{ "id": 11273543, "name": "State on the relation of D. H. ABBOTT v. E. C. BEDDINGFIELD", "name_abbreviation": "State ex rel. Abbott v. Beddingfield", "decision_date": "1899-11-21", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "256", "last_page": "296", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "125 N.C. 256" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "124 N. C., 362", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8659462 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/124/0362-01" ] }, { "cite": "15 N. C., 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11275271 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/15/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "124 N..C., 683", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8660923 ], "opinion_index": -1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/124/0683-01" ] }, { "cite": "120 N. C., 212", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8656922 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/120/0212-01" ] }, { "cite": "121 N. C., 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8651937 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/121/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "120 N. C., 221", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "120 N. C., 224", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "117 N. C., 753", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8653944 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/117/0753-01" ] }, { "cite": "80 N. C., 136", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8687165 ], "year": 1899, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/80/0136-01" ] }, { "cite": "124 N. C., 687", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "weight": 2, "year": 1899, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "65 N. C., 603", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 1955480 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/65/0603-01" ] }, { "cite": "124 N. C., 362", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8659462 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/124/0362-01" ] }, { "cite": "15 N. C., 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11275271 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/15/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "124 N..C., 683", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8660923 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/124/0683-01" ] }, { "cite": "121 N. C., 470", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "116 N. C., 570", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8655151 ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/116/0570-01" ] }, { "cite": "61 N. C., 51", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "104 U. S., 519", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3491887 ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/us/104/0519-01" ] }, { "cite": "13 Wall., 646", "category": "reporters:scotus_early", "reporter": "Wall.,", "case_ids": [ 1134175 ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/us/80/0646-01" ] }, { "cite": "105 U. S., 445", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "119 N. C., 797", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8656230 ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/119/0797-01" ] }, { "cite": "63 N. C., 471", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11277692 ], "year": 1869, "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/63/0471-01" ] }, { "cite": "76 N. C., 72", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8684806 ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/76/0072-01" ] }, { "cite": "134 U. S., 99", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 8299110 ], "year": 1889, "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/us/134/0099-01" ] }, { "cite": "10 Howard, 402", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Howard", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "100 U. S., 548", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 4613 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/us/100/0548-01" ] }, { "cite": "5 W. & S., 418", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Watts & Serg.", "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "57 N. C., 324", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "124 N. C., 362", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8659462 ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/124/0362-01" ] }, { "cite": "124 N..C., 683", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8660923 ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/124/0683-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 2020, "char_count": 74620, "ocr_confidence": 0.415, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.19845999854175e-08, "percentile": 0.32582285685381657 }, "sha256": "90b68c7282222361ae56c356c19163d7148f1cc7004d3f44ee4f8bae282b7332", "simhash": "1:15a6288626ae2cbf", "word_count": 12827 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:42:03.891072+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Fueches, J., writes the opinion of the Court.", "MONTGOMERY,, J., writes concurring opinion in the result.", "ClaeK, J., writes dissenting opinion." ], "parties": [ "State on the relation of D. H. ABBOTT v. E. C. BEDDINGFIELD." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Furcttes, J.\nThe General Assembly of 1891, chap. 320,. passed and ratified an act establishing a Railroad Commission, to consist of three Commissioners. Under the provN sions of tbis act tbe relator, Abbott, on tbe .... day of March, 1897, was duly elected one of tbe three Commissioners, provided for in the act, for a term of six years thence next ensuing. Under tbis election be was, on the 1st day of April, 1807, duly qualified and inducted into said office, and continued therein and performed tbe duties thereof and exercised tbe powers and privileges pertaining to said office until tbe 1st of April, 1899, when, the defendant, Beddingfield, as tbe relator alleges, (with the aid and connivance of tbe other two members of said Commission) unlawfully entered into, took possession of, and ousted the relator of bis said office; and that tbe said Beddingfield continues to unlawfully bold said office, and to prevent tbe relator from entering into tbe same or to exercise the duties and functions thereof.\nTbe defendant admits that be entered into tbe office and ousted tbe relator therefrom. But he says he did so with authority of law, and that be is now, and has been, lawfully bolding and performing tbe duties and exercising the functions of said office, ever since he so lawfully entered into the same.\nThe defendant says tbe General Assembly, on the 6th day of March, 1899, passed an act (ckap\\ 506), which repealed the Act of 1891 (chap. 320), under which the relator was elected; and that on the 6th of March, 1899, said General Assembly passed another act (chap. 164), which established a \u201cCorporation Commission\u201d to consist of three Commissioners, and that he was duly elected, qualified and inducted into said office under said Act of the 6th of March, 1899, and rightfully holds the same and exercises the duties and functions of said office under said act and said election.\nWe note the fact that the defendant alleges in his answer that chap. 506 was passed and ratified on the 4th day of March, 1899. But there is no finding of the Court as to this allegation, tbo burden of which was on the defendant. And as it appears from the printed volume of the Laws of 1899 that it was ratified on the 6th day of March, 1899, we will so treat it (although it is probable that it is not very material whether it was passed on the 4th or the 6th).\nThis brings us to the consideration of the question presented and ably argued-on both sides, as to whether the legislation of 1899, chap. 506, and chap. 164, repealed the Act of 1891, chap. 320, and the acts amendatory thereof or supplementary thereto. As important as this question is, to our minds, it has in principle, been decided by this Court in a number of cases, and it is only necessary that we should refer to some of these cases and apply the principles announced in them to the present case.\nIt seems to us that no one can read the Acts of 1899, chap. 506 and 164, without coming to the conclusion that it was not the purpose of the Legislature to abolish the Railroad Commission \u2014 the duties and functions of that institution or Commission, but to abolish \u2014 to change \u2014 the officers holding and exercising the duties and functions of the Commission. And in saying this we must not be understood as criticising the action of the Legislature or impugning its motives in passing .these acts. We have no doubt but what those voting for these acts thought they had the right to do this, and to put the office the relator held in the hands of a party in harmony with the political sentiment of that party which controlled the Legislature; that they thought this legislation constitutional, or that they were at the time inadvertent to the question of its constitutionality. King v. Hunter, 65 N. C., 603. But it presents this question for our determination so far as it affects the rights of the relator. This is the question before us, and we consider it with a view to this single question. If it is unconstitutional as to him \u2014 if it does not affect his vested right of property in this office he was holding \u2014 -then we see no constitutional objection to this legislation. But, on the other hand, if it does affect his vested rights and takes from him his office with its emoluments, before the expiration of the term for which he was elected, then, to that extent, it is unconstitutional and void.\nChap. 506, and chap. 164-, both passed and ratified on the 6th day of March, 3899, are in pari materia and must be read and considered together for the purpose of ascertaining their meaning. Wilson v. Jordan, 124 N. C., 687; Rhodes v. Lewis, 80 N. C., 136. When these acts are read together, it is seen that, on the same day (March 6, 1899), the Legislature, professing to repeal the Act of March, 1891, under which the relator, Abbott, claims to hold, re-enacted the Act of 1891, in almost the very words in which it was originally enacted, and which was a part of the statute law of the State on the 6th of March, 1899. Indeed, it does more than this: The Legislature of 3897 passed an amendment to the Act of 1891 (chap. 206), extending very greatly its jurisdiction and powers. This amendatory Act of 1897 (chap. 206), gave the Railroad Commission jurisdiction over street railways, express and telegraph companies^ and power to require telegraph companies to extend their lines and establish new agencies, to make rules for receiving, forwarding and delivering messages, and makes a violation of these rules a penalty. None of these powers did the Railroad Commission have under the original Act of 1891.\nThe 42nd section, chap. 169, of the Acts of 1897, by express terms, made the Railroad Commission a board of appraisers of railroad property in these words: \u201cShall constitute a board of appraisers and assessors for railroad, telegraph, canal and steamboat companies.\u201d\nThe Act of 3.899,' chap. 164, which was passed the same day of tbe repealing act, in declaring tbe powers of tbe Commission, re-enacts tbe statute claimed by defendant to be repealed, in sec. 23, on p. 295, in tbe following words: \u201cTo perform all tbe duties and exercise all tbe powers imposed or conferred by chapter three hundred and twenty (320) of tbe Public Laws of eighteen hundred and ninety-one and tbe acts amendatory thereto.\u201d\nHere we have an act professing to repeal chap. 320, Acts 1891, and in an act passed tbe same day, and under which tbe defendant claims to bold bis office, it is re-enacted with all amendments thereto. Thus we see that tbe Act of 1891 (chap. 320), is expressly re-enacted and continued in force by the Act of 1899, chap. 164. State v. Williams, 117 N. C., 753; Wood v. Bellamy, 120 N. C., 224; Wilson v. Jordan, supra.\nTbe Act of 1899, chap. 164, does not constitute tbe Corporation Commission a board of appraisers of railroads, etc., and it seems to be at least doubtful whether chap. 11, sec. 41, or any other section of that act constitutes tbe \u201cCorporation Commission\u201d a board of appraisers and assessors for railroads, telegraphs, canals and steamboat companies, as tbe Act of 1897, chap. 169, sec. 42, did. And if tbe Corporation Commission is considered a thing separate and distinct from the Railroad Commission, and the Act of 1891, establishing tbe Railroad Commission, and tbe acts amendatory thereof, are repealed \u2014 dead, and of no validity \u2014 it is at least doubtful whether the Corporation Commission has jurisdiction to assess the taxes on railroads, etc., which constitutes the principal powers and duties of the Commission. But if the legislation of 1899, chaps. 506 and 164, are construed to be amendments to the Act of 1891, establishing the Railroad Commission, and to the Act of 1897, which amended the Act of 1891, then the powers of the Commission to assess the taxes on railroads, etc., it would seem, are ample and undisputed.\nWhy is this not the proper construction to put upon this legislation? We see by an examination of the Act of 1891, establishing,the Railroad Commission, and the Act of 1899, which the defendant claims established the Corporation Commission, that they are in substance the same. This will fully \u00e1ppear by reading the two acts together, observing the following order of sections:\nAct of 1891.\nSection 1 becomes\nSection 2 becomes\nSection 3 becomes\nSection 4 becomes\nSection 5 becomes\nSection 6 becomes\nSection 7 becomes\nSection 8 becomes\nSection 9 becomes\nSection 10 becomes\nSection 11 becomes\nSection 12. becomes\nSection 14 becomes\nSection 15 becomes\nSection 16 becomes\nSection 17 becomes\nSection 19 becomes\nSection 20 becomes\nSection 21 becomes\nSection 22 becomes\nSection 23 becomes\nAct op 1891.\nSection 24- becomes\nSection 25 becomes\nSection 26 becomes\nSection 27 becomes\nSection 28 becomes\nSection 29 becomes\nSection 30 becomes\nSection 31 becomes\nAct op 1899.\nSection 1 embodying Act of April 1, 1891, making Court of Record.\nSections 31, 30 and 29.\nSection 12.\nSection 13.\nSection 2, in part.\nSection 14.\nSection 7.\nLast part of Section 1.\nSection 6.\nSection 15.\nSection 16.\nSection 26 and Section 33.\nSection 17.\nSection 27.\nSection 9.\nSection 18.\nSection 8.\nSection 2, subsections 13 and 14.\nSection 19.\nSection 20.\nSection 11.\nAct op 1899.\nSection 21.\nSection 22.\nSection 2, subsections 8 to 11.\nSection 10.\nSection 32.\nSection 28.\nSection 24.\nSection 25.\nThis reference is made to show how completely the Act of 1891 is incorporated in the Act of 1899; while to our minds it was hardly necessary to be referred to for the purpose of showing their identity, after it had been shown that the Legislature of 1899, in the very act under which the defendant claims to hold, had in so many words re-enacted the Act of 1891, and the amendments thereto.\nIt is established to be the law of this State by Wood v. Bellamy, 120 N. C., 221; Day v. State Prison, 124 N. C., 362; Wilson v. Jordan, 124 N. C., 683, that an act is not repealed by the Legislature\u2019s saying it is repealed, when the same act or contemporaneous acts show that it is not repealed. And it is established to be the law of this State by Wilson v. Jordan, supra, and the authorities there cited, and by Arendell v. Worth, at this term, that contemporaneous legislation about the same subject matter is in pari materia, and may be read and construed together.\nIt is established law in this State by Hoke v. Henderson, 15 N. C., 1, which has been approved in as many as forty cases decided by this Court, as shown in the concurring opinion of Justice Douglas in Wilson v. Jordan, by Wood v. Bellamy, and Day v. State Prison, supra, that a public office, to which there is attached a salary, is a vested interest \u2014 a property in the bolder, and as such property holder, he is protected by the law and Constitution' of this State and the laws and the Constitution of the United States.\nIt is the settled law of this State, Wood v. Bellamy, Day v. State Prison, and Wilson v. Jordan, supra, that the change of the name from Eailroad Commission to that of Corporation Commission does not deprive the relator of his office \u2014 his legal and constitutional rights to hold said office.\nIf we consider the two Acts of 1899 in pari materia, and read them together, as we are bound to do, unless we disregard all the former decisions of this Court, we find that the two Acts of 1S99 did not repeal the Act of 1891 or the Act of 1897, but arc amendatory thereof; that the re-enactment' of the Act of 1891 and the Act of 1897, amendatory thereof, in the same legislation that it is contended by defendant repealed them, had the effect to continue in force the Acts of 1891 and 1897. State v. Williams, supra.\nSo it seems to us that every material point in this case has been passed upon and decided by the cases we have cited, and that the relator is entitled to recover of the defendant, the office sued for, unless it shall appear that there is something \u2014 some fact \u2014 shown by the defendant that distinguishes this case from the principles decided in the cases cited.\nWe now propose to consider those facts and the law arising thereon called to our attention, and claimed by defendant to distinguish this case from those cited, or at least to those that seemed most relied upon in the argument. We would consider them all if we thought it material to the defendant to do so.\nAnd it is interesting to see how many things can be suggested, and how many reasons can be assigned by able and ingenious counsel on the argument of an important case like this.\nThe first ground taken by defendant was an attack on Holce v. Henderson. This we will not notice further than to say that if any doctrine can be firmly settled in this Court, it is that of Hoke v. Henderson, which in our opinion is able to stand alone. But it certainly should be considered by the profession to be settled, when it appears that it has been cited with approval in more than forty cases, and not a single decision of this Court to the contrary.\nNext, the cases of Ewart v. Jones and Cook v. Meares, are relied on as authority for defendant \u2014 when these cases show that no such doctrine as Holce v. Henderson was presented in either of these -cases; nor is Hoke v. Henderson referred to, nor the doctrine involved in that case; it was not invoked, considered or passed upon in either of them.\nNext, the cases of Wood v. Bellamy, Day v. State Prison, and Wilson v. Jordan, are relied on as authority for the defendant. This may seem strange, when these cases were expressly decided on the doctrine of Hoke v. Henderson. It is thought by the learned counsel for defendant that they can see some shade of distinction between some expressions used in writing the opinions in those cases and the present case. They say that it is said the \u201coffices are identically the same.\u201d It is also said they are substantially the same. But suppose the term \u201csubstantially the same\u201d had not been used by the Court in writing those opinions: Could that make them authority for the defendant in this case ? If he had other authorities sustaining the contention of the defendant, this criticism, it seems to us, might have been made to distinguish the cases of Wood v. Bellamy, Day v. State Prison and Wilson v. Jordan from this case, and to weaken it as authority for the plaintiff. And we can only see how the defendant may use it in this way, in this argument \u2014 not as authority for his position,but only, if possible, to weaken it as authority for the plaintiff.\nBut the practice of the learned counsel for the defendant has no doubt caused him to observe that it is rarely ever the case that a case cited as a precedent \u2014 as authority \u2014 is identical with the case under discussion, to sustain which it is cited. Bnt it is where the principle involved in the case cited is the same or substantially the same as in the case under discussion. That is why the cases of Hoke v. Henderson, Wood v. Bellamy and Wilson v. Jordan were cited- by the plaintiff- \u2014 because they decide the principle that the relator of the plaintiff had an interest, a property, in the office sued for that could not be taken from him and given to the defendant. If it be true, as contended by the defendant, that the addition of a few more powers and duties in the Act of 1890 repealed the old act and created a new institution \u2014 a new board- \u2014 why is it that the Act of 1897 (chap. 206) which increased the powers and jurisdiction of the old Board more than the Act of 1899 increases the powers and jurisdiction of the Corporation Commission over those of the old Board, did not have the effect of destroying the old Board? Yet this was never contended or even thought of so far as wo know; while it would seem that if this contention of the defendant be true, it would have had that effect.\nIf this contention of defendant be true, why does not the extension of the powers and duties of sheriffs and clerks have the effect of abolishing their offices and turning them out ? If this were so, we would have no more trouble with Hoke v. Henderson and Wood v. Bellamy. All that would be neces-. sary to do would be for the Legislature to add some new duty to the office, and out the incumbent would go.\nThe next and last stand the learned counsel for defendant makes is that this Court has, in effect, repudiated the doctrine of Hoke v. Henderson and Wood v. Bellamy in the case of Ward v. Elizabeth City, 121 N. C., 1, and defendant contends that the Court can not decide this case for the plaintiff without overruling Ward v. Elizabeth City. The learned counsel must have overlooked the fhct that Hoke v. Henderson and Wood v. Bellamy are both cited with approval in Ward v. Elizabeth City, and it is distinguished from those cases in the following language: \u201cThis case differs from Wood v. Bellamy, 120 N. C., 212, in that, there the new charter was so nearly a repetition of the old one that it was held to be merely an amendment of the former one, not a destruction of it, and hence the offices under such charter were not vacated. The only restriction upon the legislative power is that after the officer has accepted office upon the terms specified in the act creating the office, this being a contract between him and the State, the Legislature can not turn him out by an act purporting to abolish the office but which in effect continues the same office in existence. This is on the ground that an office is a contract between the officer and the State, as was held in Hoke v. Henderson, 15 N. C., 1, and has ever since been followed in North Carolina down to and including Wood v. Bellamy.\u201d It would therefore seem that Ward v. Elizabeth City is not in conflict with Hoke v. Henderson and Wood v. Bellamy, and does not overrule or repudiate the doctrine announced in those cases, but it expressly adopts and approves of the doctrine announced in those cases. And instead of sustaining the defendant\u2019s contention, it is authority for the plaintiff\u2019s contention. So we see nothing in the facts of this case,nor in the authorities cited by the defendant that distinguishes this case from Hoke v. Henderson, Wood v. Bellamy, Day v. State Prison and Wilson v. Jordan. This being so, those cases must control our judgment in deciding this case.\nThere is error in the judgment appealed from, and the relator is entitled to the relief demanded in his complaint\u2014 to enter upon and to exercise the rights and functions of his said office and to discharge the duties of said office and to receive the emoluments thereof. The defendant, Bedding-field, is not entitled to have and to hold said office, rior to the emoluments thereof. Let judgment be entered here and the writ to issue from this Court.\nError.", "type": "majority", "author": "Furcttes, J." }, { "text": "MONTGOMERY, J.,\nconcurring. I concur in the result, but I do not wish to be bound by that part of the opinion in which is discussed the motives of the members of the General Assembly in the enactment of chap1. 164 of the Laws of 1899; nor do I think it is my part, in a judicial opinion, to- make any explanations for them.", "type": "concurrence", "author": "MONTGOMERY, J.," }, { "text": "Oi.ark, ,r.,\ndissenting. The Bill of Nights of the freemen of North Carolina (Constitution, Art. I, sec. 9), reads: \u201cAll power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, by any authority without the consent of the representatives of the people is injurious to their rights and ought not to be exercised.\u201d This is copied verbatim from the great Bill of Nights of 1688, and sums up in four and a half lines the result of two great struggles carried on by our ancestors in England to maintain the right of the people to place their will on the statate book and have it'executed without hinderance by, or permission of, any authority whatever. In (those great struggles the people triumphed; one King lost his head, and his son not profiting by his experience, lost his kingdom, and his descendants to the latest generation were wanderers and aliens in the earth. The result summed up by Lord Somers in the above terse lines was placed in the people\u2019s Magna Chanta, and has been retained by us, as a memorial, like tbe twelve stones set up by tbe twelve tribes at tbe crossing of Jordan, of tbe sufferings in tbe terrible wilderness through wbieb our fathers passed, that tbe people should enjoy tbe privilege of making tbeir ovni laws and managing their own affairs in their own way. It is also a warning to all in any authority that the .will of a free people is tbe supreme law and that none shall interfere with tbe execution thereof. It would be to small advantage that tbe power to nullify and suspend or set aside tbe execution of tbe laws \u201cwithout the consent of tbe representatives of tbe people\u201d was taken at such cost from tbe King with tbe Judges to aid him, if tbe Judiciary can now construe that they possess that power which was expressly denied when attempted to be exercised by them in conjunction with tbe Executive. The heart still beats with emotion at the memory of tbe trial of tbe seven Bishops; when tbe Judges conspired with tbe King to punish the defendants for having protested against tbe suspension by him of the execution of laws passed by the representatives of the people \u2014 we still feel a glow of pride over that sturdy English jury who by their verdict rebuked King and Judges, and saved to the English-speaking race the right to make their own laws, and to have them executed.\nThat the people of North Carolina never intended to give this power to the Judges, which our ancestors had denied to the King and his Judges, is further evidenced by the 8th section of the Bill of Rights: \u201cThe legislative, executive and supreme judicial powers of the government ought to be forever separate and distinct from each other.\u201d A more complete inhibition upon the courts against their interfering with acts of the legislative department, by annulling them or setting aside their execution, could not be penned.\nNor is this all. So jealous were the people of their hard-won right to govern themselves through their own representatives freely elected, that the 2nd section of the Hill of Eights reads, \u201cAll political power is vested in and derived from the people; all government of right originates from the people, is founded upon their will only, and is instituted wholly for the good of the whole;\u201d and sec. 3 reads, \u201cThe people of this State have the inherent, sole and exclusive right of regulating the internal government and police thereof, and of ordering and abolishing their Constitution and form of government whenever it may be necessary for their safety and happiness; but every such right should be exercised in pursuance of law, aud consistently with the Constitution of the United States.\u201d\nIn the nature of things \u201cregulation of internal government\u201d and the expression of the people\u2019s will can only be made by legislation, and what that legislation shall be depends upon the .Legislature. No power is anywhere conferred upon any authority to stay such legislation, but there is an express prohibition. There are limitations in the Constitution upon the power of the Legislature, but none as to abolishing offices or changing the incumbents, except as to officers named expressly in the Constitution. That such should be named and the Legislature forbidden to interfere with them is a recognition that, as to all other officers, the Legislature, representing the untrammeled will of the people, could, from time to time abolish such offices or change the incumbents. Every person who has\u2019 taken an office not named in and protected by the Constitution, has taken it with a knowledge that by the above constitutional provisions the people were left free to act from time to time as they saw fit in regard to such offices.\nIn the present case, the Legislature has seen fit to abolish the Eailroad Commission, in which the plaintiff was a Commissioner, and to create a Corporation Commission, to whom were given tbe powers of the former Eailroad Commission, the powers formerly exercised by the Bank Examiner (whose office, like that of Eailroad Commissioner, is abolished), and sundry other important duties and powers formerly exercised by the State Treasurer and State Auditor. \u25a0 The Commissioners of this new Corporation Commission (of whom the defendant is one), were elected temporarily by the Legislature till the next general election, when the people themselves are to fill those positions at the ballot box.\nThe plaintiff asks the Court to declare that this \u201cregulation of the internal government\u201d of the State is null and void, though guaranteed hy the Bill of Eights, sec. 3; that though \u201call government originates from the people only, and is founded upon their will only\u201d (Bill or Eights, sec. 2),they can not exercise that will by abolishing the Eailroad Commission and creating a Corporation Commission; that though \u201cthe legislative, executive and supreme judicial powers are forever separate and distinct\u201d (Bill of Eights, sec. 3), the judicial department can, in this respect, invade the legislative department and set aside their legislation because the. Court can divine that \u201cthe purpose of the Legislature was not'to abolish one Commission and create another with different powers,\u201d as the Legislature declared, but that it was in truth to \u201cdisplace the plaintiff and put in the defendant;\u201d that though the blood-bought hereditament of a free people handed down from the destruction by our ancestors of the Stuart power and dynasty forbids \u201cany authority\u201d to \u201csuspend the laws or the execution of the laws, without the consent of the representatives of the people \u201d yet this Court can say that the action' of those representatives in placing the election to the office of Corporation Commissioners in the people at the ballot box, shall be suspended till the expiration of the term which the plaintiff claims in the abolished office of Eailroad Commissioner.\nThe claim of such high prerogative in this Court, a power of which the Court itself is to be sole judge, and which is subject to no review by any body whatever, a power which originates in and is to be declared at the will of a majority of this Court, a power which makes that majority and not the will of the people the supreme power in the State, must be clearly and unmistakably expressed in the Constitution. But an examination of that instrument shows not a line, not a hint that any power is conferred-upon the Court to set aside any act of the Legislature, in any case, as unconstitutional. It rests upon \u201cthe imperturbable perpendicularity of assertion\u201d on the part of the plaintiff.\nThe learned Chief Justice who wrote the decision in Hoke v. Henderson, when in maturer age and with ripened wisdom he had returned to the bench as Associate Justice, thus wrote, with more justice and discernment of the powers of the Legislature : \u201cWhen, therefore, the Constitution vests the legislative power in the General Assembly, it must be understood to mean that power as it has been exercised by our forefathers before and, after their migration to this continent.\u201d Caldwell v. Justices, 57 N. C., 324.\nBut the plaintiff\u2019s counsel insists that for a hundred years the courts have been declaring acts of legislation unconstitutional. Such authority has never been exercised by any Judge in England or in any of her world-wide colonies, and yet they have preserved constitutional liberty without paternal guardianship exercised by the courts over the Legislature. It has been asserted in this country, by judicial assumption, without a line in any Constitution to confer it, or to recognize it since its assumption; yet no court outside of North Carolina has ever claimed that the alleged power to set aside legislative action ever went so far as to declare unconstitutional legislation abolishing or changing officials in offices created by the Legislature; on tbe contrary, every court to which the question has been presented has strongly denied such power to be in the courts, and so has every text-writer. And none more strongly than Chief Justice Maesiialu in the celebrated Dartmouth College case when holding that the Legislature could not impair the provisions of a charter, he expressly says that the decision does not restrict the right, which Legislatures unquestionably have, to change or abolish officers, since they are governmental agencies, and that they hold by virtue of no contract.\nIn reply to the express provisions of the State Constitution which prohibit the courts to interfere with legislation in any respect and the uniform decisions of all other courts that the power to declare legislation unconstitutional does not extend to legislation affecting offices not created by the Constitution, since such legislation is purely governmental and rests solely with the legislative department, there is but one reply offered us: \u201cIt was otherwise decided by Hoke v. Henderson.\" That this decision upon a question of constitutional law, common to all tire States and to the Federal Government also, should stand out in contradiction to all the decisions of all the courts of the other States, would alone suffice to make us doubt its soundness and reconsider its foundation. Without questioning the conceded ability of the Court which rendered it, the three lawyers then filling .that bench can not be asserted to have possessed attainments and abilities overmatching the vast array of eminent men on the benches of like tribunals in the other States, and upon the Supreme Federal Bench, who with absolute unanimity hold that the doctrine asserted in Hoke v. Henderson is itself unconstitutional.\nLet us examine it with unbiased minds. In Hoke v. Henderson, the Court says that property in public office is acquired by contract. As to future earnings there is no \u201claw of the land\u201d to prohibit the Legislature impairing that which has not yet been earned, except the contract clause of the United States Constitution. The impairment of contracts is prohibited (not by any provision of the State Constitution, but), only by the provision of the United States Constitution, Art. I, sec. 10, clause 1, that \u201cno State shall pass any law impairing the obligation of contracts.\u201d It is thus the Federal Constitution that is invoked to nullify State legislation. ' It is a rule that the construction placed by the State Supreme Court upon the Constitution of its own State will be adopted without question by the United States Courts; and for a stronger reason, the construction placed by the United States Supreme Court upon the Constitution of the United States is binding upon the State courts, else we might have as many constructions of it as there are States. Now, this very clause of the United States Constitution has been several times before the United States Supreme Court, and that high tribunal has held uniformly, notwithstanding its changes of personnel, from the decision of Chief Justice MaRsitall down to the present, that the clause in the United States Constitution prohibiting any State from passing any law \u201cimpairing the obligation of contracts\u201d does not prohibit State Legislatures from abolishing public offices or changing their incumbents without abolishing the offices, for that within the meaning of that clause \u201cpublic office is not a contract.\u201d This should surely be final and conclusive \u2014 the uniform construction by the United States Supreme Court of the meaning of a clause in the United States Constitution. It will be sufficient to cite a few cases:\nIn Butler v. Pennsylvania, 10 Howard (51 U. S.), 402, the Court says: \u201cThe contracts designed to be protected by the 10th section of the first article of that instrument are contracts by which perfect rights, certain, definite, private rights (italics in original) of property are vested. These are clearly distinguishable from measures or engagements adopted or undertaken by the body politic or State Government for the benefit of all, and from the necessity of the case, and according to universal understanding, to be varied or discontinued as the public good shall require. It follows then upon principle that in every perfect and competent government there must exist a general power-to enact and to repeal laws, and to create and change or discontinue the agents designated for the execution of those laws. Such a power is indispensable f\u00f3r the preservation of the body politic and for the safety of the individuals of the community. It is true that this power or the extent of its exercise may be controlled by the organic law or Constitution of the State, as is the case in some instances in the State Constitutions.but where no such restriction is imposed, the power must rest in the discretion of the government alone. The Constitution of Pennsylvania contains no limit upon the discretion of the Legislature, either in the augmentation or diminution of salaries, with the exception of those of the Governor, the Judges of the Supreme Court, and the Presidents of the several Courts of Common Pleas. The salaries of those officers can not under that Constitution be diminished during their continuance in office. Those of all other officers are dependent upon legislative discretion. We have already shown that the appointment to and tenure of an office created for the public use and the regulation of the salary affixed to such an office do not fall within the meaning of the section of the Constitution relied on by the plaintiffs in error; do' not come within the import of the term contracts (italics in original) or in other words the vested, private, personal rights thereby intended to be protected. They are functions appropriate to that class of powers and obligations, by which governments are enabled and are called upon to foster and promote the general good; functions therefore which governments can not be presumed to have surrendered, if indeed they can under any circumstances be justified in surrendering them.'1 Then the Court goes on, after saying \u201cthis doctrine is in strict accordance with the rulings of this Court in many instances/' (citing eases), and expressing \u201csurprise\u201d that it should be again presented, to quote with approval the following from Commonwealth v. Bacon, 6 S. & R., 322: \u201cThe services rendered by public officers do not, in this particular, partake of the nature of contracts, nor have they the remotest affinity thereto/1 and also quotes with approval the following extract from Commonwealth v. Mann, 5 W. & S., 418: \u201cIf the salaries of Judges and their title to office could be put on the ground of contract, then a most grievous wrong has been done them by the people, by the reduction from a tenure during good behavior to a tenure for a term of years. The point that it is a contract or partakes of a nature of a contract will not bear the test of examination/\u2019 and further points out that the constitutional provision, protecting terms and salaries of Governor, Judges and other constitutional officers, is a sure indication that they were not protected by being contracts, and that officers not so protected by the Constitution are left to be changed at legislative will.\nThis decision of the United States Supreme Court was rendered in 1850 \u2014 seventeen years after Hoke v. Henderson. If the eminent Court that rendered the latter decision had had the benefit of this construction by the United States Supreme Court of the \u201ccontract\u201d clause of the United States Constitution, as we have, we may -feel sure they would have rendered a different decision \u2014 as we should do.\nIn 1870 the same point was before the United States Supreme Court in Newton v. Commissioners, 100 U. S., 548, in which the Court says: \u201cThe principle laid down in the Dartmouth College case, and since maintained in the cases which have followed and been controlled by it, has no application where the statute in question is a public law relating to a public subject within the domain of the general legislation of the State and involving the public rights and public welfare (all these italicized as in original) of the entire community affected by it. The two classes of cases are separated by a broad line of demarcation. The distinction was forced upon the attention of the Court by the argument in the Dartmouth College case, by Mr. Chief Justice MaRshall\u201d. (Here the Court quotes at length from that decision which draws the line between private contracts which are protected and \u201cother contracts than those which respect property, or some object of value, and confer rights which may be asserted in a court of justice,\u201d) and adds: \u201cThe judgment of the Court in that case proceeded upon the ground that the college rvas (quoting Marshaul), \u2018h private eleemosynary institution, endowed with a capacity to take property for purposes unconnected with the government (italics in original) whose funds are bestowed by individuals on the faith of the charter.\u2019 \u201d\nIn the same case, 100 U. S., at p. 559, it is said: \u201cThe legislative power of a State, except so far as restrained by its own Constitution, is at all times absolute with respect to all o'ffices within its reach. It may at pleasure create, or abolish them, or modify their duties. It may also shorten or lengthen the term of service. And it may increase or diminish the salary or change the mode of compensation.\u201d Buller v. Pennsylvania, 10 Howard, 402. \u201cThe police pow'er of the States, and that with respect to municipal corporations, and to many other things that might be named, are of the same absolute character. Cooley Const. Lim.,232, 342; The Regents v. Williams, 4 Gill. & J., (Md.), 321.\n\u201cIn all these cases, there can be no contract and no irre-pealable law, because they are \u2018governmental subjects\u2019 and hence within the category before stated.\u201d\nIn Crenshaw v. United States, 134 U. S., 99, (1889), the point was again before the Court, and Mr. Justice LamaR, speaking for a unanimous Court, quotes from and approves the two cases above cited (Butler v. Pennsylvania, 10 Howard, 402, and Newton v. Commissioners, 100 U. S., 548), and holds that \u201can officer appointed for a definite time or during good behavior has no vested interest or contract right of which he can not be deprived by subsequent legislation,\u201d and sums up his able opinion in this emphatic sentence, \u201c Whatever the- form of the statute the officer under it does not hold by contract. He enjoys a privilege revocable by the sovereignty at will; .and one Legislature cari not deprive its successor of the power of revocation\nWhence then does this Court get any power to declare null and void the statute abolishing the plaintiff\u2019s office, or (even if it were true) placing the plaintiff in it? The State Constitution not only does not protect the plaintiff in a legislative office, but forbids the Court to stop the execution of any law. The United States Constitution, as uniformly construed by the highest court, does not protect him; for it says, \u201cNo office is a contract,\u201d but that all officers whose terms are not fixed by the Constitution may be changed or abolished at the will of the Legislature.\nThis surely should be conclusive of the controversy. Every other court, and every text-writer holds the above views. See list of cases cited in Throop Public Officers, secs. 19 and 345 ; Meacham Public Officers, secs. 5 and 465; Black Constitutional Law 530; Blade Constitutional Prohibitions, 114; 19 A. & E., 562 C.; Cooley Const. Lim., 336; (star page 276), in which that eminent jurist sums up the authorities as above, and quotes from Chief Justice Marshall, in the Dartmouth College case, 4 Wheaton, 629: \u201cThe framers of the Constitution did not intend to restrain the States in the regulation of their civil institutions, adopted for internal government.\u201d\nWith the legal ability of the entire world arrayed against the plaintiff\u2019s contention, his counsel simply says, \u201cwe rely upon Hoke v. Henderson.\u201d It is but justice to the Court which rendered that decision to again say that they did not have the benefit of the full light which has been shed upon us. Eew State courts had then passed upon the question, and none of the decisions of the United States Supreme Court which have since so clearly and unmistakably held that an office is not a contract within the meaning of the Federal Constitution. There is no dogma of \u201cjudicial infallibility,\u201d and if there had been, that Court did not believe they possessed it, for they overruled several of their own decisions, and there is a long list of other decisions of theirs which have been overruled by their successors.\nBut it is said that the decision in Hoke v. Henderson has been quoted some forty times. It has been often cited, but many times incidentally or to show it did not apply. An examination will show that it has been quoted as direct authority, prior to the present year, less than a dozen times.. But forty times zero is zero still, and the decision being based entirely upon an erroneous construction of the United States Constitution, as shown by the subsequent decisions of the United States Supreme Court, the repetition of the error leaves it an error still.\nIn matters of practice, mere routine of the courts, a line of decisions once established is followed till changed by statute or rule of court that the change may be prospective. The same is true of decisions affecting contracts and private rights generally. They become rules of property; men act upon them and contract with reference to them. Rut in constitutional questions, the Constitution itself is the guide, not the glosses of the courts. We can not \u201cmake the word of none effect by our traditions.\u201d The decisions of the courts are the \u201ctraditions of the elders.\u201d The Constitution itself is the higher authority. Just as the Scriptures still speak for themselves and are not to be held changed by erroneous constructions which from time to time have been placed upon them by men of unquestioned ability and sanctity; or, as President Lincoln said in his inaugural address, speaking of constructions placed by the court upon the Constitution: \u201cSuch matters are never settled, till they are settled right;\u201d or, as Chief Justice Chase and Justices Milleb and Field said, in Washington v. Rouse, 8 Wallace, 441, when protesting against a decision which restricted the powers of the Legislature: \u201cWith as full respect for the authority of former decisions as belongs, from teachings and habit, to' Judges trained in the common-law system of jurisprudence, we think that there may be questions touching the power of legislative bodies which can never be closed by the decisions of the court, and that the one we have here considered is of this character.\u201d\nThe decision in Hoke v. Henderson being contrary to the subsequent construction placed upon the \u201ccontract\u201d clause of the Federal Constitution by the United States Supreme Court, it would be impossible for any court to hold with Hoke v. Henderson if it were a new question to-day. The same reason requires it to be overruled that the \u201cword\u201d not the traditions of men should control. But aside from that, the decision itself is illogical and incoherent and can not be sustained by any process except that of saying ipse dixit. It is time that a most respectable Court wrote it. No one doubts their ability or their respectability. Even Homer sometimes nodded. That Court was able, but they wrote some decisions which they themselves held incorrect, and many others their successors have held incorrect. The decision must stand or fall upon its own merits or demerits. It can have no vicarious righteousness imputed to it. What is this mnch-talked-of decision which is invoked to stay the hand of the people equally when they would change their management of the penitentiary, their court system, the management of the railroads owned by the State, the educational system of the State, the supervision of the shell-fish industry of the State, or the supervision and regulation of railroads, telegraphs, telephones and express companies, and their charges and their assessment for taxation % Erom the expenditure of hundreds of thousands of dollars of tax money upon convicts and courts, and the management of the property of the State, down to offices paying $6 and $8 salaries per year, whenever the people have put forth their hand to change the management, this Court is invoked to stop the execution of the people\u2019s will; not by virtue of a provision of the State Constitution, for, admittedly, there is none; not by virtue of any provision of th'e Constitution of the United States, for the United States Supreme Court says there is none that confers that power; but by virtue of a decision of a Court two-thirds of a century ago. Thus, the imposition of the dead hand of the past is invoked to deny the constitutional rights of the living.\nBut take the decision as an original proposition; ought it to stand or should it be overruled as so many others, rendered by the same Court, have been ? It holds that a public office is a private contract, and therefore property of the officeholder. With strange inconsistency, it holds that the office can be abolished, but that, if another is put in the office, the first holder can claim the emoluments. Can that be sustained? If the office is a contract, if it is property, the rights of the holder surely are as much violated by the destruction of the office and the loss of the property as when it is transferred to another. Again, if it is a contract, it is a contract for employment, and every one knows that the remedy for a breach of such contract is not a decree of court to put out the new employee and to put in the old one, but a judgment for damages, and no judgment for damages can be given against the State, which is besides, not a party to the action though the treasury is ordered (by this indirect method) to pay the salary of a public agent whom the State has discharged. Besides, if public office is private property (or as the current phrase goes \u201c if public office is a private snap\u201d) surely it can be bought and sold, for what property a man has, he has an inalienable right to dispose of, yet if it were attempted, the recreant officeholder would find himself indicted. It says the salary may be reduced, but if it is a contract how is that possible ? If it w'ere property, then surely upon the death of the incumbent it would go to his executor or administrator.' Indeed, the decision is logical in this respect, for the Court which had strongly expressed the opinion that public offices should be held for life, says (15 N. C., bottom of page 23) : \u201cI'or an absolute term of years it could not be granted; as upon the death of the officer, it would in that ease go to his executor, which would be inadmissible since the office concerns the administration of justice and an incompetent person might be introduced into it.\u201d The provision in the statute which the Court there condemned was that \u201cthe duly elected Clerk of the Court shall continue in office for the term of four years next after qualification,\u201d without adding, \u201cdeterminable upon death,\u201d yet every officeholder in North Carolina who holds a term to-day has it prescribed in the words the Court condemns in Hoke v. Henderson. Will any court follow that decision in holding that on the death of any incumbent his office goes to his executor, or administrator ? In London v. Headen, 76 N. C., 72, it was held that one who had been elected constable was liable to a penalty for refusing to accept and qualify. This recognized the true ground that public office is an agency, a duty or privilege to serve the State, and the salary is the compensation the State allows, for certainly no one could be punished for refusing to enter into a contract with the State. There are other inconsistencies in the decision, but is it such a perfect specimen of infallibility that, by virtue of it, this Court, contrary to the prohibitions in the State Constitution, contrary to the construction since placed by the Supreme Court of the United States upon the Federal Constitution, can invade the legislative department, suspend the execution of the laws passed by it, and prohibit the penal institutions of the State, its educational system, the control of State property, the administration of justice, passing into the hands of those whom the people through their representatives have selected for the performance of public service in regard to them?\nBut it is said that Hoke v. Henderson is a precedent as to construction of the Constitution. \u2022 There can be no judicial precedent that can avail against the express letter of the Constitution. Besides, that argument can not be addressed to this Court. In 1866, legislation was adopted (Code, secs. 88 and 3448) whereby to save taxpayers the punishment of paying fines, costs and orders of maintenance for insolvent convicts, the courts were empowered to order that if those adjudged to pay should fail or be unable to pay in money, they should work out the amount on the public roads. This legislation was held constitutional in State v. Palin, 63 N. C., 471, (in 1869), and has been uniformly so held ever since, by unanimous courts, down to and including State v. Nelson, 119 N. C., 797. This constitutional precedent has been overruled at this term in State v. White, though in doing so the Court has disregarded the reasonable doubt as to the unconstitutionality of the statute, which must exist when the courts have held it valid for a third of a century; whereas, to overrule Hoke v. Henderson, would not do violence to that canon of construction, for, on the contrary, it would be holding constitutional legislation which Hoke v. Henderson held unconstitutional \u2014 and the presumption is always in favor of the constitutionality of legislation.\nBut it is further urged that the legislative department has acquiesced in Hoke v. Henderson. The repeated cases in which counsel claim that that case has been followed show by the constant litigation arising from that ill-starred decision, that there has been a continuous struggle between the people acting through their Legislature and the courts. In this very year, the numerous cases which have come before us show that the Legislature has not yet acquiesced or have thought they had avoided the restrictions of that decision. In neither case can it be said there was legislative acquiescence in the correctness of the decision. But in truth there has been an open disavowal of the principle of Hoke v. Henderson by the Judiciary of this State and by the people themselves, to which, by some oversight, no one has yet called attention. If the tenure of office is protected only by being fixed in the Constitution, that is a prohibition against legislation in regard to it, but is no prohibition upon a Convention abolishing such office in forming a new Constitution, or changing its occupants. But if, on the other hand, under the ruling in Hoke v. Henderson, public office is also a contract, then it is protected by the contract clause of the United States Constitution, and a State can no more impair its obligation by an ordinance of a Convention than by an act of the Legislature. Louisiana v. Taylor, 105 U. S., 445; White v. Hart, 13 Wall., 646; Clay Co. v. Society, 104 U. S., 519. \u201cNo State shall pass any law impairing the obligation of a contract.\u201d Now in 1865, by authority of the President of the United States, a Convention was called in North Carolina to establish a State Government. Among other things, it elected for life terms three Supreme Court Judges, and eight Superior Court Judges. That government remained in force till abrogated by the Convention of 1868. All the acts of the executive and legislative departments of the State, and all the decisions of the courts from 1865 to 1868 have ever been held valid and binding. All contracts of the State during those years are valid. If public office is a contract, then the Judges and other officers were protected against these contracts being impaired by the Convention of 1868. In the matter of Hughes, 61 N. C., 51, Pearson, C. J., held that the Convention of 1865 was \u201c a rightful Convention of the people,\u201d and the officers chosen by it were not merely de facto but de jure. On page 74, he calls attention to the fact that Congress as well as the President had recognized and confirmed the action of the Convention, and on page 75, closes the opinion by saying that if the Convention was rightfully convened (as he had just held) \u201cIt is certain it had power to adopt all measures necessary and proper for filling the offices of the State, which is the only question now under consideration.\u201d If public office was a contract then the attempt of the Convention of 1868 to provide new Supreme Court and Superior Court Judges, and other public functionaries, with exactly the same titles, exactly the same duties and powers and compensation, in the place of those elected in 1865, was a nullity, and we must either bold that the occupants of the Supreme and Superior Court bench, who went into office liy virtue of the authority of the Convention of 1868, were conscious usurpers of other men\u2019s property, or they repudiated the Hoke v. Henderson doctrine that public office was private property.\nBut it may be said by those who do not recollect, or have not examined, that the action of the Convention of 1868 in vacating these and other offices was by the vis major of an Act of Congress. If Congress had so enacted, it had no power to authorize a State to pass an act impairing the obligation of a contract. But in fact no act of Congress required the vacation of any office by the Convention of 1868. The solo requirement in the Act of Congress (chap. 153, see. 5, ratified March 2,1867, and chap. 6, ratified March 23, 1867), was that the new Constitution should be framed by a Convention elected by voters, without regard to color, and the Act of Congress admitting the State to representation in Congress (chap. 70, ratified June 25, 1868), contains only one \u201cfundamental condition,\u201d which is thus expressed: \u201cThat the Constitutions of neither of said States shall ever be so amended or changed as to deprive any citizen or class of citizens of the United States of the right to vote in said State, who are entitled to vote by the Constitution thereof, herein recognized, except as punishment for crime, etc.\u201d The requirement of Congress was solely directed to the right of suffrage, with no exaction as to vacation of offices. In removing, therefore, the life Judges, Supreme and Superior, who had been elected in 1865, and had taken their seats, the new Judiciary declared most unequivocally that the Hoke v. Henderson doctrine that public office was held by contract was overruled.\nIt is matter of astonishment that, after that date, anyone could be found to urge before tbe courts that Hoke v. Henderson was an authority in North Carolina.\nIf Hoke v. Henderson, for any one of the above reasons, should not be regarded.as law, then the whole of the frail scaffolding upon which the plaintiff\u2019s case rests goes down.\nBut even if it were possible for it to stand, still the plaintiff could not recover, for Hoke v. Henderson only held that an officer, whose office had been transferred to another, was still entitled to receive its emoluments, for it says (15 N. C., bottom of page 21), that the \u201cproperty\u201d in the office is the right to receive its compensation. Clearly that, in no aspect, would oust the defendant whom the State could also pay; nor would it deny to the people their right to elect a Corporation Commissioner at the next general election.\nIn Day\u2019s ease, 124 N. C., 362, the doctrine of Hoke v. Henderson received a sudden and vast expansion, for it was then held for the first time that the dismissed officeholder was entitled, if his \u201cduties\u201d were continued in any guise, no matter among how many it was divided. As the duties of almost any office which is abolished (whether for economy or any other reason), must necessarily be devolved upon some one, this made it almost impossible for the Legislature to abolish any office during the term of the incumbent, though Hoke v. Henderson had expressly held that any office, not created by the Constitution, could be abolished at the will of the Legislature.\nThe doctrine of Hoke v. Henderson received a still further expansion in Wilson v. Jordan, 124 N. C., 683, in which the doctrine of in pari materia was held to apply, and hence if an office was abolished, yet if the Legislature, at that or a subsequent term, legislated upon the same subject matter, the act abolishing the office would be held null, and the officer reinstated, not merely in the receipt of his salary, but in the performance of the duties of tbe similar office under the new statute.\nBut far as these two cases expanded the doctrine of Hoke v. Henderson, they still fall short of being sufficient to sustain the plaintiffs claim, unless there is another expansion. The Railroad Commission was abolished, afterwards a Corporation Commission was created, to which were entrusted the duties formerly discharged by the Railroad Commission plus the duties of the former Bank Examiner (whose office is abolished), plus certain duties formerly discharged by the State Treasurer, plus certain duties formerly discharged by the State Auditor, plus some entirely new duties. If the plaintiff can claim the office of Corporation Commissioner because all his duties are performed by the new Commissioner, the Bank Examiner, with equal force, may claim that he also is entitled to the defendant\u2019s office because all his duties are embraced in those entrusted to the Corporation Commission; and the State Treasurer and the State Auditor might also make like claim because certain of their duties have likewise been transferred and swallowed up.\nIf, when the whale swallowed Jonah, he was in law merely a continuation of Jonah, how shall we decide when this whale has swallowed two Jonahs and parts of two others? \"Which one is he ?\nIn a late case in the United States Circuit Court it was held that the Railroad Commission and the Corporation Commission were not the same body, and that was given as a reason why the State Treasury should lose the assessed taxation upon twelve millions of railroad property, that is, that other taxpayers should make it good, 'while now, this Court is asked to hold that the two Commissions are one and the same body, and therefore the plaintiff is entitled to the office of Corporation Commissioner to which the Legislature elected the defendant. The people have been \u201clost in the shuffle.\u201d\nTo ask the Court to bold that tbe plaintiff is entitled to tbe title, powers and pay of Corporation Commissioner because be was a member of tbe Railroad Commission, wbicb was abolished and its duties transferred, among others, to tbe Corporation Commission, is to ask it not only to deny tbe Legislature the right to legislate in matters purely governmental, but is asking the Court to legislate by giving to tbe plaintiff tbe powers of a former Bank Examiner and tbe duties transferred from the Treasurer and Auditor and tbe new duties, for as to none of these is there now or has ever been a shadow of legislative authority given tbe plaintiff to discharge them. If such expansion can be given to tbe incorrect but moderate doctrine of Hoke v. Henderson, then legislation will not depend upon the will of the people at the ballot box in electing their representatives in a legislative body, but upon what the majority of this Court may let the Legislature enact\u2014 or in the striking language of some recent opinions \u201cwhat effect we will give to the statute.\u201d The statute should get its effect from its passage and ratification by those elected to pass legislation. The courts are given no power to1 interfere \u2014 are expressly prohibited from so doing. When the Federal Constitution is invoked as giving the Court, notwithstanding, power to interfere, we find the United States Supreme Court saying that the section invoked confers no power on the courts in respect to legislation as to public offices, or other \u201cgovernmental\u201d legislation.\nIf this Court has the power claimed by the plaintiff, then, already power has passed \u201cfrom tbe many to the few.\u201d The. supreme power is not in the people to be enacted into law bv their representatives, but in the irreviewable action of a majority of the Supreme Court of the State who can declare legislation invalid as rapidly as it is enacted. If this doe-trine of public office being a contract, expanded as asked by the plaintiff, is correct, then a party or a machin\u00e9 whose conduct has disgusted the people may fill every office for eight years, for twenty years, or for life (as in Hoke v. Henderson), and snap their fingers in the face of the people, for under Day's case the office remains as long as the duties survive, and under Wilson v. Jordan it remains as long as there is any legislation on the same subject matter, or in pari materia.\nNay, more, if some vast trust, some powerful combination of capital, shall elect one Legislature, it can fill the offices for life, and a generation of men must pass away without any voice in, or control of, the government they created; for even a constitutional convention can not vacate offices, if office is a contract. Or if the same oppressive combination shall succeed in nominating and electing three members of this bench, it can, through them, for eight years at least, nullify and set aside any act. of legislation which they may deem proper to hold unconstitutional. The only safeguard is the Constitution, which confides legislation to the Legislature, and makes all legislation repeal able. It was this very evil of interference with the right of the people to legislate that caused the historic struggles in England whose result is condensed into sec. 9 of our Bill of Rights. The whole system of our free government is summed up in sec. 2 of the Bill of Rights already quoted, i. e.: \u201cAll political power is vested in and derived from the people; all government of right originates from the people, is founded upon their will only, and is instituted for the good of the whole,\u201d that is to say, thrt the will of the people when expressed through their representatives in the General Assembly, is 'the law. Legislatures are not always true to their trust, but the remedv provided by the Constitution is not to submit their work for approval and validation to any three men or five men, which would be an oligarchy, but to submit it to the approval and endorsement of the real sovereign, the people, at the next general election, who will elect new representatives, who will set aside, change or approve what has been done. So far from reducing the legislative department to subordination to the will of the Judiciary, the newer State Constitutions are increasing the control of the people over their Legislatures by requiring specified acts to be submitted by a referendum to an immediate vote of the people (as is the case with the pending constitutional amendment in this State), instead of waiting for a general referendum of their action in the election of new representatives. Whatever tends to increase the power of the Judiciary over the Legislature diminishes the control of the people over their government, negatives the free expression of their will, is in conflict with the spirit and the express letter of the organic law and opposed to the manifest movement of the age. As was well said by Faibcloth, C. J., in Ewart v. Jones, 116 N. C., 570 (since cited with approval by Dougj.as, J., in Caldwell v. Wilson, 121 N. C., 470) : \u201cUnder our form of government the sovereign power resides with the people and is exercised by their representatives in the General Assembly. The only limitation upon this power is found in the organic law as declared by the delegates of the people in Convention assembled.\u201d\nWhen our State Government was formed at Llalifax, in 1776, representative government was new\u00a1, and property owners fearful to trust the people, and the masses were generally illiterate. As a consequence, by that Constitution the people were given the election of only one officer in the government, i. e., the member of the lower house of the General Assembly, the members of the State Senate being elected by those owning fifty acres of land and over; the Governor.and other State officers, including the Judges and Solicitors, were elected, at second hand, by the Legislature, the Judges being-chosen for life. The Justices of the Peace were also elected for life by the General Assembly, and all the county officers were elected by the Justices, their election being thus three removes from the then un.trusted people. The Justices of the Peace elected the Clerk of the County Court for life, and the Judges appointed the Clerics of the Superior Courts for the same term. With the increase of education among the people and the experience of their capacity for self-government, there was a movement for a betterment of this condition, though it was retarded by the fear inspired by the excesses of the Preach revolution. In 1829, the election of sheriffs and constables was given to the people. In 1832, the Clerics of the Superior and County Courts were made elective by the people for terms of four years. All the Judges at that time were elected by the Legislature for life, and the courts were not then, as now, created by the Constitution, but the Supreme Court, itself, was -a legislative enactment. The Judges, educated under the old system of distrust of the capacity of the people for self-government, looked around for some brake to put upon the radical movement which (as it must have seemed to them) threatened society. They hit upon property in office acquired by contract with the State, and the \u201ccontract\u201d clause of the Feder-al Constitution (which had not then, as now, been distinctly held by the United States Supreme Court not to apply to offices) and rendered the decision in Hoke v. Henderson, which has been a clog upon legislation ever since, and a fruitful source of litigation. In that opinion, the Judges frankly say that the proper tenure of office is for life. But progress went on. Tn 1833 constables were made elective by the people, and in 1835, the election of Governor was given to the people. Tn 1854-, free suffrage was adopted and tbe 50-acres freehold required as a qualification for electors for tbe State Senate was abolished. In 1868, tbe election of the State officers (except that of Governor already conferred in 1835), and of the Judges, Solicitors and Justices of tbe Peace and Coroners and County Commissioners was given to the people. In 1899, tbe election of the Commissioners of Agriculture and of Labor, and Corporation Commissioners was given to the people, and tbe plaintiff is fighting against that \u2014 claiming that the abolition of his office and creation of a larger office, the Commissioners of which are to be elected by the people, is a violation of his rights, and invokes Hoke v. Henderson. That decision was erroneous and illogical when made, has since been so demonstrated by the United States Supreme Court, and is inconsistent with itself. But if it were correct, it does not cover the plaintiff\u2019s case.\nThe same progress made in the acquisition of control of the government by the people in the State has taken place in the Federal Government. In the United States Constitution of 178V, only one officer, the member of the lower house of Congress, was made elective by the people. The Senators were chosen at second hand by the State Legislatures, and the President at second hand by electors, while the Judges were selected at three removes from popular election, being' appointed for life by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The people quickly made tbe election of President practically direct in themselves by reducing the electors to shadows. An amendment to elect Senators by the people has repeatedly passed the lower house of Congress, and must soon pass the Senate. The election of Judges by the people, and for a term of years instead of for life, has been adopted by nearly all the States, and evidently must soon become an issue as to the United States Judges.\nIxl other nations, the same movement to place the control of government in the people has taken place. A late historian (McKenzie), says: \u201cSixty years ago, Europe was an aggregation of despotic powers, disposing at their pleasure of the lives and property of their subjects. To-day, the men of all Europe (outside of Russia and Turkey) govern themselves. Popular suffrage, more or less approaching universal, chooses the governing power, and by methods more or less effective, dictates its policy.\u201d In recent years, Brazil, the only monarchy in South America, has become a republic, and even Japan now elects a parliament.\nIn the face of this well-nigh universal concession of the right of the people to manage their own affairs, the plaintiff calls upon this Court to declare and use a paternal power of supervising and setting aside the action of the representatives of the people of North Carolina lawfully assembled in legislative session and legislating upon governmental matters, and he does this upon the alleged authority of Hoke v. Henderson, which, if it applied to his case, has been discredited and disavowed by the United States Supreme Court, since holding that the clause of the United States Constitution does not apply to offices.\nI am not denying the propriety of the Judiciary declaring legislation unconstitutional within the fixed limits that have been always recognized by the courts, but I am protesting against the extension of the claim. Inasmuch as the power is not based upon any express authority\u2019in the Constitution, its exercise at all depends upon the acquiescence of the other departments of the government, and its extension to purely governmental matters, such as offices and the like, jeopardizes its extinction. It is a power that can not be enforced when denied by the Legislature.'\nIn holding the act of the Legislature in question unconstitutional, tbe Court has disavowed any intention thereby to reflect upon the members of the General Assembly. With the same disavowal of any reflection upon my brethren, but with an equal right to my opinion, I think the Legislature has not acted unconstitutionally or beyond its powers, as construed by the highest court in the land, but that, on the contrary, it is this Court which has acted unconstitutionally and exceeded the powers confided to it, and in so doing has violated four separate sections of the guarantees given in the Bill of Eights.\nWhen a court, acting within its jurisdiction, renders an erroneous judgment, it must still be obeyed; but when it acts beyond its jurisdiction and in violation of the limits placed upon it by the Constitution, its decrees are null and void, and are no protection to anyone who acts under them. Suppose a court should give a direct judgment against the State for a sum of money, would the Treasurer be safe in paying it? Whether those who have intruded into offices which the Legislature in the exercise of its just powers has confided to others have made themselves liable to removal by impeachment, and whether the Treasurer who shall pay salaries to others than those the Legislature has directed him to pay shall be held liable to account for the money paid out contrary to legislative enactment, is a matter, in my opinion, for the Legislature to determine; for even Hoke v. Henderson holds that the Legislature can direct payment of a salary to anyone, and can withhold payment at its will.\nThe rights guaranteed the people by their Bill of Rights were won by our ancestors after long years of suffering and sacrifice. These, safeguards can not be lightly abandoned. Tn North Carolina, as in England, it must be settled whether the people can place their will upon the statute book and have it executed, or whether there is \u201cany authority\u201d which can stop the execution of the laws. The question is a most grave and serious one, reaching in its consequences far beyond the present litigation and the parties to it, for it involves from top to bottom the right of popular self-government. The vast-importance of the principle involved, and respect for my oath of office and fidelity to the trust confided to me by the people have compelled me to speak fully and plainly, but I hope not harshly.", "type": "dissent", "author": "Oi.ark, ,r.," } ], "attorneys": [ "Messrs. MacEae & Day, Argo & Snow, and J. O. L. Harris, for plaintiff (appellant).", "Messrs. Simmons, Pou & Ward, J. N. Holding and J. H. Flemming, for appellee. , \u25a0" ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "State on the relation of D. H. ABBOTT v. E. C. BEDDINGFIELD.\n(Decided November 21, 1899.)\nQuo Warranto \u2014 Tenure of Office \u2014 Statutes In Pari Materia i \u2014 Railroad ' Commissioners.\n1.\" Contemporaneous legislation about the same subject matter is in pari materia, 'and may be read and construed together.. \u2022 Wilson v. Jordan; 124 N..C., 683.\n2. .A- public office, to which there is attached a salary, is a vested interest. Holce v. Henderson, 15 N. C., 1.\n3. A change of the name froffi. Railroad Commission to that of Corporation Commission does not deprive the relator of his office.-' \u25a0 C \u25a0Day\u2019s case,124 N. C., 362. Neither does the- addition of'some: \u25a0 \u2022 n.ew duty to the office have. that, effect; neither does a statute , . professing to repeal the former ac.t, but which in reality is \" merely amendatory thereof, have such effect. \u25a0'\nCivxt. ActioN in the nature of quo warranto, instituted in Ware Superior Court, at July Term, 1899, before Moore, J., and a jury trial being waived, was by consent, heard upon the pleadings.\nThe plaintiff alleges in his complaint, that by the Act of 1891, chap. 320, a Railroad Commission was established, and that in March, 1897, he was duly elected a Commissioner, his term of office commencing April 1, IS 97, to continue sis years, and that he entered upon his office and discharged its duties up to April 4, 1899. That the defendant, claiming to be authorized under Act of 6th March, 1899, entitled \u201cAn act to repeal the Railroad Commission,\u201d also an act of the same date, entitled \u201cAn act to establish the North Carolina Corporation Commission,\u201d unlawfully intruded upon and usurped his office, and still'holcls the same.\nThe defendant, answering the complaint, relies upon the authority of the Acts of 1899 for his right to the office now held by him.\nUpon the pleadings and admissions his Honor rendered judgment in favor of defendant and against the relator. The relator excepted and appealed.\nMessrs. MacEae & Day, Argo & Snow, and J. O. L. Harris, for plaintiff (appellant).\nMessrs. Simmons, Pou & Ward, J. N. Holding and J. H. Flemming, for appellee. , \u25a0\nFueches, J., writes the opinion of the Court.\nMONTGOMERY,, J., writes concurring opinion in the result.\nClaeK, J., writes dissenting opinion." }, "file_name": "0256-01", "first_page_order": 288, "last_page_order": 328 }