{
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  "name": "JOHN E. JOHNSON v. JOANN M. SKINNER, Administratrix of the Estate of Thomas E. Cumberworth Skinner, JOHN RAPHAEL GREEN, and P. M. CONCEPTS, INC., d/b/a TOYOTA SANFORD",
  "name_abbreviation": "Johnson v. Skinner",
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    "judges": [
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    "parties": [
      "JOHN E. JOHNSON v. JOANN M. SKINNER, Administratrix of the Estate of Thomas E. Cumberworth Skinner, JOHN RAPHAEL GREEN, and P. M. CONCEPTS, INC., d/b/a TOYOTA SANFORD"
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      {
        "text": "ARNOLD, Judge.\nDefendants\u2019 first two assignments of error concern the liability of Green and Toyota based on their violation of a statute. The parties stipulated that defendant Skinner had been negligent in his operation of the automobile. Concerning the liability of Green and Toyota, the case went to the jury based on an alleged violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 20-79(d) (1987), which at the time of the accident provided:\nNo manufacturer or dealer in motor vehicles, trailers or semitrailers shall cause or permit any such vehicle owned by such person or by any person in his employ, which is in the personal use of such person or employee, to be operated or moved upon a public highway with a \u201cdealer\u201d plate attached to such vehicle.\nId. (A 1989 amendment, effective 1 October 1989, rewrote subsection (d). The amendment is not applicable to this litigation. See N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 20-79 (1989)). Violation of this statute could result in a misdemeanor conviction and the imposition of a fine of not less than $100 or more than $1,000. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 20-79(a). The trial judge determined that the statute was a safety statute and violation of it, negligence per se.\nFirst, Green argues that N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 20-79(d) does not apply to him because he is not a \u201cmanufacturer\u201d or \u201cdealer\u201d in motor vehicles. His argument is unconvincing. Toyota is a corporation, an artificial entity, which cannot itself actually \u201ccause or permit\u201d the attachment of dealer tags in violation of the statute. For a corporate dealer like Toyota to violate N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 20-79(d), some agent or employee must cause or permit the attachment of the tags. Green, as an individual and an agent of Toyota and with the knowledge and permission of the corporation, attached the tags to his personal automobile. In this context, the statute applies.\nAll defendants next argue that N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 20-79(d) is not a safety statute. The trial court instructed that a violation of the statute would constitute \u201cnegligence within itself.\u201d Defendants contend the statute is only a revenue measure, and a violation of the statute therefore is not negligence per se. Defendants note that courts in other jurisdictions have found dealer tag statutes to be revenue, rather than safety statutes. Combron v. Cogburn, 116 Ga. App. 373, 157 S.E.2d 534 (1967); Burke v. Auto Mart, 37 N.J. Super. 451, 117 A.2d 624 (1955). Nevertheless, North Carolina courts have expressly stated that N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 20-79(d) is a safety statute. In Kraemer v. Moore, 67 N.C. App. 505, 313 S.E.2d 610, review denied, 311 N.C. 758, 321 S.E.2d 137 (1984), Judge Braswell wrote:\nMany jurisdictions, including North Carolina and now Massachusetts, have safety statutes which make it unlawful for a dealer to permit any person or employee to operate a vehicle for personal use with a \u201cdealer\u201d tag plate attached.\nKraemer at 508, 313 S.E.2d at 612-613. This language is clear and unambiguous and not an inadvertent use of the term \u201csafety\u201d as defendants suggest.\nDefendants\u2019 next assignment of error presents the main and very difficult issue in this case \u2014 the proximate cause of the accident. They contend that illegally lending a dealer tag to an employee which facilitates the use of an automobile cannot be the proximate cause of a subsequent accident. They urge, as a matter of law, that the violation of the dealer tag statute cannot be the proximate cause of plaintiff\u2019s injuries. In determining whether there was sufficient evidence for the trial court to find defendants negligent, the question is whether the evidence when taken in the light most favorable to the plaintiff either failed to establish a prima facie case of negligence on the part of Green and Toyota, or whether the evidence established beyond question that' the negligence of Green or Toyota was insulated as a matter of law by the intervening negligence of Skinner.\nIt is the jury\u2019s domain, under appropriate instructions from the court, to apply the standard of the reasonable person to the facts in order to determine what was the proximate cause of the aggrieved party\u2019s injuries. Williams v. Smith, 68 N.C. App. 71, 314 S.E.2d 279, cert. denied, 311 N.C. 769, 321 S.E.2d 158 (1984). \u201cIt is only when the facts are all admitted and only one inference may be drawn from them that the court will declare whether an act was the proximate cause of an injury or not. But that is rarely the case.\u201d Conley v. Pearce-Young-Angel Co.; Rutherford v. Pearce-Young-Angel Co., 224 N.C. 211, 214, 29 S.E.2d 740, 742 (1944). \u201cProximate cause is a cause which in natural and continuous sequence, unbroken by any new or independent cause, produced the plaintiff\u2019s injuries, and without which the injuries would not have occurred, and one from which a person of ordinary prudence could have reasonably foreseen that such a result, or consequences of a generally injurious nature, was probable under all the facts as they existed.\u201d Hairston v. Alexander Tank & Equipment Co., 310 N.C. 227, 233, 311 S.E.2d 559, 565 (1984). Thus, it is axiomatic that proximate cause requires foreseeability. Wiggins v. Paramount Motor Sales, 89 N.C. App. 119, 365 S.E.2d 192 (1988).\nThe test of foreseeability does not require that defendant must foresee the injury in the precise form in which it occurred. All that the plaintiff is required to prove in establishing proximate cause is that in \u201cthe exercise of reasonable care, the defendant might have foreseen that some injury would result from his act or omission, or that consequences of a generally injurious nature might have been expected.\u201d Hairston at 234, 311 S.E.2d at 565 (citations omitted); see, generally, Byrd, Proximate Cause in North Carolina Tort Law, 51 N.C.L. Rev. 951 (1973).\nIn Hairston, a deceased motorist\u2019s wife brought a wrongful death action against an automobile dealership and the driver of a flatbed truck. The truck driver had negligently struck a van that was parked on the edge of the interstate behind the decedent\u2019s vehicle. The decedent was standing between the van and his own automobile when the collision occurred, and he was crushed to death between the two vehicles. Hairston at 231, 311 S.E.2d at 564. Just prior to the accident, the decedent had purchased his automobile from the dealership. Before leaving the sales lot, the dealer had changed the wheels on decedent\u2019s new vehicle, but the dealer\u2019s mechanic had failed to tighten the lug nuts on one wheel. Id. at 230, 311 S.E.2d at 563. The decedent traveled several miles from the dealership when the left rear wheel came off. He pulled over to the edge of the interstate and moments later the accident occurred. Id. at 231, 311 S.E.2d at 564.\nThe jury in Hairston found the driver who operated the flatbed truck and the automobile dealership liable, but the trial judge allowed the dealer\u2019s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. We upheld the ruling, finding that although the dealership was negligent in failing to tighten the lug bolts on the wheel, the acts of negligence were not the proximate cause of the death of the plaintiff\u2019s intestate, and that such negligent acts of the dealership were insulated by the subsequent negligent acts of the truck driver. See id. at 232, 311 S.E.2d at 564. The Supreme Court reversed. Writing in Hairston, Justice Martin stated:\nThe law requires only reasonable prevision. A defendant is not required to foresee events which are merely possible but only those which are reasonably foreseeable.\nWe note, however, that the law of proximate cause does not always support the generalization that the misconduct of others is unforeseeable. The intervention of wrongful conduct of others may be the very risk that defendant\u2019s conduct creates. In the absence of anything which should alert him to the danger, the law does not require a defendant to anticipate specific acts of negligence of another. It does, however, fix him with notice of the exigencies of traffic, and he must take into account the prevalence of that \u201coccasional negligence which is one of the incidents of human life.\u201d\nHairston at 234, 311 S.E.2d at 565 (citations omitted and emphases added). In the case sub judice, the jury was asked to decide whether plaintiff was injured or damaged as a proximate result of defendants\u2019 negligence. The court instructed that to hold that the violation of the dealer tag statute was a proximate cause of plaintiff\u2019s injury, the jury must find that plaintiff\u2019s injury, or at least some similar injurious result, was foreseeable, and that by facilitating the use of the Pontiac by placing dealer tags on it, defendants created a safety risk to the public, greater than would exist otherwise, from the fact that the vehicle had dealer plates on it.\nDefendants argue that Kraemer v. Moore, 67 N.C. App. 505, 313 S.E.2d 610 (1984), controls here. In Kraemer, an automobile dealership\u2019s employee placed a dealer tag on his personal vehicle. Plaintiff was injured when a ladder the employee had attached to his vehicle came unfastened, flew off and struck plaintiff as he walked along the road. Id. at 506, 313 S.E.2d at 611. Plaintiff obtained a judgment against the employee and then brought an action against the dealer, but this Court refused to hold the company liable. Nevertheless, proximate cause.was not the question before us in Kraemer, instead, the issue was one of insurance. Id. We did not rule there that the improper use of dealer tags could never be the proximate cause of an accident; rather, we found that plaintiff\u2019s evidence also \u201cfails to show that the use of the dealer tag was a proximate cause of his injuries.\u201d Id. at 509, 313 S.E.2d at 613.\nFurthermore, the holding in Kraemer turned on facts that are distinguishable from those before us now. First and foremost, the dealership in Kraemer did not know that the employee was using a dealer tag on his personal vehicle. That fact is inapposite to the situation here. In Kraemer, the dealer previously had allowed the employee to use dealer plates for the purpose of transporting the employee\u2019s unsold vehicles to the defendant\u2019s car lot but had not given him permission to put the dealer tags on his own personal truck. Id. at 508, 313 S.E.2d at 612. From this the Court concluded, \u201c[t]he plaintiff\u2019s evidence . . . fails to show that the defendant caused or permitted the employee to unlawfully use the dealer tag in violation of G.S. \u00a7 20-79(d).\u201d Id. Second, the dealer did not know that the employee had taken the ladder for his personal use. And finally, the plaintiff in Kraemer was injured by the ladder, not the employee\u2019s car. Id. at 506, 313 S.E.2d at 611.\nEven though Kraemer is distinguishable, we note that courts in other jurisdictions have refused to hold automobile dealers liable in situations similar to the one here. Some courts have determined that no causal connection exists between the violation of a dealer tag statute and the accident causing injuries. Cambron, 116 Ga. App. 373, 157 S.E.2d 534; Burke, 37 N.J. Super. 451, 117 A.2d 624; see Annotation, License Plates \u2014 Improper Use, 99 A.L.R.2d 904 (1965). However, many of these cases turned on other issues such as agency or ownership, or involved statutes not applicable here or ones not interpreted as safety statutes. See also Pray v. Narragansett Improv. Co., 434 A.2d 923 (1981). Several jurisdictions, however, have upheld claims based on the premise that the misuse of dealer or personal plates was a proximate cause of an accident. In Barnett v. Rosenthal, 40 Conn. Supp. 149, 483 A.2d 1111 (1984), defendant was found negligent because he violated a statute by failing to turn in to the motor vehicle commissioner license plates that had been attached to an automobile that he sold. Whether leaving the license plates in the automobile after the sale, which had facilitated the vehicle\u2019s use, could be the proximate cause of the injuries was a question for the jury, the court said. Id.\nIn the only case we uncovered where, as here, the dealer tags were loaned illegally to an employee for a significant period of time, the court ruled that the misuse of the tags could constitute the proximate cause of an accident. Wieland v. Kenny, 385 Mich. 654, 189 N.W.2d 257 (1971). While test driving a personal vehicle that carried a dealer plate, an employee of the dealer negligently drove his car into the path of plaintiff\u2019s motorcycle, causing injuries. Wieland v. Kenny, 22 Mich. App. 30, 176 N.W.2d 699 (1970). The plaintiff, rightly fearing that the employee would be uncollectible, also sued the dealer on the theory that its use of the plate violated a Michigan statute. The Michigan Supreme Court estopped the dealer from arguing that his negligence was not the proximate cause of the injuries: \u201c[W]e cannot hear him or anyone else on behalf of the defendant dealership say there was no causal connection between the aforesaid statutory violation and the plaintiff\u2019s sustained injuries.\u201d Wieland, 385 Mich. at 658, 189 N.W.2d at 259. There is, therefore, authority for the proposition that the illegal use of a dealer\u2019s plate could be the proximate cause of a subsequent injury.\nDefendants argue that even if violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 20-79(d) could be a proximate cause of the accident, no evidence was presented to support the jury charge that defendants \u201ccreated a safety risk to the public, because of the fact that the vehicle had dealer plates on it, greater than would exist otherwise.\u201d The trial judge recognized that merely facilitating the addition of another vehicle into highway traffic was insufficient to create liability. Plaintiff then rested his theory of negligence on the contention that uninsured motorists who are unable to register their vehicles are, as a class, a somewhat greater risk of injury to people on the highway than insured motorists. While this theory of negligence gives us pause, the trial judge was correct in submitting this case to the jury. The evidence presented indicates that the use of -the dealer tags was a direct cause in fact of the accident. Green testified that he would not have allowed Skinner to drive his car if he had been denied use of the dealer tags. Toyota\u2019s Service Manager Terry Brown, Green\u2019s direct supervisor, testified he was aware that Green was using dealer tags on his Pontiac at least three or four months before the collision. Two months before the collision Green told Brown that General Manager Dan Nipper had given him permission to use the plates. Brown also testified that he had seen Pierce and Skinner drive the Pontiac on Toyota\u2019s premises a number of times, and that the president of the company, Phil McLamb, knew that Green was allowing others to drive the vehicle with the dealer tags prior to the accident.\nThe crucial question here is whether Toyota and Green should have foreseen a danger to other motorists when for several months they allowed the Pontiac to be driven on the public highways. On this point there was competent evidence that both Toyota and Green could have foreseen that their negligence might result in injury to other motorists. When Phil McLamb found out Green was using the dealer plates he exclaimed, \u201c[M]ake damn sure he\u2019s careful.\u201d Similarly, evidence was presented from which the jury could conclude that Green knew Skinner previously had used lack of care in driving the Pontiac. Again, it should be stressed that the law does not require that Green and Toyota had foreseen the occurrence of the accident in a precise manner; instead, their actions may be the proximate cause of the injuries if at the time of their negligence they could have foreseen that \u201csome injury would result from [their] act[s] or omissionfs], or that consequences of a generally injurious nature might have been expected.\u201d Hairston, 310 N.C. at 234, 311 S.E.2d at 565 (quoting Hart v. Curry, 238 N.C. 448, 449, 783 S.E.2d 170, 170 (1953)). Based on the facts of this case, the accident that occurred was within the reasonable realm of foreseeable events.\nWe also base our decision on certain policy considerations, which are always inherent in a case of this nature. Toyota\u2019s officers and agents knew that by permitting Green to use the dealer tag they were encouraging the operation of a vehicle by someone who had not complied with North Carolina\u2019s Financial Responsibility Act. See N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7\u00a7 20-279.1 to -279.39 (1989). The purpose of this statute is to provide protection to the public from damages resulting from the negligent operation of automobiles by irresponsible persons. Insurance Co. v. Insurance Co., 279 N.C. 240, 182 S.E.2d 571 (1971). To hold that a knowing and flagrant violation of the dealer tag statute can never constitute the proximate cause of a highway accident would eviscerate the safety component of N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 20-79(d).\nAt the time of plaintiff\u2019s accident, Toyota had roughly 150 dealer tags and, according to the president of the company, no written policy to govern their use. The company\u2019s service manager testified that no one ever inventoried the dealer tags assigned to his department to determine who was using the tags, nor was he ever instructed concerning any restrictions on the use of the tags. It would be contrary to the public policy inherent in N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 20-79(d) to remove the specter of civil liability as an incentive for dealers to comply with our dealer tag law. We hold, therefore, that it was proper for the trial court to instruct the jury that the violation of the dealer tag statute could be the proximate cause of the accident.\nDefendants make a related argument that even if the combined negligence of Green and Toyota was a proximate cause of plaintiff\u2019s injuries, their negligence was superseded by the negligence of Skinner. However, it is clear that in North Carolina there may be two or more proximate causes of an injury, and even where those causes originate from separate and distinct sources or agencies operating independently of each other, if they join together producing injury, each may be liable. McEachern v. Miller, 268 N.C. 591, 151 S.E.2d 209 (1966). Furthermore, where defendant\u2019s conduct helps precipitate an intervening event, he may still be held liable if the second event is reasonably regarded as part of the risk of his original conduct. See Byrd, supra, at 966. In other words, a defendant may be liable despite the negligent act of another if at the time of his act he is on notice of circumstances that make the intervention of others likely. For example, reasonable people are required in many situations to anticipate the intermeddling of children; likewise, in some situations, reasonable people must anticipate the \u201cexigencies of traffic,\u201d and that \u201c \u2018occasional negligence which is one of the incidents of human life.\u2019 \u201d Hairston, 310 N.C. at 234, 311 S.E.2d at 565 (citations omitted).\nNevertheless, we still must decide if the evidence in this case is susceptible to the single inference that the defendants\u2019 negligence ceased to be the proximate cause and was superseded and insulated by the subsequent negligence of Skinner. From our Supreme Court we learn the following:\nAn efficient intervening cause is a new proximate cause which breaks the connection with the original cause and becomes itself solely responsible for the result in question. It must be an independent force, entirely superseding the original action and rendering its effect in the causation remote. It is immaterial how many new elements or forces have been introduced, if the original cause remains active, the liability for its result is not shifted.\nHarton v. Telephone Co., 141 N.C. 455, 462-63, 54 S.E. 299, 301-02 (1906). Again, whether the intervening act of a third person is the proximate cause of an injury and sufficient to excuse the defendant\u2019s lack of care depends on foreseeability. Tyndall v. United States, 295 F.Supp. 448 (1969). Unless only one inference may be drawn from the evidence, it is for the jury to decide \u201cwhether the intervening act and the resultant injury were such that the author of the original wrong could reasonably have expected them to occur as a result of his own negligent act.\u201d Hairston, 310 N.C. at 238, 311 S.E.2d at 567. We are here only to determine if reasonable persons could differ on this question of foreseeability, and on the facts of this case, such a disagreement is reasonable. Skinner\u2019s negligence was not so highly improbable as to bear no reasonable connection to the harm threatened by Green and Toyota\u2019s original negligence. The area of risk created by defendants\u2019 negligence included the subsequent events and injuries suffered by plaintiff.\nDefendants next assign error to the admission of evidence concerning the insured status of Green. Counsel for both Green and Toyota objected to this line of questioning and were granted a continuing objection to specific questions relating to insurance in general and whether a particular vehicle was insured. Defendants\u2019 earlier motion in limine as to evidence of insurance had also been denied. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 411 provides as follows:\nEvidence that a person was or was not insured against liability is not admissible upon the issue whether he acted negligently or otherwise wrongfully. This rule does not require the exclusion of evidence of insurance against liability when offered for another purpose, such as proof of agency, ownership, or control, or bias or prejudice of a witness.\nRule 411 enumerates several examples for which evidence of insurance is admissible, but it does not by its terms limit admissibility to those examples alone. 1 L. Brandis, Brandis on North Carolina Evidence \u00a7 88 (1988). In the case sub judice, evidence that Green\u2019s automobile was uninsured was not offered to demonstrate the cause of the accident or to suggest the relative wealth of the defendants. Instead, the evidence was offered for the following purposes: (1) to show Green\u2019s motive for using the dealer tags; (2) to show that Toyota had knowledge that Green wanted to use the tags so his Pontiac could be driven on the highway by himself and others after Green\u2019s insurance had lapsed; and (3) to allow the jury to assess the foreseeability of an accident when dealer tags are loaned to a member of the class of persons who have not complied with North Carolina\u2019s Financial Responsibility Act. The jury could not have decided the issue of foreseeability without knowing that Green\u2019s automobile was uninsured. Therefore, defendants\u2019 assignment of error concerning this issue is overruled.\nDefendants also assign error to the testimony of Dr. Finley Lee, Jr., an economist who testified to the past and future economic earnings of the plaintiff. Dr. Lee testified that plaintiffs future loss of income would be $442,134.00, and that he based this calculation on several things, including information provided by plaintiff\u2019s counsel and on the assumption that plaintiff was totally and permanently disabled. Defendants argue that Dr. Lee\u2019s testimony was inadmissible because his opinion was based on the assumptions of other experts, not exclusively on assumptions of his own, and that his use of a questionnaire that he sent to plaintiff\u2019s counsel was improper. In effect, defendants contend that plaintiff\u2019s attorney and the opinions of medical experts are not sources of information reasonably relied upon by economists who testify as experts. See N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 411.\nCoincidentally, Dr. Lee also testified in Hairston and the Supreme Court upheld his testimony there. \u201cWe find equally untenable the argument that the expert\u2019s opinion testimony lacks a proper foundation based as it was on information gleaned from \u2018statistics that have been prepared by other people\u2019 and from the plaintiff or her lawyer.\u201d Hairston, 310 N.C. at 244, 311 S.E.2d at 571. Defendants\u2019 complaint here goes to the weight of the expert evidence concerning plaintiff\u2019s disability upon which Dr. Lee rested his assumption of total disability rather than the admissibility itself of Dr. Lee\u2019s testimony. In this regard, defendants\u2019 argument is fundamentally flawed. It is the function of cross-examination to expose the weaknesses in the assumptions underlying an expert\u2019s testimony, which defendants\u2019 counsel undertook to do in sixty-five pages of the transcript. See id. at 244, 311 S.E.2d at 571. Defendants\u2019 objection to the testimony, of Dr. Lee is untenable.\nFinally, we have examined defendants\u2019 other assignments of error and found them to be without merit. We find no error in the trial below.\nNo error.\nChief Judge HEDRICK concurs.\nJudge WELLS dissents.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "ARNOLD, Judge."
      },
      {
        "text": "Judge WELLS\ndissenting.\nI cannot agree that the lending of defendant Toyota\u2019s dealer tag to defendant Green was a proximate cause of plaintiff\u2019s injury. See Federated Mutual Insurance Co. v. Hardin, 67 N.C. App. 487, 313 S.E.2d 801 (1984). I also perceive that Eraemer v. Moore, discussed by the majority, supports my position. I therefore must respectfully dissent.",
        "type": "dissent",
        "author": "Judge WELLS"
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Love & Wicker, by Dennis A. Wicker, for plaintiff appellee.",
      "Robert C. Bryan for defendant appellant P. M. Concepts, Inc., d/b/a Toyota Sanford.",
      "Van Camp, West, Webb & Hayes, by Stanley W. West and W. Carole Holloway, for defendant appellants Joann M. Skinner and John Raphael Green."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "JOHN E. JOHNSON v. JOANN M. SKINNER, Administratrix of the Estate of Thomas E. Cumberworth Skinner, JOHN RAPHAEL GREEN, and P. M. CONCEPTS, INC., d/b/a TOYOTA SANFORD\nNo. 8911SC684\n(Filed 19 June 1990)\n1. Automobiles and Other Vehicles \u00a7 141 (NCI3d)\u2014 dealer tags placed on personal vehicle \u2014 statute applicable to employee of dealership\nN.C.G.S. \u00a7 20-79(d), which prohibits a manufacturer or dealer from attaching dealer tags to vehicles in personal use, applied to defendant mechanic who worked for defendant car dealership where defendant mechanic, as an individual and an agent of defendant dealership and with the knowledge and permission of the corporation, attached the tags to his personal automobile.\nAm Jur 2d, Automobiles and Highway Traffic \u00a7\u00a7 28, 153, 427, 994.\n2. Automobiles and Other Vehicles \u00a7 141 (NCI3d) \u2014 dealer tags\u2014 statute prohibiting attachment to personal vehicle \u2014 safety statute\nN.C.G.S. \u00a7 20-79(d), which prohibits a car manufacturer or dealer from attaching dealer tags to vehicles in personal use, is a safety rather than a revenue statute so that violation of the statute is negligence per se.\nAm Jur 2d, Automobiles and Highway Traffic \u00a7\u00a7 28, 153, 427, 994.\n3. Automobiles and Other Vehicles \u00a7 90.1 (NCI3d|\u2014 dealer tags\u2014 statute prohibiting attachment to personal vehicle \u2014 violation of statute proximate cause of accident \u2014 instruction proper\nIn an action to recover for personal injuries sustained in an automobile accident, it was proper for the trial court to instruct the jury that the violation of N.C.G.S. \u00a7 20-79(d) prohibiting the attachment of dealer tags to a vehicle in personal use could be the proximate cause of the accident, since defendant dealership and defendant employee and car owner should have foreseen a danger to other motorists when for several months they allowed the car to be driven on the public highways with the dealer tags; defendant owner testified that he would not have allowed his car to be driven if he had been denied use of the dealer tags; and defendant dealership\u2019s officers and agents knew that by permitting defendant owner to use the dealer tags they were encouraging the operation of a vehicle by someone who had not complied with North Carolina\u2019s Financial Responsibility Act.\nAm Jur 2d, Automobiles and Highway Traffic \u00a7\u00a7 28, 153, 427, 994.\n4. Automobiles and Other Vehicles \u00a7 87.8 (NCI3d)\u2014 negligence of car dealership and car owner \u2014 negligence not insulated by negligence of driver\nNegligence of defendant car dealership and defendant employee and car owner was not superseded by the negligence of the driver, since the area of risk created by defendant dealership and defendant employee and car owner in allowing the attachment of dealer tags to a personal use vehicle included the subsequent accident and injuries suffered by plaintiff.\nAm Jur 2d, Automobiles and Highway Traffic \u00a7\u00a7 28, 153, 427, 994.\n5. Negligence \u00a7 27.1 (NCI3d)\u2014 auto accident \u2014 evidence of uninsured status of vehicle owner \u2014 admissibility\nIn an action to recover for injuries sustained in an automobile accident, the trial court did not err in allowing evidence concerning the uninsured status of defendant car owner, since the evidence was admitted to show defendant\u2019s motive for using his employer\u2019s dealer tags, to show that defendant dealership had knowledge that defendant owner wanted to use the tags so his vehicle could be driven on the highway by himself and others after his insurance had lapsed, and to allow the jury to assess the foreseeability of an accident when dealer tags are loaned to a member of the class of persons who have not complied with North Carolina\u2019s Financial Responsibility Act, and the jury could not have decided the issue of foreseeability without knowing that defendant\u2019s automobile was uninsured. N.C.G.S. \u00a7 8C-1, Rule 411.\nAm Jur 2d, Automobiles and Highway Traffic \u00a7\u00a7 28, 153, 427, 994.\n6. Evidence \u00a7 49.2 (NCI3d)\u2014 past and present earnings of auto accident victim \u2014 expert opinion \u2014 basis of opinion questioned\nIn an action to recover for injuries sustained in an automobile accident, the testimony of an economist as to the past and future economic earnings of plaintiff was not inadmissible because his opinion was based on the assumptions of medical experts and plaintiff\u2019s attorney; rather, defendants\u2019 complaint went to the weight of the expert evidence underlying the economist\u2019s testimony, and it was the function of cross-examination to expose such weaknesses.\nAm Jur 2d, Expert and Opinion Evidence \u00a7 75.\nJudge Wells dissenting.\nAPPEAL by defendants from judgment entered by Judge Coy E. Brewer, Jr., in Lee County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals on 10 January 1990.\nPlaintiff John E. Johnson instituted this action against defendants for personal injury damages stemming from an automobile accident. Defendants Joann M. Skinner, administratrix of the estate of Thomas E. Skinner (\u201cSkinner\u201d); John R. Green; and P.M. Concepts, Inc., d/b/a Toyota Sanford (\u201cToyota\u201d) filed an Answer denying negligence. Subsequent to the filing of the Answer, Skinner stipulated to his negligence in the operation of the vehicle during the accident. The matter came on for trial, and a jury found that the negligence of Green and Toyota were also proximate causes of the accident and awarded $750,000 to the plaintiff against all defendants. Defendants appealed.\nThe record reveals the following facts: at the time of the accident, Toyota operated an automobile dealership in Sanford, North Carolina, where Green worked as a mechanic. Green and the decedent Skinner lived together with a third person, Jinene Pierce.\nAt least one month, but perhaps as long as several months before the accident, Green obtained a set of dealer license plates from Toyota and placed them on his 1977 Pontiac Grand Prix. Before he placed the dealer tags on his automobile, Green turned in his personal motor vehicle plates to the Department of Motor Vehicles and canceled his insurance on the vehicle. Green testified that he believed when he put the dealer tags on his Grand Prix the automobile would be covered by Toyota\u2019s liability insurance. Green\u2019s possession and use of the dealer tags were known to the president, general manager and service manager of Toyota.\nGreen was attempting to sell his automobile at the time of the accident and borrowed the dealer tags primarily for the purpose of allowing prospective purchasers to test drive the automobile. However, he also allowed Skinner and Pierce to have free access to the vehicle and to use it for personal trips. Both Skinner and Pierce often drove the automobile with the plates attached, and on several occasions they drove the car onto the premises of the Toyota dealership where they were observed by employees and officers of the corporation.\nOn 10 May 1987, the decedent Skinner borrowed Green\u2019s Pontiac to go on a social outing with Pierce and other friends. Plaintiff elicited testimony from Pierce tending to show that Green knew of the trip and that Skinner and Pierce had permission to use the automobile. Green was not in the automobile at the time of the accident, and Toyota had no knowledge of the trip. On the return drive home from the lake, Skinner negligently collided with Johnson, causing his injuries.\nGreen testified that on the day of the accident he had gone to his mother\u2019s house, that he did not know of the trip to the lake and that he had not given Skinner or Pierce permission to use his Pontiac for that particular trip.\nJohnson offered evidence tending to show that on the day after the accident Green was instructed by the president of Toyota to say that his car had been stolen, that the dealer tags had been loaned to Green on the Friday before the accident, not that he had had the tags for weeks, and that Toyota had told Green to return the tags on the following Monday. Over objection of all defendants, plaintiff also elicited testimony from Green that he had no liability insurance on the automobile at the time of the accident.\nPlaintiff also presented testimony of four expert witnesses. Dr. David Ciliberto, a medical expert specializing in orthopedics, testified that Johnson sustained multiple fractures, and life-threatening injuries to his head. Dr. Ciliberto expressed the opinion that plaintiff \u201chas permanent injury.\u201d Dr. Charles Matthews, a neurologist, testified that plaintiff suffered from a pain syndrome known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy in which patients often experience \u201cagonizing pain.\u201d He testified that therapy might or might not benefit plaintiff. Katherine Currie, a vocational evaluator, testified with respect to Johnson\u2019s ability to return to gainful employment. She stated that plaintiff showed low or below average performance on tests for dexterity, size discrimination, sorting, color discrimination and assembly. Ms. Currie did not feel that plaintiff would be able to return to competitive employment. Dr. Finley Lee, Jr., an economist and professor of business administration, testified concerning Johnson\u2019s past and future economic losses. Dr. Lee based his economic determinations on the assumption that Johnson was totally disabled. This assumption, in turn, was based on information provided by plaintiff\u2019s attorney.\nLove & Wicker, by Dennis A. Wicker, for plaintiff appellee.\nRobert C. Bryan for defendant appellant P. M. Concepts, Inc., d/b/a Toyota Sanford.\nVan Camp, West, Webb & Hayes, by Stanley W. West and W. Carole Holloway, for defendant appellants Joann M. Skinner and John Raphael Green."
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