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  "name": "GEORGE SHINN SPORTS, INC., Plaintiff v. BAHAKEL SPORTS, INC., Defendant",
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    "judges": [
      "Chief Judge HEDRICK and Judge PARKER concur."
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    "parties": [
      "GEORGE SHINN SPORTS, INC., Plaintiff v. BAHAKEL SPORTS, INC., Defendant"
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "COZORT, Judge.\nDefendant appeals from entry of judgment in favor of plaintiff on plaintiff\u2019s motion for judgment on the pleadings wherein defendant alleged duress and other matters in defense of plaintiff\u2019s claim for breach of an agreement giving plaintiff the option to purchase defendant\u2019s partnership interest. We affirm.\nPlaintiff\u2019s complaint alleged the following: The parties, acting through their respective owners and agents, George Shinn for plaintiff, George Shinn Sports, Inc., and Cy Bahakel for defendant, Bahakel Sports, Inc., entered into a written Partnership Agreement on 16 June 1987 to form the Charlotte NBA Limited Partnership, which owns and operates the Charlotte Hornets basketball team. On that same day, the Partnership and WCCB-TV entered into a written agreement (hereinafter \u201cRights Agreement\u201d) giving WCCB-TV certain rights to telecast and broadcast Hornets games. WCCB-TV is owned and operated by Bahakel. In October of 1987, Bahakel \u201cthreatened\u201d plaintiff that defendant would not make its $4,812,500 capital contribution on or before 15 November 1987 as required by the 16 June Partnership Agreement, because Bahakel wanted a more favorable broadcast rights package for WCCB-TV. On 5 November 1987, the parties entered into an agreement by letter (hereinafter \u201cLetter Agreement\u201d) giving WCCB-TV expanded rights to televise Hornets games and giving plaintiff an option to purchase defendant\u2019s interest in the Partnership at a stated value. Plaintiff alleged that defendant had been represented by counsel throughout the negotiations leading to the 16 June and 5 November 1987 agreements.\nThe complaint further alleged that, on 3 April 1989, plaintiff notified defendant in writing of its decision to exercise its option to purchase defendant\u2019s partnership interest; that, on 1 May 1989, plaintiff tendered to defendant the agreed upon purchase price; and that defendant refused to convey its interest in violation of the Letter Agreement. Plaintiff sought specific performance of the Letter Agreement.\nAttached to plaintiff\u2019s complaint were copies of the 16 June 1987 Partnership Agreement, the 16 June 1987 Rights Agreement, the 5 November 1987 Letter Agreement, the 3 April 1989 letter and Notice of Exercise of Option, and a copy of the alleged tendered check in the amount of $6,890,363.82. The Partnership Agreement is a thirty-page, single-spaced document setting forth purposes of the partnership, duties and capital contributions of the partners, provisions for withdrawals, options, meetings, accounting, reports, elections, and other provisions. The Agreement provides that it \u201ccontains the entire agreement among the Partners.\u201d Plaintiff and defendant were named as general partners, with plaintiff also named as Managing General Partner with sole right to execute contracts on behalf of the partnership. The Letter Agreement, in the form of a letter from defendant, states that a previous letter written by plaintiff\u2019s counsel \u201cis hereby withdrawn.\u201d The Letter Agreement contains provisions setting forth telecast rights granted to WCCB-TV, gives defendant the right, under certain circumstances, to require plaintiff to purchase defendant\u2019s interest, and gives plaintiff an option to purchase defendant\u2019s interest in the Partnership at a stated value. The Agreement also states, \u201cExcept as herein provided, the Rights Agreement and Partnership Agreement shall remain in full force and effect.\u201d\nDefendant filed Answer and Counterclaims in which it admitted signing all the documents attached to plaintiff\u2019s complaint, that it was represented by named counsel during \u201cpart\u201d of the negotiations leading to execution of the agreements, that it made the capital contributions required by the Partnership Agreement, and that it \u201crefused, and continues to refuse, to convey its partnership interest to Plaintiff.\u201d Defendant raised fifteen defenses and nineteen counterclaims. In addition to averring that plaintiff failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, defendant presented fourteen legal theories: breach of fiduciary duty, coercion, breach of a prior oral partnership agreement, lack of consideration for the 5 November Letter Agreement, duress, economic duress and business compulsion, undue influence, constructive fraud, fraud, negligent false representations, false concealments, estoppel, unclean hands, and misappropriation and conversion of partnership assets. Defendant also alleged that, even if the agreement is enforceable, plaintiff is not entitled to specific performance because an adequate remedy exists at law.\nIn support of these legal theories, defendant alleged the following: In March of 1987, the parties entered into an oral partnership the terms of which differed in several respects from the Partnership Agreement executed the following June. In particular, the parties orally agreed that they would, as general partners, share profits and losses in proportion to their respective capital contributions, would share equally in management of the partnership and in major decision making, and that the partnership would grant WCCB-TV exclusive broadcast and telecast rights to all Charlotte National Basketball Association (\u201cNBA\u201d) games. Subsequent to the oral agreement, the parties communicated with the NBA and announced publicly that they were general partners in a partnership to acquire a Charlotte NBA franchise and basketball team. In April, the NBA awarded an NBA franchise to the partnership.\nDefendant further alleged that, in May and June of 1987, plaintiff \u201cdemanded\u201d that defendant sign the written Partnership Agreement which, contrary to their oral agreement, appointed plaintiff the Managing General Partner with primary responsibility for managing the business affairs of the partnership, gave plaintiff a 51 percent controlling interest and defendant a 35 percent interest, provided that all contracts and other documents shall be executed only by plaintiff and that plaintiff shall make all decisions of the partnership, which decisions would be binding on defendant. Furthermore, defendant alleged that the Rights Agreement, contrary to the oral agreement, limited WCCB-TV\u2019s exclusive rights to the first NBA season and otherwise granted only contingent broadcast rights in the form of \u201crights of first refusal\u201d and \u201copportunities to purchase.\u201d According to defendant, when Bahakel refused to sign these agreements, plaintiff \u201cthreatened\u201d to sell defendant\u2019s interest to some other entity and to do the same to the telecast rights. As a result of these alleged threats, Bahakel \u201cfeared\u201d that, if he refused to sign the agreements, he would \u201cincur public condemnation and legal liability for breach of his commitment made in good faith to the NBA,\u201d that Charlotte would lose the franchise, that WCCB-TV would lose all broadcast and telecast rights, and that he \u201cwould be portrayed in the news media, and perceived publicly, as morally blameworthy and legally responsible for the failure to secure an NBA franchise for Charlotte, and the public image of Bahakel and WCCB-TV, Inc., therefore, would be severely damaged.\u201d Therefore, defendant, allegedly \u201cinduced and coerced by Plaintiff\u2019s misrepresentations, threats, and multiple breaches of fiduciary duties and provisions of said oral partnership agreement,\u201d signed the Partnership Agreement and the Rights Agreement.\nDefendant admitted that, prior to signing the Letter Agreement, Bahakel had expressed \u201creservations\u201d about making the $4,812,500 capital contribution due in November and that he had been motivated at least in part by his desire for a television package for WCCB-TV which \u201cmore fully accorded with Plaintiff\u2019s commitments in the oral partnership agreement\u201d than did the Rights Agreement. Defendant alleged, however, that Bahakel signed the November Letter Agreement, made a total capital contribution of $6,002,500, and assisted plaintiff in incurring loans to the partnership in the amount of $22,000,000 \u201cunder the continuing inducement and coercion of Plaintiff\u2019s misrepresentations, threats, and multiple breaches of fiduciary duties and provisions of said oral partnership agreement.\u201d Defendant prayed that the court deny plaintiff the relief requested, construe and enforce the oral partnership agreement between the parties, and award compensatory and punitive damages on defendant\u2019s counterclaims.\nPlaintiff\u2019s Reply to Counterclaims alleged that the Letter Agreement constituted an accord and satisfaction of any disagreement between the parties with respect to their earlier agreements. Plaintiff attached as an exhibit a copy of a memo, allegedly drafted by defendant\u2019s attorney, which stated, \u201cWe agreed to resolve our differences on the NBA Partnership Agreement and Rights Agreement\u201d as set forth in the subsequent Letter Agreement. We note here that, for the purposes of a motion for judgment on the pleadings, the memo, which is not the subject of any admission, must be disregarded.\nThe matter thereafter came on for hearing before the trial court on plaintiff\u2019s motion for judgment on the pleadings, which was allowed on 3 August 1989. Defendant appealed, and the trial court subsequently allowed defendant\u2019s motion for stay of execution on judgment. We affirm the trial court\u2019s ruling in favor of plaintiff.\nA motion for judgment on the pleadings is a summary procedure, authorized by Rule 12(c) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure, which allows a trial court to enter judgment when all the material allegations of fact are admitted in the pleadings and only questions of law remain. N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 1A-1, Rule 12(c); Ragsdale v. Kennedy, 286 N.C. 130, 137, 209 S.E.2d 494, 499 (1974). \u201cThe rule\u2019s function is to dispose of baseless claims or defenses when the formal pleadings reveal their lack of merit.\u201d Id. \u201c \u2018A motion for judgment on the pleadings is allowable only where the pleading of the opposite party is so fatally deficient in substance as to present no material issue of fact ... A complaint is fatally deficient in substance, and subject to a motion by the defendant for judgment on the pleadings if it fails to state a good cause of action for plaintiff and against defendant ... An answer is fatally deficient in substance and subject to a motion by the plaintiff for judgment on the pleadings if it admits every material averment in the complaint and fails to set up any defense or new matter sufficient in law to avoid or defeat the plaintiff\u2019s claim.\u2019 \u201d Dobias v. White, 239 N.C. 409, 412, 80 S.E.2d 23, 26 (1954) (quoting Erickson v. Starling, 235 N.C. 643, 657, 71 S.E.2d 384, 394 (1952)). In ruling on a motion under Rule 12(c), the trial court must view the facts and all permissible inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the nonmovant. Ragsdale, 286 N.C. at 137, 209 S.E.2d at 499.\nPlaintiff sought enforcement of the Letter Agreement between the parties giving plaintiff the option to buy defendant\u2019s partnership interest. Defendant admitted signing the Agreement and that it refused and continues to refuse to perform, but contended that such refusal was justified because the Partnership Agreement was signed under duress. As duress is a defense which must be stated with particularity, N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 1A-1, Rule 9(b), defendant further set forth the circumstances alleged to give rise to the defense of duress. Those same circumstances, defendant concedes, form the basis of all its defenses and counterclaims raised in its responsive pleading. Thus, judgment on the pleadings could have been granted in plaintiff\u2019s favor only if the circumstances alleged to constitute duress and the other defenses and various claims for relief, viewed in the light most favorable to defendant and giving defendant all permissible inferences to be drawn in its favor, were insufficient as a matter of law to allow avoidance of its Letter Agreement with plaintiff. We conclude that, even under this strict standard, defendant\u2019s claims and defenses must fail.\nDefendant alleged that Bahakel signed the Partnership Agreement and Rights Agreement even though those agreements were contrary to the oral agreement of March 1987, because plaintiff threatened to breach their oral agreement and find another investor. However, mere breach or threat of breach of contract, without more, is insufficient to establish a claim or defense of duress. See Rose v. Vulcan Materials Co., 282 N.C. 643, 665, 194 S.E.2d 521, 536 (1973). Nor does defendant allege circumstances sufficient to state a defense based on duress arising from breach of fiduciary duty. See Housing, Inc. v. Weaver, 37 N.C. App. 284, 246 S.E.2d 219 (1978), aff\u2019d per curiam, 296 N.C. 581, 251 S.E.2d 457 (1979). That defendant signed the Partnership Agreement because he feared he would incur public condemnation and legal liability to the NBA if the chance of bringing an NBA team to Charlotte were lost is not an allegation of coercion sufficient to state a defense of duress in avoidance of the parties\u2019 agreements, nor has defendant adequately stated claims for economic duress, undue influence, breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, constructive fraud, or negligent misrepresentation. The similar claims of false concealment, estoppel, unclean hands, and misappropriation of the partnership\u2019s assets must also fail for the same reasons.\nFurthermore, the pleadings clearly establish that the alleged duress arose from circumstances that existed only prior to the execution of the Partnership Agreement, which was several months before the parties entered into the Letter Agreement that plaintiff seeks to enforce. The Letter Agreement on its face reaffirms the validity of the Partnership Agreement, and defendant has alleged no circumstances which would allow avoidance of that Agreement under a theory of \u201ccontinuing duress.\u201d See Housing, Inc. Defendant has not, therefore, alleged facts which, if proved, would allow a trier of fact to conclude that Bahakel signed the Letter Agreement because plaintiffs wrongful acts \u201c \u2018deprive[d] him of the exercise of free will.\u2019 \u201d Id., 37 N.C. App. at 294, 246 S.E.2d at 224 (quoting Link v. Link, 278 N.C. 181, 194, 179 S.E.2d 697, 704-05 (1971)).\nDefendant\u2019s contention that there is an issue of fact with respect to whether the Letter Agreement was supported by consideration is also meritless. The face of the document reveals mutual promises and benefits accruing to the parties.\nIn sum, defendant admitted the material allegations of plaintiff\u2019s complaint and failed to allege any defense or new matter sufficient in law to avoid or defeat plaintiff\u2019s claim. We hold that the trial court properly granted judgment for plaintiff.\nAffirmed.\nChief Judge HEDRICK and Judge PARKER concur.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "COZORT, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Petree Stockton and Robinson, by John T. Allred and Jackson N. Steele, for plaintiff appellee.",
      "Bailey, Patterson, Caddell & Bailey, P.A., by Allen A. Bailey; and Poyner & Spruill, by J. Phil Carlton and Susan K. Nichols, for defendant appellant."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "GEORGE SHINN SPORTS, INC., Plaintiff v. BAHAKEL SPORTS, INC., Defendant\nNo. 8926SC901\n(Filed 17 July 1990)\nPartnership \u00a7 3 (NCI3d)\u2014 agreement giving partner option to buy out other partner \u2014 partnership agreement not based on duress\nIn an action to enforce a letter agreement between the parties giving plaintiff the option to buy defendant\u2019s partnership interest, the trial court properly granted plaintiff\u2019s motion for judgment .on the pleadings where defendant admitted signing the agreement and admitted refusing to perform but contended that such refusal was justified because the parties\u2019 partnership agreement was signed under duress; defendant alleged that it signed the partnership agreement and a rights agreement, even though they were contrary to the parties\u2019 earlier oral agreement, because plaintiff threatened to breach their oral agreement and find another investor; mere breach or threat of breach of contract, without more, is insufficient to establish a claim or defense of duress; defendant did not allege circumstances sufficient to state a defense based on duress arising from breach of fiduciary duty; that defendant signed the partnership agreement because he feared he would incur public condemnation and legal liability to the NBA if the chance of bringing an NBA team to Charlotte were lost was not an allegation of coercion sufficient to state a defense of duress in avoidance of the parties\u2019 agreements; nor did defendant adequately state claims for economic duress, undue influence, breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, constructive fraud, negligent misrepresentation, false concealment, estoppel, unclean hands, and misappropriation of the partnership\u2019s assets.\nAm Jur 2d, Partnership \u00a7\u00a7 298, 391, 392.\nAppeal by defendant from Judgment of Judge Frank W. Snepp, Jr., entered 3 August 1989 in MECKLENBURG County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 9 April 1990.\nPetree Stockton and Robinson, by John T. Allred and Jackson N. Steele, for plaintiff appellee.\nBailey, Patterson, Caddell & Bailey, P.A., by Allen A. Bailey; and Poyner & Spruill, by J. Phil Carlton and Susan K. Nichols, for defendant appellant."
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