claim and, even in the light most favorable to her, the affidavit alleges expenses of only $779.00 per month, along with a bi-weekly gross income of $1,615.00 and bi-weekly net income of $1,175.00. The documents of Plaintiff on their face tend to negate the need of any temporary alimony. On the issue of permanent alimony, there is no allegation in the pleadings that Defendant is the \u201csupporting spouse\u201d; and without such claim, she would not otherwise be entitled to that relief.\n9. Most shocking to the Court is the claim of Plaintiff for $30,000.00 to $40,000.00 in alleged, \u201ccosts and expenses of bringing and maintaining this action,\u201d which does not appear to be of a complex nature; along with the claim of Plaintiff\u2019s counsel that he receive 35% to 40% of the gross assets of the parties which he alleges to be worth $500,000.00 based upon his alleged reasonable factual inquire for \u201cattorney fees.\u201d These claims for costs and attorney fees are unconscionable.\nJudge Bogle also made the following conclusions of law and judgment:\nConclusions of Law\nBased upon the foregoing Findings of Fact, the Court concludes as a matter of law, as follows:\n1. That the complaint of Plaintiff is not well grounded in fact or law, and is not based upon any reasonable factual inquiry.\nOrder\nNOW, THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED AS FOLLOWS:\n1. That the Court does impose sanctions upon counsel for Plaintiff, and orders that he shall reimburse Defendant for reasonable attorney fees in the amount of $725.00.\nApplying the three-prong test which the Supreme Court mandates in Turner, we find the trial court clearly met each requirement. The findings of fact set out in Judge Bogle\u2019s order were supported on the face of the complaint plaintiff\u2019s attorney filed in this action. The trial court\u2019s conclusions of law reflect the fact that sanctions were filed against plaintiff\u2019s attorney after he filed the complaint and he still failed to inquire and amend the pleadings even with ample opportunity to do so. The trial court\u2019s conclusions of law required sanctions be imposed under G.S. 1A-1, Rule 11(a).\nThe North Carolina rule governing sanctions was amended (effective 1 January- 1987) to include the stricter language of the parallel Federal rule. The advisory committee\u2019s notes to Federal Rule 11 state:\nthe words \u2018shall impose\u2019 in the last sentence [of Rule 11] focus the court\u2019s attention on the need to impose sanctions for pleading and motion abuses. The court, however, retains the necessary flexibility to deal appropriately with violations of the Rule. It has discretion to tailor sanctions to particular facts of the case with which it should be well acquainted.\nFed. R. Civ. P. 11. Advisory committee notes (citation omitted).\nThe Supreme Court states in Turner that Federal Rule 11(a) was amended in 1983 \u201cto reduce the reluctance of the federal courts to impose sanctions by emphasizing the responsibilities of attorneys and reinforcing those obligations by the imposition of sanctions.\u201d Turner, 325 N.C. at 163, 381 S.E.2d at 713. Accord, Harris v. March, 679 F.Supp. 1204 (E.D.N.C. 1987).\nIn a recent federal court case, sanctions were imposed against an attorney for signing and filing a complaint without a reasonable inquiry into its factual and legal basis. Lyles v. K-Mart Corp., 703 F.Supp. 435 (W.D.N.C. 1989). The Court held:\n[i]f an attorney\u2019s conduct appears to fall within the scope of Rule 11, the court must first examine the action at issue according to a standard of objective reasonableness .... [T]he inquiry focuses only on whether a reasonable attorney in like circumstances would believe his actions to be factually and legally justified. If the standard of objective reasonableness is not met, sanctions are mandatory.\nId. at 440.\nUnder this new objective standard, we believe the consistent use of inflated figures in plaintiff\u2019s complaint, after the opportunity to amend, was sufficient evidence for the trial court to support its findings of fact, make its conclusions of law and impose Rule 11 sanctions. Therefore, this assignment of error is overruled.\nThe trial court\u2019s ruling is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nJudges Becton and Parker concur.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "ORR, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "W. P. Burkhimer for plaintiff-appellant.",
      "Wilson and Palmer, P.A., by Hugh M. Wilson, for defendant-appellee."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "ROBIN LAXTON SHOOK v. TONY RALPH SHOOK\nNo. 8825DC895\n(Filed 19 September 1989)\n1. Divorce and Alimony \u00a7 18.9\u2014 alimony \u2014 dependent spouse \u2014no showing by plaintiff\nThe trial court properly dismissed plaintiff\u2019s claim for alimony and alimony pendente lite where plaintiff asserted in her complaint that she was a dependent spouse, but the only support she offered for this conclusion was factually incorrect evidence of her husband\u2019s salary, and she presented no evidence that she needed assistance to subsist during prosecution of the suit.\n2. Attorneys at Law \u00a7 7.7; Rules of Civil Procedure \u00a7 11\u2014 insufficient basis for alimony claim \u2014 inflated figures knowingly used by attorney \u2014 sanctions\nThe trial court did not abuse its discretion in imposing sanctions against plaintiff\u2019s attorney pursuant to N.C.G.S. \u00a7 1A-1, Rule 11(a) where he filed a complaint on her behalf for alimony and alimony pendente lite which was not well grounded on fact or law and not based on any reasonable factual inquiry, and the attorney consistently used inflated figures even after the opportunity to amend.\nAPPEAL by plaintiff from Bogle (Ronald EJ, Judge. Order entered 18 May 1988 in District Court, CALDWELL County, dismissing plaintiff\u2019s request for alimony and for Rule 11 sanctions against her attorney. Heard in the Court of Appeals 16 March 1989.\nW. P. Burkhimer for plaintiff-appellant.\nWilson and Palmer, P.A., by Hugh M. Wilson, for defendant-appellee."
  },
  "file_name": "0578-01",
  "first_page_order": 606,
  "last_page_order": 613
}
