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    "judges": [
      "Judge ARNOLD concurs.",
      "Chief Judge HEDRICK concurs in the result."
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    "parties": [
      "MICHAEL OWENS, d/b/a OWENS EXPRESS v. PEPSI COLA BOTTLING COMPANY OF HICKORY, N. C., INC."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "ORR, Judge.\nPlaintiff is the owner of Owens Express, a convenience-type store which is located in Granite Falls, North Carolina. Among other things, plaintiff sells Pepsi-Cola (Pepsi) brand soft drinks which he purchases from Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company of Hickory, North Carolina (Hickory Pepsi), the defendant. Hickory Pepsi is the exclusive bottler, distributor and seller of Pepsi products in several northwestern North Carolina counties including plaintiff\u2019s county.\nPlaintiff\u2019s complaint alleges that in April of 1986 he was induced and did purchase large quantities of Pepsi products at reduced prices from defendant through one of defendant\u2019s promotional campaigns. Plaintiff stored those products in his store and later in three of his warehouses. In addition to selling these products to customers who visited Owens Express, plaintiff sold Pepsi products, at lower prices than defendant, to several industrial and institutional customers in the Granite Falls area.\nOn 2 April 1987, defendant\u2019s representative visited plaintiff\u2019s store and allegedly \u201cdemanded\u201d that plaintiff increase his retail price on his Pepsi products, and that he limit the number of cases which he sold to his customers. Plaintiff\u2019s complaint further alleges that he was ordered to discontinue his practice of selling Pepsi products to industrial and institutional customers.\nAfter learning that a new promotional campaign was underway and that no one had asked him to participate, plaintiff had his lawyer contact defendant and defendant then agreed to sell plaintiff Pepsi products under certain limited conditions. Plaintiff was instructed to limit his sales to 10 cases of canned drinks per customer; plaintiff was told to stop selling the products to schools and factories; he was permitted to store the products in his store only; and he was limited to a 200 case per week delivery of two-liter Pepsis for his store. At that time, plaintiff told defendant that the new limit did not adequately meet his retail needs.\nPlaintiff was informed by letter dated 17 July 1987 that defendant was concerned about the quality of the Pepsi products which plaintiff was accused of \u201cstockpiling]\u201d in his warehouses. Plaintiff was told that if he did not discontinue this practice he would receive no further shipments from defendant.\nThereafter, on 10 August 1987, plaintiff filed this action alleging the facts set forth above and alleging four causes of action: (1) unfair and unlawful trade practices, (2) fraudulent misrepresentations, (3) tortious interference with contracts, and (4) price fixing.\nThe material portions of defendant\u2019s answer admitted that it only offered plaintiff the 1987 promotional after being contacted by plaintiff\u2019s attorney because plaintiff had previously stated that he would not comply with the \u201cterms of defendant\u2019s program.\u201d Defendant also admitted that it had tried to curtail plaintiff\u2019s alleged \u201cwholesaling\u201d activities. Defendant further admitted limiting plaintiff\u2019s deliveries in order to guard against transshipping (the purchase of Pepsi products in one territory for resale in another). Defendant denied the allegations relating to price fixing and interfering with the contracts of plaintiff. Finally, defendant\u2019s answer moved to dismiss plaintiff\u2019s second cause of action and claimed that its actions were lawful under the North Carolina and United States Constitutions.\nOn 22 February 1988, the trial court heard arguments regarding defendant\u2019s summary judgment motion. The court filed its order granting the motion as to each cause of action on 25 February 1988. At that time, the court also filed its order denying plaintiff\u2019s motion requesting the production of additional documents and his request for sanctions. From these orders, plaintiff appeals.\nI.\nThe first issue which we shall address is whether the Soft Drink Interbrand Competition Act, 15 U.S.C.A. sections 3501-3503 (1982), governs plaintiff\u2019s claims which were brought under North Carolina General Statute Chapter 75 (which prohibits unfair and deceptive trade practices).\nPlaintiff alleges that defendant engaged in unfair and unlawful trade practices, that it fraudulently misrepresented that it was limiting the supplies of all of its retail accounts, that defendant tortiously interfered with plaintiff\u2019s contracts, and that defendant attempted to fix prices at an artificially high level by demanding that plaintiff raise its prices beyond those of its own. Plaintiff claims that these activities violate Chapter 75.\nDefendant contends that its conduct is lawful as determined by the Soft Drink Interbrand Competition Act (the Act), 15 U.S.C.A. sections 3501-3503, which preempts state law in the area of contracts which restrain competition within the soft drink industry. Defendant further argues that its conduct does not violate North Carolina General Statute Chapter 75.\nAccording to Congress, the Soft Drink Act was passed in order to clarify the confusion regarding the application of antitrust laws to territorial restrictions which were contained in many soft drink manufacturing, distribution and sales licenses. 1980 U.S. Code Cong. Admin. News p. 2373. Additionally, the Act was intended to \u201chalt trends that might otherwise lead to the demise of small bottling firms and the disappearance of the refillable bottle.\u201d Id. at 2374. Section 3501 states that:\nNothing contained in any antitrust law shall render unlawful the inclusion and enforcement in any trademark licensing contract or agreement, pursuant to which the licensee engages in the manufacture^] . . . distribution, and sale of a trademarked soft drink product, of provisions granting the licensee the sole and exclusive right to manufacture, distribute, and sell such product in a defined geographic area or limiting the licensee, directly or indirectly, to the manufacture, distribution, and sale of such product only for ultimate resale to consumers within a defined geographic area. . . .\nAccording to O\u2019Neill v. Coca-Cola Co., 669 F.Supp. 217 (N.D. Ill. 1987), \u201cthe purpose of Section 3501 is to exempt from the antitrust laws agreements which essentially forbid transshipping [as previously defined] of soft drink products by resellers.\u201d Id. at 225. Consequently, this Act would clearly apply to any claims where a plaintiff asserts a challenge against a licensor\u2019s territorial restrictions on its licensee. Likewise, it would be applicable to claims challenging a licensor\u2019s authority to limit a licensee\u2019s sale of soft drink products for ultimate resale within geographic areas.\nHowever, in cases such as the one at bar, where the plaintiff is not asserting a challenge to defendant\u2019s right to enter into licensing agreements which restrict licensees\u2019 commercial activity to a specific area, the Act is inapplicable. Plaintiff\u2019s complaint raises allegations concerning tortious contractual interference, fraud, price fixing and unfair and unlawful trade practices arising out of factual allegations that do not pertain to the matters covered by the Act. Therefore, since this Act does not apply, there is no preemption, express or otherwise, of North Carolina authority to apply its laws to the case sub judice.\nII.\nWe next turn to the issue of whether the court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of defendant. G.S. 1A-1, Rule 56(c) states that:\n[t]he judgment sought shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.\nThe procedure involved in this motion is designed to give a forecast of the proof which the parties intend to offer on behalf of their claims and defenses in order to determine whether a jury trial is necessary. This is done by considering evidence beyond the mere pleadings when determining whether a genuine issue of material fact actually exists. See Loy v. Lorm Corp., 52 N.C. App. 428, 278 S.E.2d 897 (1981); Singleton v. Stewart, 280 N.C. 460, 186 S.E.2d 400 (1972). \u201cIn a summary judgment motion, all facts must be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.\u201d L. C. Williams Oil Co., Inc. v. Exxon Corp., 625 F.Supp. 477, 480 (M.D.N.C. 1985).\nA.\nTurning first to plaintiffs claim of tortious interference with his contracts, the fourth cause of action in his complaint, our courts will recognize such causes of action when the following elements are shown: (1) the existence of a valid contract between plaintiff and a third party, conferring upon plaintiff a contractual right against that third party, (2) knowledge of that contract by defendant, (3) intentional inducement by defendant for the third party not to perform the contract with plaintiff, (4) done without justification, and (5) causing damages to plaintiff. Childress v. Abeles, 240 N.C. 667, 674, 84 S.E.2d 176, 181-82 (1954).\nPlaintiffs evidentiary forecast as to this issue includes an affidavit by Brent Helton, a principal at a local school to which plaintiff sold canned Pepsi products over the past several years. Helton stated that he had previously purchased more than 100 cases of Pepsi products from plaintiff until plaintiffs supplies were depleted and until he was contacted by an agent of defendant\u2019s. This agent told Helton that he could no longer buy Pepsi products from plaintiff. He was told that he must instead buy them from defendant at the \u201ctruck price,\u201d which was higher than plaintiffs prices. Plaintiff\u2019s deposition testimony stated that on \u201c[n]umerous occasions\u201d one customer in particular had \u201cbegged\u201d him for Pepsi products. Plaintiff further testified that he was unable to completely meet the needs of his customers; consequently, his business suffered. Notably absent from plaintiffs forecast are statements alleging the existence of contracts with any of the persons with whom plaintiff did business.\nWhile it is true that defendant knew of plaintiffs arrangements with his customers and defendant allegedly interfered with those arrangements thereby injuring plaintiff, there was no contract with these customers such that plaintiff would have had any contractual rights against the customers. In the absence of any showing of a valid contract with his customers, plaintiff cannot maintain an action on this ground. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court\u2019s judgment on this issue.\nB.\nWe turn to plaintiff\u2019s claim that the trial court erred in dismissing plaintiff\u2019s fraudulent misrepresentations claim which is the third cause of action in his complaint. The essential elements of actionable fraud are: \u201c(1) a false representation or concealment of a material fact, (2) reasonably calculated to deceive, (3) made with intent to deceive, (4) which does in fact deceive, (5) resulting in damage to the injured party.\u201d Shreve v. Combs, 54 N.C. App. 18, 21, 282 S.E.2d 568, 571 (1981). Furthermore, the material misrepresentation must be definite and specific, and it must be of a past or existing fact. Rosenthal v. Perkins, 42 N.C. App. 449, 451, 257 S.E.2d 63, 65 (1979).\nIn the case sub judice, plaintiff alleged that he was told by defendant\u2019s representatives that he would be held to a 100 case shipment inventory. He stated further that he was \u201cled to believe\u201d and that he was \u201cunder the impression\u201d that the same limitation was being imposed throughout defendant\u2019s territory. When asked whether any of defendant\u2019s agents ever specifically assured him that defendant\u2019s other customers were being handled similarly, plaintiff\u2019s response was \u201cI don\u2019t think he ever assured me that it was.\u201d Deposition testimony from plaintiff\u2019s father was ambiguous on the question of whether defendant ever stated that a similar limit was being imposed on its other customers.\nOn the basis of the above facts, plaintiff\u2019s evidence was not sufficient to withstand a summary judgment motion. While plaintiff alleged that he was falsely told that all of defendant\u2019s customers were being treated similarly, his evidentiary forecast does not support such an allegation. There was no evidence in the record which indicated that plaintiff was specifically told that similar limits were being imposed throughout the territory or that he was fraudulently led to believe that to be the case. Accordingly, the trial court\u2019s grant of summary judgment on this claim is affirmed.\nC.\nWe shall next address the issue of whether the lower court erred in granting defendant\u2019s summary judgment motion to plaintiffs price fixing claim, the second cause of action in his complaint. G.S. 75-5(b)(3) provides:\n(b) In addition to other acts declared unlawful by this Chapter, it is unlawful for any person directly or indirectly to do, or to have any contract express or knowingly implied to do, any of the following acts:\n(3) To willfully destroy or injure, or undertake to destroy or injure, the business of any competitor or business rival in this State with the purpose of attempting to fix the price of any goods when the competition is removed.\nPlaintiff\u2019s evidentiary forecast for this issue contains deposition testimony from plaintiff that he was told to raise his prices on two-liter Pepsis. Also, plaintiff\u2019s evidence contains an affidavit of Michael Hawks, a former employee of defendant\u2019s. His affidavit stated that on 25 November 1985, he was told by one of defendant\u2019s sales managers to visit Owens Express store and to tell its owner, Michael Owens, to \u201craise his retail price on Pepsi-Cola in two-liter bottles.\u201d Hawks stated that Owens Express was selling two-liter Pepsi products at $.79 and that other stores had been complaining about the low price at which plaintiff\u2019s store was selling its two-liter Pepsis. Hawks further stated that he and another of defendant\u2019s employees went to plaintiff\u2019s store and told plaintiff and his father that Owens Express would have to raise its retail prices. Mr. Hawks stated that he was instructed to delete from his weekly activity report any mention of this particular visit to Owens Express.\nDefendant claims that even if it had made demands that plaintiff raise the price of its drinks, this had no effect on plaintiff\u2019s business because plaintiff refused to comply. Additionally, defendant claims that it was justified in intervening in the sales transaction between plaintiff and other retailers.\nDespite defendant\u2019s claims, G.S. 75-5(b)(3) makes it unlawful for an entity to undertake to destroy or injure another\u2019s business for the purpose of attempting to fix prices. (Emphasis added.) The evidence for purpose of a summary judgment motion adequately demonstrates that defendant undertook to injure plaintiff\u2019s business by imposing stringent restrictions on plaintiff\u2019s Pepsi inventory, and by limiting the types of customers with whom plaintiff could do business. Defendant threatened to completely discontinue plaintiff\u2019s supply if he disobeyed its directive. Likewise, defendant made threats to some of plaintiff\u2019s customers and forbade them to buy Pepsi products from plaintiff. We hold that plaintiff\u2019s evidence, taken in the light most favorable to him, does sufficiently establish a genuine question of fact regarding his allegations of price fixing in violation of G.S. 75-5(b)(3). See Baynard v. Service Distributing Co., 78 N.C. App. 796, 797, 338 S.E.2d 622, 623 (1986). Moreover, that defendant\u2019s purpose was not achieved is inconsequential because the statute punishes undertakings which attempt to fix prices.\nD.\nFinally, we turn to the question of whether the trial court erred in dismissing plaintiff\u2019s first cause of action which alleges unfair and deceptive trade practices. \u201cA precise definition of unfair or deceptive acts is not possible, but whether a particular act is unfair or deceptive depends on the facts surrounding the transaction and the impact on the market place.\u201d Concrete Service Corp. v. Investors Group, Inc., 79 N.C. App. 678, 685, 340 S.E.2d 755, 760, cert. denied, 317 N.C. 333, 346 S.E.2d 137 (1986).\nIn the case before us, defendant is alleged to have attempted to control plaintiff\u2019s productivity by limiting his inventory and his customers. Defendant made demands on plaintiff to raise his prices. It sought to control who plaintiff\u2019s customers were. This conduct is sufficient to raise a question of fact, as to defendant\u2019s conduct. Consequently, we find that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on this claim. Furthermore, \u201cany act which is a violation of [sec.] 75-5(b)(3) would also be considered to be a violation of [sec.] 75-1.1, since [sec.] 75-5(b)(3) simply sets out specific conduct which is considered to be illegal and an unfair competitive act.\u201d American Rockwool, Inc. v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas, 640 F.Supp. 1411, 1435 (E.D.N.C. 1986). Therefore, since we concluded that plaintiff\u2019s price fixing allegations raise a question of fact, we find that such allegation, if proven, would constitute an unfair and deceptive trade practice as would the allegations pertaining to the defendant\u2019s effort to restrict plaintiff\u2019s business.\nBased upon the foregoing, we remand to the trial court plaintiff\u2019s price fixing and unfair and deceptive trade practices claim. We affirm the court\u2019s entry of summary judgment in plaintiff\u2019s tortious interference with contracts and fraud claims.\nReversed and remanded in part, affirmed in part.\nJudge ARNOLD concurs.\nChief Judge HEDRICK concurs in the result.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "ORR, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Tuggle Duggins Mesckan & Elrod, P.A., by Joseph F. McNulty, Jr. and William R. Sage, for plaintiff-appellant.",
      "Petree Stockton & Robinson, by George L. Little, Jr. and J. David Mayberry, for defendant-appellee."
    ],
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    "head_matter": "MICHAEL OWENS, d/b/a OWENS EXPRESS v. PEPSI COLA BOTTLING COMPANY OF HICKORY, N. C., INC.\nNo. 8825SC590\n(Filed 15 August 1989)\n1. Unfair Competition \u00a7 1\u2014 Soft Drink Interbrand Competition Act \u2014inapplicability to plaintiff\u2019s claims\nThe Soft Drink Interbrand Competition Act was inapplicable to plaintiff\u2019s action where plaintiff did not assert a challenge to defendant\u2019s right to enter into licensing agreements which restricted licensees\u2019 commercial activity to a specific area, but its complaint instead raised allegations concerning tortious contractual interference, fraud, price fixing and unfair trade practices arising out of factual allegations which did not pertain to the matters covered by the Act.\n2. Contracts \u00a7 33\u2014 tortious interference with contracts \u2014 sale of Pepsi products \u2014 failure to allege contracts with customers\nPlaintiff could not maintain a claim of tortious interference with his contracts for the sale of Pepsi products where plaintiff\u2019s forecast of evidence showed that defendant knew of plaintiff\u2019s arrangements with his customers and defendant allegedly interfered with those arrangements thereby injuring plaintiff, but there was no showing of a contract with these customers such that plaintiff would have had any contractual rights against the customers.\n3. Fraud \u00a7 12\u2014 distribution of Pepsi products \u2014 representations made by supplier \u2014no showing of fraud\nThe trial court did not err in dismissing plaintiff\u2019s fraudulent misrepresentations claim where plaintiff alleged that he was told by defendant supplier\u2019s representatives that he would be held to a 100 case shipment inventory, and he was \u201cled to believe\u201d and was \u201cunder the impression\u201d that the same limitation was being imposed throughout defendant\u2019s territory, but plaintiff\u2019s forecast of evidence failed to show that he was specifically told that similar limits were being imposed throughout the territory or that he was fraudulently led to believe that to be the case.\n4. Unfair Competition \u00a7 1\u2014 sale of Pepsi products \u2014 price fixing alleged \u2014existence of question of fact\nPlaintiff\u2019s evidence sufficiently established a genuine question of fact regarding his allegations of price fixing in violation of N.C.G.S. \u00a7 75-5(b)(3) where plaintiff\u2019s evidence tended to show that defendant undertook to injure plaintiff\u2019s business by imposing stringent restrictions on plaintiff\u2019s Pepsi inventory and by limiting the types of customers with whom plaintiff could do business; defendant threatened to discontinue completely plaintiff\u2019s supply if he disobeyed its directive; defendant made threats to some of plaintiff\u2019s customers and forbade them to buy Pepsi products from plaintiff; and defendant demanded that plaintiff raise the price of its drinks. There was no merit to defendant\u2019s claim that even if it had made .demands that plaintiff raise the price of its drinks, this had no effect on plaintiff\u2019s business because plaintiff refused to comply.\n5. Unfair Competition \u00a7 1\u2014 sale of Pepsi products to distributor\u2014 unfair and deceptive trade practices alleged \u2014 question of fact raised\nEvidence was sufficient to raise a\u2019 question of fact as to whether defendant\u2019s conduct was violative of N.C.G.S. \u00a7 75-1.1 where defendant was alleged to have attempted to control plaintiff\u2019s productivity by limiting his inventory and his customers; defendant made demands on plaintiff to raise his prices; and defendant sought to control who plaintiff\u2019s customers were.\nAPPEAL by plaintiff from Lamm (Charles C., Jr.), Judge. Judgment entered 25 February 1988 in Superior Court, CALDWELL County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 12 December 1988.\nTuggle Duggins Mesckan & Elrod, P.A., by Joseph F. McNulty, Jr. and William R. Sage, for plaintiff-appellant.\nPetree Stockton & Robinson, by George L. Little, Jr. and J. David Mayberry, for defendant-appellee."
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