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  "name": "PHYLLIS DENISE HOWARD, RICHARD LEE HERRING, JOSHUA JAY HOWARD, by his Guardian Ad Litem CHESTER C. DAVIS, JOHNNIE JAY HOWARD and NANCY HOWARD v. JAMES ANDREW PARKER, KELVIN DENARD LONG, MARSHALL T. WILLS and JEAN WILLS",
  "name_abbreviation": "Howard v. Parker",
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    "judges": [
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    "parties": [
      "PHYLLIS DENISE HOWARD, RICHARD LEE HERRING, JOSHUA JAY HOWARD, by his Guardian Ad Litem CHESTER C. DAVIS, JOHNNIE JAY HOWARD and NANCY HOWARD v. JAMES ANDREW PARKER, KELVIN DENARD LONG, MARSHALL T. WILLS and JEAN WILLS"
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        "text": "EAGLES, Judge.\nPlaintiff contends the trial court erred in granting summary judgment for the defendants. We disagree and affirm the court below.\nI\nInitially, we recognize this is an interlocutory appeal under both G.S. 1-277 and G.S. 7A-27. \u201cBoth G.S. 1-277 and G.S. 7A-27(d) provide for immediate appeal of a judicial order or determination that affects a substantial right.\u201d Green v. Duke Power Co., 305 N.C. 603, 606, 290 S.E.2d 593, 595 (1982). \u201cSince the order of the trial court dismissing plaintiff\u2019s claim for punitive damages did affect a \u2018substantial right\u2019 of the plaintiff . . .\u201d this appeal is properly before us. Newton v. Standard Fire Ins. Co., 291 N.C. 105, 109, 229 S.E.2d 297, 300 (1976).\nII\nSummary judgment is proper when there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and a party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Johnson v. Phoenix Mut. Life Ins. Co., 300 N.C. 247, 252, 266 S.E.2d 610, 615 (1980). Summary judgment is \u201cdesigned to allow a \u2018preview\u2019 or \u2018forecast\u2019 of the proof of the parties in order to determine whether a jury trial is necessary.\u201d Loy v. Lorm Corp., 52 N.C. App. 428, 437, 278 S.E.2d 897, 903-04 (1981). \u201cThe determination of what constitutes a \u2018genuine issue as to any material fact\u2019 is often difficult.\u201d Kessing v. National Mortgage Corp., 278 N.C. 523, 534, 180 S.E.2d 823, 830 (1971). A genuine issue is one which can be maintained by substantial evidence. Koontz v. City of Winston-Salem, 280 N.C. 513, 518, 186 S.E.2d 897, 901 (1972). A party may show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact by showing that the party with the burden of proof in the action cannot produce substantial evidence which would allow that issue to be resolved in his favor. Best v. Perry, 41 N.C. App. 107, 109, 254 S.E.2d 281, 284 (1979).\nThe critical issue, then, is whether there is substantial evidence to support the plaintiff\u2019s punitive damage claim.\nPunitive damages, as the descriptive name clearly implies, are awarded as a punishment. They are never awarded as compensation. . . . \u201cThey are given to the plaintiff in a proper case, not because they are due, but because of the opportunity the case affords the court to inflict punishment for conduct intentionally wrongful.\u201d [Citation omitted.] Punitive damages are never awarded merely because of a personal injury inflicted nor are they measured by the extent of the injury; they are awarded because of the outrageous nature of the wrongdoer\u2019s conduct.\nCavin\u2019s, Inc. v. Atlantic Mut. Ins. Co., 27 N.C. App. 698, 701-02, 220 S.E.2d 403, 406 (1975).\nIn personal injury cases sounding in negligence punitive damages cannot be awarded where the defendant\u2019s wrong amounted to no more than ordinary negligence; they can only be awarded where there is a higher level of misconduct, such as wilfulness, wantonness or recklessness that indicates at least an indifference to or a disregard for the rights and safety of others.\nHunt v. Hunt, 86 N.C. App. 323, 327, 357 S.E.2d 444, 447, aff\u2019d, 321 N.C. 294, 362 S.E.2d 161 (1987).\nApplying the foregoing principles of law to the instant case we believe the trial court correctly removed the punitive damages issue from the jury. Here the plaintiff relies on the defendant\u2019s alleged intoxication as the basis of her punitive damages claim. While, we find that intoxication is a factor to be considered in determining whether a punitive damages claim should reach the jury, \u201cwe are not disposed to expand [the bases for the recovery of punitive damages] beyond the limits established by authoritative decisions of [our appellate courts].\u201d Craven v. Chambers, 56 N.C. App. 151, 159, 287 S.E.2d 905, 910 (1982), quoting Hinson v. Dawson, 244 N.C. 23, 27, 92 S.E.2d 393, 396 (1956). That task lies solely within the province of the General Assembly. Consequently, in the absence of additional legislation, we conclude that allegations of intoxication alone are not a sufficient basis to permit a punitive damages claim to be submitted to a jury.\nLikewise we are not persuaded that the defendant\u2019s intent to turn into the lane of traffic was itself a wanton act. \u201c[TJhough the vast majority of motor vehicular collisions result from intentional turns or acts of one kind or another, only a small percentage of such acts exceed the level of ordinary negligence.\u201d Nance v. Robertson, 91 N.C. App. 121, 124, 370 S.E.2d 283, 285, rev. denied, 323 N.C. 477, 373 S.E.2d 865 (1988).\nPlaintiff\u2019s reliance on Huff v. Chrismon, 68 N.C. App. 525, 315 S.E.2d 711, rev. denied, 311 N.C. 756, 321 S.E.2d 134 (1984), is misplaced. In Huff, the plaintiff sought compensatory and punitive damages for injuries resulting from an automobile collision where the defendant was intoxicated. There the trial court allowed the defendant\u2019s Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. This court reversed, holding that earlier case law was \u201cnot inconsistent with the application of the doctrine of punitive damages against impaired drivers in certain situations without regard to the driver\u2019s motives or intent.\u201d Id. at 531, 315 S.E.2d at 714. However, the court w:ent on to point out that the plaintiff there was never afforded the opportunity \u201cto introduce any evidence regarding the conduct of the defendant including his intoxicated condition.\u201d Id. at 532, 315 S.E.2d at 715. In the instant case, the plaintiff has had an opportunity to present evidence to show a basis for her punitive damages claim. However, the evidence presented \u201cat best discloses a breach of defendant\u2019s duty to exercise ordinary care.\u201d Jarvis v. Sanders, 34 N.C. App. 283, 286, 237 S.E.2d 865, 867 (1977).\nKing v. Allred, 76 N.C. App. 427, 333 S.E.2d 758, rev. denied, 315 N.C. 184, 337 S.E.2d 857 (1985) is also distinguishable. In King, the court found substantial evidence to warrant submission of a punitive damages issue to the jury. The defendant readily admitted her intoxication on cross-examination and clearly displayed a wanton disposition. She testified:\nI could feel the effects of the beer on me as I started driving my automobile out onto the road and down the service road. As I proceeded down the roadway, I was intoxicated to the extent I was unable to operate my car in a careful and proper manner.\n* * *\nI knew I was drunk before I got into the car. I didn\u2019t think about whether I could operate the car safely or not when I got in. I knew I was drunk. Knowing I was drunk, I got behind the wheel of the car.\nId. at 431, 333 S.E.2d at 760.\nWe note that Ivey v. Rose, 94 N.C. App. 773, 776, 381 S.E.2d 476, 478 (1989), contains language which states that:\nDefendant\u2019s intentional act of driving while impaired in violation of G.S. 20-138.1 is sufficiently wanton within the meaning of Hinson, supra, and Brewer v. Harris, 279 N.C. 288, 297, 182 S.E.2d 345, 350 (1971) (quoting Foster v. Hyman, 197 N.C. 189, 191, 148 S.E. 36, 37-38 (1929)) which states \u201c[a]n act is wanton when it is done of wicked purpose, or when done needlessly, manifesting a reckless indifference to the rights of others. . . .\u201d The act of driving while impaired is a wanton act. The driver\u2019s motive or intent in relation to the damages he causes as a result is wholly irrelevant.\nIn Ivey we note that there was a rear-end collision in which defendant\u2019s vehicle, traveling at about 45 miles per hour, rammed into plaintiff\u2019s standing vehicle, the defendant had a breathalyzer reading of .18 and had failed four sobriety performance tests, and the evidence from the investigating officer that defendant\u2019s face was flushed, her eyes were glassy and that she was not steady on her feet. In the officer\u2019s opinion defendant Rose was impaired.\nHere the evidence does not support a finding of wantonness: there is no breathalyzer reading, though defendant pleaded guilty to driving while impaired and admitted having consumed three beers earlier in the day. The complaint alleging impairment is not verified; there are no affidavits or depositions of witnesses to the defendant\u2019s impairment. Though the accident report is part of the record, it is not clear what the officer\u2019s notations on the report indicate regarding drinking by defendant and impairment.\nAccordingly, we believe that Ivey, supra, like King and Huff, is distinguishable on its facts and that summary judgment on the punitive damages claim was proper based on the record before us.\nIII\nFinally, because of our disposition of the summary judgment issue, we need not reach the constitutional issue raised by the defendants.\nFor the reasons stated, the judgment of the trial court is\nAffirmed.\nJudges PARKER and ORR concur.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "EAGLES, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Peebles & Schramm, by John J. Schramm, Jr., for plaintiff-appellant.",
      "Petree Stockton & Robinson, by Robert J. hawing and Jane C. Jackson, for defendant-appellee."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "PHYLLIS DENISE HOWARD, RICHARD LEE HERRING, JOSHUA JAY HOWARD, by his Guardian Ad Litem CHESTER C. DAVIS, JOHNNIE JAY HOWARD and NANCY HOWARD v. JAMES ANDREW PARKER, KELVIN DENARD LONG, MARSHALL T. WILLS and JEAN WILLS\nNo. 8821SC1317\n(Filed 5 September 1989)\nAutomobiles and Other Vehicles \u00a7 91.5\u2014 automobile collision \u2014 intoxication alleged \u2014punitive damages not submitted to jury\nIn an action to recover for personal injury and property damage resulting from an automobile collision, allegations of intoxication alone are not a sufficient basis to permit a punitive damages claim to be submitted to the jury.\nAPPEAL by plaintiff from Ross, Judge. Judgment entered 23 August 1988 in Superior Court, FORSYTH County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 7 June 1989.\nThis is a civil case in which the plaintiffs seek compensatory and punitive damages for personal injury and property damage resulting from an automobile collision. Defendant alleged contributory negligence. The trial court entered summary judgment for the defendant on the punitive damages claim.\nAt about 4:00 p.m. on 21 June 1987 plaintiff Phyllis Howard was driving south in the 1700 block of Pleasant Street in Winston-Salem in a 1983 Chevette owned by plaintiff Johnnie Howard. Plaintiffs Richard Herring and Joshua Howard, a minor, were passengers. Plaintiff Nancy Howard is Joshua\u2019s mother. Defendant James Parker was parked in a 1973 green Cadillac on the west curb of Pleasant Street facing north against a southbound flow of traffic in the nearest or west lane. Two vehicles, a car and a black van, were parked immediately in front of Parker facing south. As Ms. Howard proceeded south on Pleasant Street, the defendant edged his northbound car from in front of the van into the plaintiff\u2019s southbound lane of traffic. The cars collided head-on.\nIn her deposition Ms. Howard testified that the black van blocked her vision of Parker\u2019s car, and that she did not see Parker\u2019s car until the collision occurred. Richard Herring\u2019s deposition agreed.\nSimilarly, in his deposition Parker stated: \u201cI had to pull out into the traffic to see what was coming, \u2019cause it\u2019s hard to see where I was parked at. And so as I was pulling out into the traffic, she came up, but it was \u2014she was up on me too fast before I could back back in there, and we just hit head on.\u201d Parker also admitted that he had consumed two twelve ounce beers before noon that day and a third twelve ounce beer while at home for lunch, that he refused to take a breathalyzer test, and that he pled guilty to driving while impaired under the misapprehension that he was pleading guilty to failing to take the breath analysis test. As a result of his guilty plea, Parker was fined $1,085 and served 14 days in jail.\nCounsel for plaintiffs stipulated that pending claims against Kelvin Long, Marshall Wills, and Jean Wills will be dismissed after this appeal is determined. Counsel also stipulated that the claims of Joshua and Nancy Howard \u201chave been resolved and that said claims are no longer in dispute.\u201d Additionally, both Richard Herring and Johnnie Howard filed voluntary dismissals with prejudice. The matters remaining are Phyllis Howard\u2019s claim for compensatory and punitive damages against James Parker. Phyllis Howard appeals the trial court\u2019s entry of summary judgment on the punitive damages claim.\nPeebles & Schramm, by John J. Schramm, Jr., for plaintiff-appellant.\nPetree Stockton & Robinson, by Robert J. hawing and Jane C. Jackson, for defendant-appellee."
  },
  "file_name": "0361-01",
  "first_page_order": 389,
  "last_page_order": 395
}
