{ "id": 8654642, "name": "STATE v. GABRIEL THOMAS", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Thomas", "decision_date": "1896-02", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "1113", "last_page": "1130", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "118 N.C. 1113" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "58 Pa. St., 9", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pa.", "case_ids": [ 1013212 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/pa/58/0009-01" ] }, { "cite": "117 N. C. 811", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8654139 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/117/0811-01" ] }, { "cite": "74 Mo., 224", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mo.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "58 Iowa, 524", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Iowa", "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "p. 524" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "20 W. Va., 713", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "W. Va.", "case_ids": [ 8640989 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/w-va/20/0713-01" ] }, { "cite": "98 Pa. St., 322", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pa.", "case_ids": [ 496957 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/pa/98/0322-01" ] }, { "cite": "74 Mo., 207", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mo.", "case_ids": [ 441777 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mo/74/0207-01" ] }, { "cite": "40 Conn., 136", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Conn.", "case_ids": [ 743918 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/conn/40/0136-01" ] }, { "cite": "51 Ala., 348", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ala.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "70 Mo., 594", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mo.", "case_ids": [ 8852345 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mo/70/0594-01" ] }, { "cite": "25 Cal., 361", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal.", "case_ids": [ 2219292 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/cal/25/0361-01" ] }, { "cite": "1 Leigh, 610", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Leigh", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "35 Mich. 16", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mich.", "case_ids": [ 1317304 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mich/35/0015-01" ] }, { "cite": "18 Am. Dec., 781", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "Am. Dec.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "78 Mo., 243", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mo.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "117 N. C., 834", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8654160 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/117/0834-01" ] }, { "cite": "116 N. C., 1033", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8656077 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/116/1033-01" ] }, { "cite": "115 N. C., 789", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8653113 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/115/0789-01" ] }, { "cite": "114 N. C., 885", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8651777 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/114/0885-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1206, "char_count": 33710, "ocr_confidence": 0.472, "pagerank": { "raw": 3.7182084097031497e-07, "percentile": 0.8937231475657461 }, "sha256": "8efc8b54db61ac47fad52ec03d8bab737edef1ead4ee4ebf908674f86d19e32a", "simhash": "1:b77f7fccfe94d221", "word_count": 6031 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:26:06.557243+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "MONTGOMERY, J.: I concur in the dissenting opi ion." ], "parties": [ "STATE v. GABRIEL THOMAS." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Avery, J:\nFollowing the courts of Pennsylvania in the interpretation of a statute substantially in the same words, this Court construed the Act of 1893 as imposing upon the State, where a conviction is asked for murder in the first degree, the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt, not simply actual malice or a killing with a deadly weapon, from which malice would be presumed, but, in addition, that .the killing was done in pursuance of \u201c a deliberate, premeditated and preconceived.design on the part of the prisoner to take the life \u201d of the deceased. State v. Fuller, 114 N. C., 885. In State v. Norwood, 115 N. C., 789, which next came up for review, it was settled that, if the prisoner once formed \u201c the fixed design to take life,\u201d it was immaterial how soon after deliberately determining to do so the purpose was carried into execution. The prisoner in that case confessed to her mother that she wished \u201c to get rid of\u201d her baby, because it would prove such a bother to her the next spring, and she was \u201c thinking how she would get rid of it,\u201d when it began to cry, and she stuck a pin down its throat, and it strangled. The next indictment under this statute (State v. McCormac, 116 N. C., 1033) was one where there was circumstantial testimony tending to show the deliberate preparation of two pistols in the early part of the night (prisoner and deceased both having spent the night till the killing was done at two o\u2019clock in the morning, at the same house). It was further in evidence that, just before the killing, a witness stepped out into the yard, leaving a lamp burning in the piazza, where the prisoner and deceased were, and that thereupon the light was extinguished by the prisoner, when, after walking off as if about to leave, he turned suddenly and shot the deceased, saying as he fired, \u201cguess that will do you,\u201d and that he laid one of the pistols at the feet of the dead man, exclaiming as he did so, \u201c I reckon you will let me alone now.\u201d Except the testimony of the prisoner, there was. no evidence tending to show that at the time of the shooting there was any quarrel or dispute in progress, or that the deceased was talking with or even looking toward the prisoner. The court held that it was not error to submit to the jury, with proper instructions, the question \u25a0whether the testimony was sufficient to show beyond a reasonable doubt that the killing was done deliberately and after premeditation. The Court held also that it was not necessary to show that the purpose to kill was conceived before that evening, spent at the house where the killing was done. In State v. Covington, 117 N. C., 834, the prisoner said in his confession to a comrade, \u201c I watched my chance and jumped on the old man and wrenched his pistol, and the old man hollowed, \u2018murder!\u2019 Then I shot him through the body. I aimed to shoot him, and this must have been when I shot him through the neck.\u201d The prisoner had broken into the store of the deceased, and it wras shown that the wound in the neck was fatal. There was no other evidence of the circumstances attending the killing, except the confession, and it was held that it was not error to instruct the jury that the prisoner was either guilty of murder in the first degree or not guilty. The ruling rested upon the ground that, according to the confession, which was the only evidence, the prisoner \u201c aimed \u201d to kill and formed the design to do so, not in the heat of passion aroused by ,a combat, but when the deceased had acknowledged that he was vanquished, and with the manifest motive of concealing the crime of breaking into the store. In reviewing these cases we find different combinations of facts and circumstances, which, if believed, war\" rant a jury in finding that there is a \u201c fixed or deliberate, premeditated and preconceived design \u201d to take life, and they illustrate the application of the abstract rule. But this Court has never as yet ventured to give a more specific definition of the mental process which the Legislature intended to describe by the use of these words than the general one given in Fuller's case. It is.inaccnrate to say that, whenever there is an intent to kill, the homicide belongs to the class of murderers in the first degree, because it often happens that one of the parties to a fight conceives the purpose in the heat of the combat to take the life of his adversary and carries it into execution by the use of a deadly weapon, and yet the offence is only manslaughter at most, and may be excusable homicide. State v. Wilcox, at this Term. But in order to meet the requirements of the statute, the State must show what is called a \u201c specific intent.\u201d Wharton says (1 Criminal Law, Sec. 377): \u201c The general definition of the Pennsylvania and cognate statutes does not affect the common-law distinction between murder and manslaughter. It simply divides murder into two classes; murder, with a speeifie deliberate intent to take life, being murder in the first degree; murder, without such an intent to take life, being murder in the second degree_Whenever, then, in the ease of deliberate homicide, there is no specific intention to take life, it is murder in the second degree.\u201d The word \u25a0which marks distinctly the two degrees is \u201cpremeditated,\u201d the definition of which, in State v. Snell, 78 Mo., 243, quoted with approval by Wharton, in 1 Criminal Law, Sec. 380, note, is \u201c thought beforehand for any length of time, however short.\u201d \u201c To say that murder was of the first degree, simply because it was intended at the moment, (said Freeman in his note to Whiteford v. Commonwealth 18 Am. Dec., 781,) would be to construe thewopds \u2018 deliberate and premeditated \u2019 out of the statute. \u201d \u201c It is a perversion of terms (said the Court over which Chief Jus_ tice Cooley was presiding in Nye v. People, 35 Mich. 16 ) to apply the term \u2018 deliberate \u2019 to any act which is done on a sudden impulse.\u201d \u201cAn intent to kill may exist in other degrees of unjustifiable homicide, but in no other degree is that intent formed into a fixed purpose by deliberation and premeditation.\u201d Com. v. Jones, 1 Leigh, 610. This intent is defined by others as a steadfast resolve and deep-rooted purpose, or a design formed after carefully considering the consequences. Athinson v. State, 20 Texas, 522. \u201c The fixed resolve to kill, (say the Court of California in People v. Foren, 25 Cal., 361,) which belongs to murder in the first degree is something different from the minor quality of intention, which lacks the marked and distinguishing characteristics' of deliberation or cold premeditation.\u201d The same state qf mind is described as \u201c a cool state of the blood \u201d in State v. Carter, 70 Mo., 594.\nWhere the killing is-not done by lying in wait, poisoning, or in any of the specific ways pointed out in the statute, and the test of its classification as murder in the first degree is the question whether there has been premeditation and deliberation, the prosecuting officer cannot rest the case'for the state and rely upon proof of the previous existence of actual malice, any more than be can upon the proof or admission even of the constructive malice, (as in Fuller\u2019s case, supra) that is presumed from killing with a deadly weapon.\nThe Supreme Court of Alabama, in Fielder v. The State, 51 Ala., 348, illustrate the change that has been inaugurated by such statutes as ours, when they approve, as a modern definition of murder in the second degree, as distinguished from those more specifically described and those where there is premeditation and deliberation, a definition that would have answered for the common law offence, viz. : \u201c The unlawful killing of a reasonable person, with malice aforethought, either express or implied.\u201d The common-law offence included those homicides effected by poisoning, lying in wait, or torture, and recognized no distinction between such revolting acts and the killing where one, under the influence of passion engendered by the grossest insult, slays another with .a deadly weapon. The innate sense of justice implanted in the breast of every, good man demanded that a distinction should be drawn between cases where there was actual, though not legal provocation, and those where a fixed purpose was shown, whether from malignity or a mercenary desire for money.\n\u201c Aside from murder in the commission of the enumerated felonies, (says Wharton, 1 Criminal Law, 391,) the rule is that, where the deliberate intention is to take life, and death ensues, it is murder in the first degree ; where it is the intention to do serious bodily harm, and death ensues, it is murder in the second degree ; where the intellect is so confused by drink or stimulants, or by undue and yet not homicidal passion, as to be incapable of deliberation, (Sections 379 and 389,) and where the killing is done in the attempt to commit any other unlawful act than those enumerated in the statute, but with no design to take life, though the slayer would be guilty of murder at common-law, it is now only murder in the second degree.\u201d Wharton, supra, Sections 389-392; State v. Johnson, 40 Conn., 136; Com. v. Hagerty, Lewis C. L., 403; State v. Ellis, 74 Mo., 207; State v. Kittosky, 74 Mo., 207; Newbury v. Com., 98 Pa. St., 322; State v. Robinson, 20 W. Va., 713. In order to constitute deliberation and premeditation, something more must appear than the prior existence of actual malice, or the presumption of-malice which arises from tlie use of a deadly weapon. Though the mental process may, require but a moment of thought, it must be shown, so as to satisfy the jury beyond a reasonable doubt, that the prisoner weighed and balanced the subject of killing in his mind long enough to consider the reason or motive which impellfed him to the act, and to form a fixed design to kill, in furtherance of such purpose or motive. Anthony v. The State, 10 Tenn., (Meigs,) 272; State v. Sharp, Mo. Rep., 218; State v. Jones, 1 Houston Cr. Law, (Del.,) 21; State v. Boyle, 58 Iowa, 524.\nIt is the province of the jury to pass upon the proof of intent, and the prisoner had no cause to complain that the court told the jury \u2018\u201cthat it was sufficient to constitute murder in the first degree that th'ere should be a design and determination to kill, distinctly formed in the mind at any moment before or at the time the blow was struck,\u201d if the killing was in any phase of the testimony of that grade of homicide. If it were conceded that the vague threat of the prisoner \u201cto knock his wife in the head if she did not hush crying\u201d was sufficient to be submitted to the jury as evidence of a specific purpose to kill, distinctly formed in the mind, there would be another difficulty in that the court failed to define murder in the second degree, or to apply the testimony to the theory that such was the nature of the offence committed, and charged the jury in such a way as might well have produced the impression on their minds that they must convict of either murder or manslaughter. They could not convict of manslaughter because the specific instructions to the jury upon that point were that, if they \u201cshould believe from the evidence that the prisoner and deceased were engaged in a sudden quarrel and fight, and that the prisoner slew the deceased, then it would be manslaughter.\u201d There being no actual evidence of a fight between the prisoner and deceased, the jury were left to grope in the dark as to their duty in case they were not satisfied by the State beyond a reasonable doubt that the prisoner acted upon a fixed purpose to kill, distinctly formed in his mind. If they concluded that there was a quarrel or argument, and in the heat of sudden passion, engendered by disagreeable language, which would not have been provocation sufficient to bring the offence within the definition of manslaughter, the crime, nnder the construction given by our Court and elsewhere, was murder in the second degree. State v. Fuller, 114 N. C., at p. 902; State v. Lewis, 74 Mo., 224; State v. Ellis and State v. Wittosky, supra: State v. Boyle, supra, at p. 524. Every killing which is embraced in the definition of murder at common-law must b'e classified as a murder in the second degree, unless, on the one hand, it is done in the heat of passion excited by some act, such as an assault, which at common-law was sufficient to reduce the offence to manslaughter, or is done carelessly, but not recklessly; or, on the other, is either the result of a fixed and premeditated purpose distinctly formed in the mind, or falls within the classes specifically declared in the statute to constitute murder in the first degree. Wharton, supra, Sections 377-388. In Section 388 Wharton says that where there is a specific intent, not to kill but to do groat bodily barm, it is not murder in the first but in the second degree, and killing by one insensible from drink, or in the attempt to produce abortion, are mentioned as illustrations. Ibid., Sections 389 and 390.\nThe physician who was examined for the State testified that her death was not caused by drowning but ensued instantly when her neck was in some way broken. He further testified that the lungs were collapsed and there was no water in the body, from which facts he inferred that she was not drowned. It does not appear that the postmortem examination disclosed evidence of any wounds or bruises upon her person, or that there was testimony tending to show any injury other than the fatal wound in the neck. If tliere was such evidence it was incumbent on the State or the judge to send it up, since the charge was excepted to on the ground that the whole .of the testimony did not tend to show that the prisoner was guilty of murder in the first degree. The witnesses .were a half mile away across the water, and while they testified that they heard cries and the noise of blows \u2014 the water being a better medium for conveying sound than the air \u2014 none of them undertakes to say with accuracy what instrument, if any, other than his hands, the prisoner used to cause death. True, one of them saw her go overboard in the struggle with the prisoner and another heard a sound like striking with a fishing pole, but he did not pretend to state that he saw any such instrument used, or, if used, it did not appear what were its dimensions so that the court could pass upon the question whether it was a deadly weapon. There is no evidence, therefore, that a deadly weapon was used at all. For aught that appears in the evidence it may be true that the prisoner struck the blows \u2014 the sound of which was heard \u2014 with his fists and knocked her down upon the end or side of the boat so as to break her neck. True, there was evidence tending to show that he continued to beat her for several minutes. There was testimony also that the two were engaged in an argument before the killing, and amongst people in their humble walk in life argument is sometimes used in the sense of quarrel or dispute. Counsel might well have insisted that the jury ought to be allowed to say whether they inferred from the testimony that the prisoner\u2019s anger was suddenly aroused by.a dispute. While the common-law, in the advance of civilization, has ceased to protect husbands who administer moderate chastisement to their wives, we cannot divest ourselves of that knowledge of human nature and of the customs amongst certain classes of people who sometimes still insist upon asserting the common-law right of correction as they did in the time of Blackstone. It is not inconsistent with some phases, if with any aspect of the evidence, to infer that the unfortunate and (to persons of more refined tastes and higher culture) apparently brutal killing, was done not in the furtherance of any fixed purpose but under the influence of anger engendered by a dispute. The vague threat made while administering the correction is one that would, if it can be relied upon to prove anything, show that many a mother, who in fact harbored no such design, intended to kill her child had she not been diverted from her purpose. It is a matter of common observation that such coarse expres -ions are often used at every stage in the administration of what is deemed wholesome correction by ignorant parents. We are not prepared to hold that his saying, when he first came, that \u201che would knock her m the head,\u201d or later, when she was crying, that he would \u201c takfe something and kill her\u201d if she did not hush, were such evidence of a specific intent to take life, when in the subsequent killing no deadly weapon is shown to have been used, nor does it appear that there was evidence that she bad received any wound that must have been inflicted by any such instrument. There must-be evidence, said the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, whose construction of the statute we have heretofore followed, (State v. Gadberry, 117 N. C. 811.) that at the time defendant did the act he thought of his purpose to kill the deceased and had time to think he would execute it. Com. v. D-, 58 Pa. St., 9. In a Delaware case, (State v. Hamilton, Hous. Cr. Cases, 101,) where the guilt of the defendant depended upon what constituted premeditation and deliberation, the evidence was that the defendant and the only witness were in a room drinking when the defendant, after striking his wife and sending her into the nextrocm, passed into the latter room several times and struck her on the head with his fist, and that she died several days after from the effects of the blows, The Court held that the jury were properly instructed to convict of murder in the second degree if they found that she died of the repeated blows. So that, in any aspect of the evidence, there was error, to take the view most favorable of the charge, in omitting to explain to the jury the application of the testimony to the theory of murder in the second degree, when the prisoner\u2019s counsel was maintaining that the prisoner ought to be convicted of no higher crime. For this error there must be a venire de novo.\nNew Trial.", "type": "majority", "author": "Avery, J:" }, { "text": "Clark, J.,\n(dissenting): The prisoner prayed the court to charge the jury that, \u201cif they believed the evidence to be true, it would not justify a verdict of murder in the first degree.\u201d This the court refused to do, and, such refusal being excepted to, raises the only exception in the record. It does not appear that the entire charge was sent up, and it is to be' presumed, under the former rulings of this Court, that only so much of the charge was sent up as was neces-sai-y to point that exception. The charge as sent np bears out this view, as it shows that the judge submitted the case to the jury in the three aspects of murder in the first and second degree and manslaughter \u2014 there being no evidence of self-defense \u2014 and he sends up that part of the charge as to what constitutes murder in the first degree in full, (it not being necessary to send up the full charge as to murder in the second degree or manslaughter). The charge as to murder in the first degree is not excepted to, and indeed presents no just ground for exception.\nThe only exception being that the judge should not have submitted the aspect of murder in the first degree to the jury, if there was any evidence on that aspect of the case sufficient to be presented to the jury, when taken most strongly against the prisoner, the judgment below should be sustained.\nThe evidence was that the prisoner and his wife were in a boat; that she was screaming and he was beating her with something which sounded like beating with a fishing pole; that he was heard to say to her, \u201c If you don\u2019t hush I will take something and kill you.\u201d Two other witnesses heard the prisoner say he'\u201c would knock her in the head.\u201d \u201cDirectly after that, a heavy lick was heard, then two a\u00f1ore heavy licks, then the prisoner stooped, picked his wife up and threw her overboard, then looked around a minute or so, unloosed his boat and came down where \u201d the witnesses were. He said to them that his wife had fallen overboard. When asked if he had killed her he said, \u201c No, he had not put his hands on her and denied having beaten her.\u201d Another witness testified that when he first passed the prisoner and his wife, apparently before he commenced beating her, the prisoner said he would knock her in the head. The post-mortem examination showed that the wife\u2019s neck was broken, and that her death had instantaneously resulted therefrom. It would seem that surely this was evidence sufficient to go to the jury on the charge of murder iu t'he first degree. The man declares he will knock his wife in the head ; he then begins beating her with a fishing pole; he threatens if she does not hush he will kill her, and that he will knock her in the head; then three heavy blows are heard, possibly with the paddle; at any rate the woman\u2019s neck is broken ; the husband throws her body overboard, denies having done so, and even having beaten her, and when the body is found it is shown that the violence used on the woman was sufficient to break her neck. Here there are repeated threats to kill, a killing with some heavy and deadly instrument, and a subsequent concealment. Surely this was evidence sufficient to go to thejury of murder in the first degree. \u2022 And the sole matter complained of by the appellant is that the judge left that aspect of the case to thejury.\nIt may be that the evidence as a whole would be suffi\u2022cient with some persons to mitigate the aspect of the crime to a lesser offence. It may be urged that it was a palliation if the prisoner killed his wife because she was arguing with him. If this could be true, still, whether that was the \"cause of the killing was a matter of fact for thejury. It may be also that the threats used by the prisoner, and his brutal conduct in a person of his condition, did not mean as much as such words and conduct by others. But the jury, not the court, are to pass upon that. It is the province of the jury alone to draw such inference of fact. There is no technical construction to be placed npon such words or conduct, if used by people in a certain condition of life, which makes their meaning .a matter of law to be determined by the court below, and therefore subject to be reviewed here, for we cannot review or weigh the evidence. Our province is simply to correct errors of law. There being threats to kill, no provocation shown, a cruel beating, then heavy blows, a killing by violence sufficient to break the victim\u2019s neck, a concealment and denial of the crime, and all this by a man upon his wife, presumably his inferior in strength, whether all these amounted to murder in the first degree, in the second degree, or manslaughter, was eminently a matter for the jury to determine. To have refused to submit the phase o\u00ed murder in the first degree would have been a grave invasion of the province of the jury. The jury have said, by a unanimous verdict, that there was no reasonable doubt, upon the evidence, of the prisoner having been guilty of the crime of murder in the first degree. The presiding judge, who also heard the evidence as well as the jury, and who, like the jury, had the benefit of the bearing of the witnesses, and hence a far better opportunity to form a correct idea of the truth of the transaction than this Court, reading the testimony on paper, possibly could have, refused to set the verdict aside. We cannot, without essaying to weigh the evidence, declare that the verdict upon the evidence was wrong, or that the judge erred in his discretion in refusing to set the verdict aside. Our province is limited by the record to the consideration of the single question whether there was any evidence of murder in the first degree to go to the jury, and there our duty and our legitimate power end. A man who brutally bills his wife is not such a favorite of the law that we should presume, contrary to all precedent, that error was committed by the court below in a matter not clearly appearing on the record and not complained of by the prisoner or his counsel by any exception.\nMONTGOMERY, J.: I concur in the dissenting opi ion.", "type": "dissent", "author": "Clark, J.," } ], "attorneys": [ "The Attornexj General, for the State.", "No counsel, contra." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "STATE v. GABRIEL THOMAS.\nMurder \u2014 Husband?s Chastisement of Wife \u2014 Evidence of Malicious Intent.\n1. The recent decisions of this Court upon the distinction between murder in the first and second degrees and manslaughter reviewed and distinguished by Avery, J.\n2. On an indictment for murder the omission of the judge to explain to the jury the application of the testimony to the theory of murder in the second degree is error.\n3. \"Where a husband beat his wife and she died in consequence\u2014 her neck being broken somehow in the scuffle \u2014 and during the beating the husband said he would \u201c take something and kill her,\u201d but in fact used no deadly weapon in killing her, the use of the expression under the circumstances is not evidence of such a specific premeditated intent to take life as will constitute murder in the first degree.\nClark and Montgomery, JJ., dissent.\nThe p'risoner was indicted for the murder of Louisa Thomas, his wife. The evidence was as follows :\nDaniel Simmons testified: \u201cOn the 12th of July last, near the mouth of Trent creek, I was fishing. Prisoner and his wife passed us in a boat. I spoke. They went down, stopped, and fished a little, then went to Mason\u2019s Point, fastened the boat to a poplar stake on Bay river. George Jones and I passed them, and they came back. We fastened our boat, and went to fishing. Directly I heard a screaming down at Mason\u2019s Point, looked around, and heard a beating like striking with a fishing pole. This went on for five\u2019 or ten minutes. I heard an argument between the prisoner and his wife. Heard him say, \u2018 If you don\u2019t hush, I will take something and kill you.\u2019 Directly after that I heard a heavy lick. I looked down that way and saw him in the boat. Could not see her. After I missed her he struck two more heavy licks. Immediately after he struck those licks he stooped down, picked, his wife up, and threw her overboard. Then he stood up in the boat, looked around a minute or so, unloosed his boat, and came down where we were. George Jones, Malinda Russell, D. Best, and Ed. Russell were there with me. George Jones and myself were in one boat and the others in another, as far apart as from here to the door. The wind was north-east. The prisoner was north-east of us. When he came up, he said something about \u2018 the darling of his, all the friend he had, being overboard.\u2019 Malinda. Jones asked him if he killed Laura. He said, \u2018 No, I have not put my hands on her.\u2019 She said, \u2018 Did I not hear you beating her? \u2019 He said he did not put bis hands on her. This was on Friday, about 5 o\u2019clock p. m. On Saturday following, between 11 and 12 o\u2019clock, the body was taken up. We went down to the place. The stake had been moved. We found her where the stake had been moved. This was the place where they were the day before. She was dead. I did not notice her condition.\u201d On cross-examination the witness stated that the prisoner asked him to go and help get her up. \u201c When he first came to us he said he would knock her in the head. I was half mile from the prisoner at the time. I have heard it said to be' half mile from Mason\u2019s Point to the month of Trent creek.\u201d'\nGeorge Jones testified : \u201c On the 12th of July, 1895, I was at the mouth of Trent river in a boat. Prisoner and liis wife were in a boat at Mason\u2019s Point, half a mile away. I was fishing. Heard ascreaming down the river. After the screaming, I stopped, and looked down that way,, and saw his wife go overboard into the river. Prisoner-was standing in the boat at the time. Then he left the-stake, and came to Malinda Russell\u2019s boat, which was 50' yards from where I was. As soon as he got there he complained that he had lost all the friend he had, applied to Daniel Simmons to get his wife np. Simmons said, \u2018 You will have to get an officer.\u2019 I called Simmons\u2019 attention to it, and he said, \u2018 Yes, I saw it.\u2019 \u201d\nD. Best testified : \u201c 1 was near the mouth of the Trent, fishing. Heard screaming down the river. Prisoner\u2019s wife kept crying. Heard him say, if she did not hush, he would knock her in the head. During the time she was crying, there were two in the boat. Prisoner came up to ns, and asked Simmons to help him get his wife up ; that she had fallen overboard. Simmons said he would have-to get an officer.\u201d\nMalinda Russell testified: \u201cI was at Swindell\u2019s Bay. Could see Mason\u2019s Point, half a mile away. Heard a woman scream \u2014 burst out crying. Prisoner told her if she did not hush he would knock her in the head, or burst her head, I don\u2019t remember which.\u201d\nDr. Redding testified : \u201c I am a practicing physician since 1812. Examined the body on the 15th of July. Found it lying on platform. She was dead: I made a partial post-mortem examination. The neck was broken. I made incision from base of skull. The bones of the neck were dislocated. This would produce instant death. Her lungs were collapsed. No watei in the body. She could not have been drowned. She was dead before she went into the water. It is possible for a fall to dislocate the neck. I don\u2019t think a fall from the boat would be sufficient to produce the dislocation.\u201d\nH. R. Simmons testified : \u201c I was at Mason\u2019s Point on south side on the day mentioned. Prisoner and his wife were opposite Mason\u2019s Point in the boat \u2014 canoe about 21 feet long and 2 feet deep. The bait gave out. I went ashore, and while there! heard a screaming up the river. Wind was nortli-east when I went ashore. Prisoner was at stake, and when I came out he was gone.\u201d\nHis Honor charged the jury as follows :\n\u201c The burden of proof is upon the State to satisfy you beyond a reasonable doubt that prisoner feloniously slew the deceased. Prisoner is not required to show his innocence, and the fact that he has not gone on the witness \u2022stand, or introduced any evidence, is not to receive any consideration in your deliberations. The State is required to satisfy the jury beyond a reasonable doubt of the guilt \u25a0of the prisoner ; and if the State has so satisfied you, then your next inquiry is as to what degree of crime has been committed \u2014 whether murder in the first degree, murder in the second degree, or manslaughter. The jury are instructed that, under our statute, the prisoner cannot he found guilty of murder in the first degree unless the jury are satisfied from the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt) not only that he is guilty of feloniously killing the deceased, but it must further appear from the evidence) beyond a reasonable doubt, that such killing was done willfully, deliberately and with\" premeditation; that is, that it was done intentionally and with prior deliberation. And unless all these appear from the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, the jury cannot find murder in the first degree. While the law requires, in order to constitute murder of the first degree, that the killing shall be willful, and premeditated, still it does not require that the willful intent, premeditation or deliberation shall exist for any length of time before the crime is committed. It is sufficient if there was a design and determination to kill distinctly formed in the mind at any moment before \u2022or at the time the blow was struck ; and in this case, if the jury believe from the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, that prisoner feloniously struck and killed deceased, as charged in the indictment, and that before or at the time the blow was struck he had formed in his mind a willful, deliberate and premeditated purp se and design to take the life of the deceased, and that the blow was struck in furtherance of that design and purpose, and death ensued from the effect of the blow, then he would be guilty of murder in the first degree. To constitute murder in the first degree, there must have been an unlawful killing, done purposely, and with premeditation and malice. If a person lias actually formed the purpose maliciously to kill, and has deliberated and premeditated upon it before he performs the act, and then performs it, he is guilty of murder in the first degree, however short the time may have been between the purpose and its execution.' It is not time which constitutes the distinctive difference between murder in the first degree and murder in the second degree. Deliberation and premeditation are essential in order to constitute murder in the first degree ; it matters not how short the time, if the party has turned it over in his mind, and weighed and deliberated upon it. Manslaughter is the unlawful and felonious killing of another without any malice, and without any mature deliberation whatever. Jf two persons fight upon a sudden quarrel, and one slays the other, having the passion suddenly aroused, and without malice, it is manslaughter. If the jury should believe from the evidence that the prisoner and deceased were engaged in a sudden quarrel and fight, and that the prisoner slew the deceased, then it would be manslaughter.\u201d\nThe prisoner prayed the court to charge the jury that the denial of the prisoner of the charge of killing his wife at the time he went up to the boat should be taken as evidence in his favor. This was given. The pi\u2019isoner prayed the court to charge the jury that, if'they believed the evidence to be true, it would not justify a verdict of murder in the first degree. This was refused, and prisoner excepted.\nThere was a verdict of guilty of murder in the first degree, as charged in the indictment. The prisoner moved to set aside the verdict on the ground that it was against the weight of evidence. The motion was overruled, sentence of death was pronounced, and the prisoner appealed.\nThe Attornexj General, for the State.\nNo counsel, contra." }, "file_name": "1113-01", "first_page_order": 1149, "last_page_order": 1166 }