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    "judges": [
      "Judges Arnold and Becton concur."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "ROBERT A. GRIFFIN v. ALMEDA S. GRIFFIN (now Rouse)"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "COZORT, Judge.\nThis action has its origins in a divorce decree entered 27 March 1974 in which the plaintiff-husband was ordered to pay $200 per month in child support. The defendant-wife initiated the present action on 13 August 1987 with a motion in the cause to reduce child support arrearages to judgment. The plaintiff\u2019s response raised, among other defenses, equitable estoppel. The trial court, applying equitable estoppel, entered judgment for the plaintiff on 6 October 1988. On appeal the defendant contends that the trial court erred in concluding that she is equitably estopped from reducing her ex-husband\u2019s child support arrearages to judgment when his child support obligations mandated by the divorce decree have vested. We agree and reverse.\nThe judgment granting plaintiff and defendant an absolute divorce ordered the plaintiff to pay $200 per month to the office of the Carteret County Clerk of Court as support for the infant children Angela Renee Griffin and Robert A. Griffin, Jr. These installments were to continue until the younger child, Robert, reached majority. The decree also ordered the plaintiff to pay \u201cfor major medical and dental bills\u201d of the children during their minority. The plaintiff never paid any medical or dental bills of his children; nor did he ever make support payments to the clerk\u2019s office as ordered. Such payments as he did make were sent directly to his ex-wife.\nAfter the divorce decree was entered in March of 1974, the plaintiff paid $200 per month to the defendant for five months. Plaintiff then lost his job, remained unemployed for approximately five weeks, and found a new job which paid less than his previous employment. At about this time, the plaintiff wrote defendant a letter (the date of which is uncertain) announcing his decision\nto send the kids one hundred dollars a month because I do not think that it take [sic] two hundred dollars for my kids to live on and I do not intend to pay your way living the way you are. If you won\u2019t [sic] to take it to court you can I do not care anymore but if you do you can be prepared for more than a fight over money.\nPlaintiff paid $80 per month until August 1981. Thereafter, he paid $40 per month until December 1986. Plaintiff\u2019s younger child, Robert A. Griffin, Jr., became eighteen years old that month, and plaintiff ceased making any support payments. In 1987 the trial court found that plaintiff \u201cis employed at Cherry Point, North Carolina . . . has an excellent credit rating and, over the years, has borrowed money from lending institutions.\u201d\nEight months after the support payments ended, defendant brought a motion in the cause seeking judgment for $17,680 in arrears. At trial the plaintiff testified that in 1974, while he was unemployed, his ex-wife agreed to accept the \u201cvery best I could [pay in child support], however, much it [might] be.\u201d The defendant testified as follows: \u201cQ. At any point in time, did you ever verbally or in writing agree that you would take a lesser amount of child support than what was dictated in that court order? A. No, sir. There\u2019s no. way I could have done that.\u201d\nThe trial court made the following findings of fact pertinent to its conclusion that equitable estoppel precludes judgment against the plaintiff for the arrears of child support payments ordered by the divorce decree:\n10. Upon losing his job [in 1974], Plaintiff immediately contacted the Defendant and informed her of his situation and that he could not make the regular scheduled child support payments. Plaintiff told Defendant that he would attempt to pay as much as he could toward the child support and the Defendant agreed to accept what he could pay.\n* * * *\n24. That the Defendant\u2019s conduct in accepting reduced child support payments for over ten (10) years, having no contact whatsoever with the Plaintiff, and making no inquiry nor taking any action conveyed the impression to the plaintiff that the Defendant acquiesed [sic] in Plaintiff\u2019s reduced payments and that Defendant had abandoned her rights to the regular child support payments.\n25. The Defendant\u2019s conduct as mentioned above induced the Plaintiff to believe such conduct was intended to be relied upon or acted upon by the Plaintiff.\nTurning to the sole question presented on appeal, whether the trial court properly invoked equitable estoppel, we note first that child support is governed primarily by statute. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 50-13.10 provides in pertinent part that\n(a) Each past due child support payment is vested when it accrues and may not thereafter he vacated, reduced, or otherwise modified in any way for any reason, in this State or any other state, except that a child support obligation may be modified as otherwise provided by law, and a vested past due payment is to that extent subject to divestment if, but only if, a written motion is filed, and due notice is given to all parties either:\n(1) Before the payment is due or\n(2) If the moving party is precluded by physical disability, mental incapacity, indigency, misrepresentation of another party, or other compelling reason from filing a motion before the payment is due, then promptly after the moving party is no longer so precluded.\n(b) A past due child support payment which is vested pursuant to G.S. 50-13.10(a) is entitled, as a judgment, to full faith and credit in this State and any other state, with the full force, effect, and attributes of a judgment of this State, except that no arrearage shall be entered on the judgment docket of the clerk of superior court or become a lien on real estate, nor shall execution issue thereon, except as provided in G.S. 50-13.4(0(8) and (10).\n(Emphasis added.) N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 50-13.4(f)(8) provides in turn that \u201cpast due periodic payments may by motion in the cause or by a separate action be reduced to judgment which shall be a lien as other judgments.\u201d Thus, defendant was entitled to proceed as she did.\nIn the case below, the father was legally obligated to support his children according to the terms of the divorce decree of March 1974. Instead, he twice reduced the amount of those payments without approval from the court. As this Court has held, the \u201cproper procedure for the father to follow was to apply to the trial court for relief. This he failed to do. He had no authority to unilaterally attempt his own modification.\u201d Gates v. Gates, 69 N.C. App. 421, 428, 317 S.E.2d 402, 407 (1984) (citations omitted), aff\u2019d, 312 N.C. 620, 323 S.E.2d 920 (1985). Quoting Halcomb v. Halcomb, 352 So. 2d 1013, 1016 (La. 1977), this Court explained:\nSupport for this rule is found in a proper regard for the integrity of judgments. Such a regard does not condone a practice which would allow those cast in judgment to invoke self-help and unilaterally relieve themselves of the obligation to comply. Any other rule of law would greatly impair the sanctity of judgments and the orderly processes of law. To condone such a practice would deprive the party, in whose favor the judgment has been rendered, of an opportunity to present countervailing evidence, and at the same time deny the judge an opportunity to review the award in light of the alleged mitigating cause which had developed since its rendition.\n. . . This policy applies equally in North Carolina.\nGates, 69 N.C. App. at 428-29, 317 S.E.2d at 407 (citation omitted).\nPlaintiff\u2019s argument, based on his ex-wife\u2019s alleged silence and inaction in enforcing what he characterizes as her rights, is misguided. The touchstone in cases involving child custody and support is the welfare of the children, not freedom of contract. As our Supreme Court has observed,\nno agreement or contract between husband and wife will serve to deprive the courts of their inherent as well as their statutory authority to protect the interests and provide for the welfare of infants. They may bind themselves by a separation agreement or by a consent judgment, but they cannot thus withdraw children of the marriage from the protective custody of the court.\nFuchs v. Fuchs, 260 N.C. 635, 639, 133 S.E.2d 487, 491 (1963); accord, Voss v. Summerfield, 77 N.C. App. 839, 840, 336 S.E.2d 144, 145 (1985). Just as our case law does not countenance agreements between parents that operate to the detriment of their children\u2019s rights, so it does not allow one parent to evade the obligations of child support by citing the failure of the other parent to insist immediately on such support.\nEven assuming that on some set of facts equitable estoppel might properly bar a claim for child support arrears, it is clearly inapplicable on the facts below. A party seeking to rely on equitable estoppel must show that, in good faith reliance on the conduct of another, he has changed his position for the worse. 31 C.J.S. Estoppel \u00a7 59 (1964). In this case the plaintiff can show no such detrimental reliance. The only change made in his position was the retention to his benefit of money owed for the support of his children. On similar facts this Court recently rejected the plea of equitable estoppel as a bar to child support arrearages. Adkins v. Adkins, 82 N.C. App. 289, 291, 346 S.E.2d 220, 221-22 (1986).\nIn addition to the doctrine of equitable estoppel, plaintiff raised the applicable statute of limitations as a defense to payments due for more than ten years. Such sums are barred by N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 1-47. Larsen v. Sedherry, 54 N.C. App. 166, 169, 282 S.E.2d 551, 553 (1981), disc. rev. denied, 304 N.C. 728, 288 S.E.2d 381 (1982).\nUpon remand the court may enter judgment for the appropriate balance of child support arrearages.\nReversed and remanded.\nJudges Arnold and Becton concur.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "COZORT, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Bennett, McConkey, Thompson, Marquardt & Wallace, P.A., by James Q. Wallace, III, for plaintiff appellee.",
      "Wheatly, Wheatly, Nobles, Weeks & Wainwright, P.A., by George L. Wainwright, Jr., for defendant appellant."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "ROBERT A. GRIFFIN v. ALMEDA S. GRIFFIN (now Rouse)\nNo. 893DC58\n(Filed 21 November 1989)\nDivorce and Alimony \u00a7 24.4 (NCI3d)\u2014 child support arrearage\u2014 equitable estoppel\nThe trial court improperly applied equitable estoppel as a bar to child support arrearages where plaintiff husband was ordered in 1974 to pay $200 a month child support to the Clerk of Court\u2019s office, as well as major medical and dental bills of the children; plaintiff never paid any medical or dental bills of his children; payments were made directly to defendant and not to the Clerk\u2019s office; and plaintiff twice unilaterally reduced the payments. Child support is governed primarily by statute and defendant was entitled to proceed as she did, the touchstone being the welfare of the child, not freedom of contract. One parent may not evade the obligations of child support by citing the failure of the other parent to insist immediately upon such support. Moreover, even assuming equitable estoppel, plaintiff cannot show detrimental reliance. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 50-13.10, N.C.G.S. \u00a7 50-13.4(f)(8).\nAm Jur 2d, Divorce and Separation \u00a7 1074.\nAppeal by defendant from judgment of Judge James E. Ragan, III, entered 6 October 1988 in CARTERET County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 31 August 1989.\nBennett, McConkey, Thompson, Marquardt & Wallace, P.A., by James Q. Wallace, III, for plaintiff appellee.\nWheatly, Wheatly, Nobles, Weeks & Wainwright, P.A., by George L. Wainwright, Jr., for defendant appellant."
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