{ "id": 8656822, "name": "LINEBARGER v. LINEBARGER", "name_abbreviation": "Linebarger v. Linebarger", "decision_date": "1906-12-04", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "229", "last_page": "239", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "143 N.C. 229" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "111 N. C., 200", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8650933 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/111/0200-01" ] }, { "cite": "110 Ill., 47", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5371194 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/110/0047-01" ] }, { "cite": "4 N. C., 698", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "28 N. C., 289", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11274981 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/28/0289-01" ] }, { "cite": "3 Am. Dec., 393", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "Am. Dec.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2 Johns., 31", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Johns.", "case_ids": [ 6771232 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/johns/2/0031-01" ] }, { "cite": "28 N. J. L., 274", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.J.L.", "case_ids": [ 374349 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/njl/28/0274-01" ] }, { "cite": "31 Am. St. Rep., 665", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Am. St. Rep.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "48 Minn., 504", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Minn.", "case_ids": [ 741482 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/minn/48/0504-01" ] }, { "cite": "11 N. Y., 157", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.", "case_ids": [ 2014724, 2014390 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ny/11/0149-01", "/wend/11/0157-01" ] }, { "cite": "14 N. C., 442", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8697896 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/14/0442-01" ] }, { "cite": "8 N. C., 248", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11275997 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/8/0248-01" ] }, { "cite": "99 Mass., 112", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mass.", "case_ids": [ 2139734 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mass/99/0112-01" ] }, { "cite": "80 N. C., 251", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8690229 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/80/0251-01" ] }, { "cite": "135 N. C., 303", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8659075 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/135/0303-01" ] }, { "cite": "8 L. R. A., 443", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L.R.A.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "105 N. C., 228", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8652593 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/105/0228-01" ] }, { "cite": "113 N. C., 312", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8653021 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/113/0312-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 817, "char_count": 21774, "ocr_confidence": 0.418, "pagerank": { "raw": 3.572463940292837e-07, "percentile": 0.8863507100220901 }, "sha256": "28d3de1cdbf5810df7edc7fcf90685f205f87680c56b92c70eff5bc94255f2c2", "simhash": "1:b7e57b192b196d17", "word_count": 3780 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:13:26.496500+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "Hoee, J., concurs in result." ], "parties": [ "LINEBARGER v. LINEBARGER." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Connor, L,\nafter stating the case: Propounders proved the execution of the alleged will by the subscribing witnesses thereto and that at the time thereof the alleged testator was of sound mind, etc., and read the same. By the provisions of said papei\u2019-writing the alleged testator gave his entire estate, both real and personal, except several pecuniary legacies, to his wife, Caroline Linebarger, for life, remainder to two of his sons, being the youngest, Hosea and Marvin Linebarger. He gave to six of his children twenty dollars each, to one child fifteen dollars, to two sons forty dollars each, and to the children of two deceased daughters one dollar each. He named his wife and another person executors. The paper-writing was executed 27 November, 1903, and be died 15 March, 1905. It was offered for probate April, 1905.\nEor tbe purpose of showing undue influence, caveators offered to show the declarations made by the alleged testator before and subsequentTo the execution of the paper-writing, also declarations of one of the devisees. To the admission of this class of testimony propounders excepted.\nIt appeared that the alleged testator was, at the date of the paper-writing, eighty-one years of age, and that Caroline Linebarger was his second wife. There was nothing in the testimony of the subscribing witnesses indicating mental incapacity, nor was there any evidence from this source showing undue influence or fraud.\nAmong other witnesses introduced to show declarations of the alleged testator was Mrs. Susan Linebarger, wife of one of the caveators. Propounders objected to her competency to testify to declarations of the alleged testator, because of sec. 1631, Rev. (Code, 590). It is clear that if the caveators succeeded in their contention, the husband of the witness, as one of the heirs at law, became the owner of an undivided interest in the real estate. It is well settled by a number of decisions that the wife immediately upon the seizin, either in law or deed of the husband, becomes entitled to \u201can inchoate right of dower or estate in the land\u201d of her husband. Gatewood v. Tomlinson, 113 N. C., 312; Gore v. Townsend, 105 N. C., 228 (8 L. R. A., 443) ; Trust Co. v. Benbow, 135 N. C., 303. She therefore had an interest in the property dependent upon the result of the controversy and, under the ruling in Pepper v. Broughton, 80 N. C., 251, was incompetent. The exception to the admission of her testimony must be sustained. This ruling would result in a new trial; as, however, other exceptions are made in the record, and will probably arise in another trial, it is our duty to dispose of them at this time.\nTbe declarations of tbe testator fall witbin three classes and tbeir admissibility depend upon different principles and exceptions. Caveators proposed to show declarations wbicb \u25a0it is claimed tend to show undue influence made prior to tbe execution of tbe paper-writing.\nMrs. Kale testified that prior to tbe death of her first bus-band, wbicb was two years before tbe death of Mr. Line-barger, be said in her presence that be wanted tbe law to make his will, each child to have bis part; that be did not intend to make a will unless, \u201cthey all\u201d persuaded him to do so.\nMr. Grant testified that during tbe month of April, 1900, while at Mr. Linebarger\u2019s bouse, be said that \u201che didn\u2019t see much pleasure; that they terrified him day and night; be saw no peace.\u201d Witness asked him, Who-? He said, \u201cMa and Hosea, to make a will to Hosea and Ma.\u201d That be bad beard Mr. Linebarger say repeatedly that he wanted bis property divided equally among bis children. That in 1901 be bad another conversation with Mr. Linebarger in wbicb be complained of tbe conduct of Hosea and bis wife, to whom be referred as \u201cMa.\u201d\nOne Iielderman testified that, at some date not fixed, but wbicb by reference to certain matters of public history we may fix at some time during tbe year 1903, Mr. Linebarger said to him that \u201cHosea and bis last children wanted him to make a will, but be said be wanted all bis children to fare alike when be was dead and gone.\u201d\nOne Monroe Gordon testified that some time during the year 1903 Mr. Linebarger said to him that bis wife wanted him to. make a will to her and her two boys, but that be was not going to do that; that be could not eat, sleepy and work; that be could not live many years.\nThe only evidence of declarations made subsequent to tbe execution of the paper-writing were those testified to by Mrs. Sus\u00e1n Linebarger. We find no testimony showing any acts on the part of propounders or any other person of undue influence or fraud.\nThat the declarations of the testator regarding the execution of his will indicating the state of his mind, etc., made contemporaneous with or so near thereto as to fall within the principle of res gestee are competent in an issue of devisavit vel non, is well settled. 1 Redf. on Wills, 542. In Shailer v. Bumstead, 99 Mass., 112, Colt, J., says: \u201cIt is always liable to be impeached by any competent evidence that it was never executed with the required formality, was not the act of one possessed of testamentary capacity, or was obtained by such fraud or undue influence as to subvert the real intentions and will of the maker. The declarations of the testator accompanying the act must always be resorted to as the most satisfactory evidence to sustain or defend the will whenever this issue is presented.\u201d\nIn so far as the declarations tend to show undue influence, we think that they are competent. While the authorities respecting the extent to and purpose for which such declarations may be admitted are not uniform, we think that, at least in this State, those offered here were competent'. 1 Green. (16 Ed.), 760.\nEliminating the testimony of Mrs. Susan Linebarger, we find no evidence of declarations made subsequent to the execution of the paper-writing. This relieves us from the discussion of the much-vexed question as to the extent to and purpose for which sueh declarations are admissible in this State under the rulings in Reel v. Reel, 8 N. C., 248, and Howell v. Barden, 14 N. C., 442. Interesting discussions of these cases as related to the current of authority upon this question will be found in Shailer v. Bumstead, supra; Waterman v. Whitney, 11 N. Y., 157; In re Hess\u2019s Will, 48 Minn., 504 (s. c., 31 Am. St. Rep., 665, and notes) ; Meeker v. Boylan, 28 N. J. L., 274 (289) ; Jackson v. Kniffen, 2 Johns., 31 (3 Am. Dec., 393, and notes).\nCaveators proposed to show declarations of ITosea Line-barger made prior and subsequent to the execution of the paper-writing, tending to show undue influence by him. There was no declaration regarding any act done by said Hosea. The exception to- this testimony presents a difficult question. It is elementary learning that a party\u2019s declarations against his own interest, or those claiming under him, are always competent, this being one of the settled exceptions to the hearsay rule. It is equally well settled that, when the person whose declarations are sought to be shown, is alive, they are not competent against strangers', or those claiming a common but not joint interest. \u2019 That persons taking a devise, or bequest, in a will have a community of interest, but not a joint interest, is well settled. \u201cUpon the question whether a declaration of a legatee made after the execution of a will is admissible to show that it was procured by undue influence, there is a conflict of authority. The majority of the cases reject such evidence, reasoning, on general principles, that no one should be concluded by unauthorized statements of others with whom he is in no way associated or identified in interest. The admission of a legatee is evidence against the will' where he is the sole beneficiary under it. But the interests of legatees under a will are several, not joint. Each claims independently of the others, and his interest should not be affected by the acts or declarations of the other legatees.\u201d 1 Underhill on Wills, 163. The question is presented and discussed in Shailer v. Bumstead, supra. \u201cThe admissions of a party to the record against his interests are, as a general rule, competent against him; and this rule applies to all cases where there is an interest in the suit, although other joint parties in interest may be injuriously affected. But it does not apply to cases where there are other parties to be affected, wbo have not a joint interest, or do not stand in some relation of privity to tbe party whose admission is relied upon. A mere community of interest is not sufficient. Devisees and legatees have not that joint interest in the will which will make the admission of one admissible against the other legatees. * * * The separate admissions of each made after the act, that the will was procured by their joint acts of fraud or undue influence, cannot be permitted to prejudice the other. Such statements are only admissible when they are made during the prosecution of the joint enterprise. Admitting, for the present, that any interest in a will obtained by undue influence cannot be held by third persons, however innocent of the fraud, and that the gift must be taken tainted with the fraud of the person procuring it, still it by no means follows that the interest of the other innocent legatees should be liable to be divested by the subsequent statements of the parties procuring the will. Such a rule would violate all sense of right, and is not sustained by the decisions. The admissions of a legatee made prior to the date of the execution are rejected for the reason that, if made before he becomes a legatee, they are not declarations against his interest.\u201d 1 Underhill on Wills, 163.\nOf course, if there be a conspiracy, or the undue influence be either the result of a common design or be committed jointly or in concert, the acts and declarations of the parties engaging therein would be admissible in the same way and to the same extent as in other like cases.\nIn Gash v. Johnson, 28 N. C., 289, the question came up in a rather peculiar way, and while in the opinion the Court expressly says that the declaration of one of the legatees in regard to undue influence is not competent against the others, it is decided that, because he wras not a party to the record, the will being propounded by the executor alone, such evidence is immaterial to affect his rights as devisee. In that case the contest was between the executor, who alone propounded the will in common form, and the caveators.\nIt would Seem from the decision in McRainy v. Clark, 4 N. C., 698, that the declarations of one of the legatees or devisees are competent as against himself. The usual and statutory method of proceeding in this State, when a caveat is filed, is to summon all persons in interest to make themselves parties. Rev., 3136. It is suggested by Judge Daniel in Gash v. Johnson, supra, that the Court should direct that a special issue be drawn \u201cfor the jury to find\u201d whether the paper-writing propounded, or any part thereof, and if any, which part, is the last will and testament of the testator. It may be that, under an issue so drawn, the declarations of one or more of the legatees could be received as against the interest of such legatee when such declarations affected the validity of the legacy or devise made to such declarant. That there are practical difficulties in the application of this rule is apparent. W\u00e9 are impressed with the views of Mr. Justice Craig, expressed in McMillan v. McDill, 110 Ill., 47: \u201cIn the case under consideration, the Court, in deciding the question, admitted the declarations, only as against the party who made them; but this did not relieve the evidence of its injurious effect. The evidence was admitted upon the issue involved in the case. It was incompetent as against the other defendants, and as it could not affect the issue without affecting the other defendants, it was, in our judgment, incompetent to go to the jury, on the issue involved. If the interest of the devisees had been joint, the evidence might have been admitted against all of them, as we understand it to be a rule of evidence where the parties have a joint interest in the matter in suit, an admission made by one is in general competent evidence against all. But here the devisees did not have a joint interest under the will, but they had separate interests in one subject \u2014 the validity of the will, as held in Dietrich v. Dietrich, supra. If this was a case where a judgment could be rendered against one of the defendants without affecting the rights of the others, there might be some ground for admitting in evidence the declarations as against the defendant who made them; but such is not the case. The only question here is as to the validity of the will, and testimony which defeats one defendant- \u2014 -one devisee \u2014 defeats all, and a judgment against one necessarily defeats all. While it might be proper to defeat a will on the admissions of a party who was a sole devisee, it would be manifestly unjust, where there are several devisees, to suffer the rights of all to be concluded and swept away by the admissions of one, and these admissions made in their absence and without their knowledge or sanction. If the admissions here could have gone to the jury and affected the rights of none but the one making them, no error would have been committed; but such was not the case. The admissions, notwithstanding the ruling of the Court, went to the issue devisavit vel non, in which all the devisees were equally interested.\u201d\nIt is true that the declaration offered in that case was that the testator was mentally incompetent. It may be that a distinction exists between declarations of this character, which go to the validity, of the entire will, and those amounting to admissions that the declarant who- has a legacy or devise, under the will, admitted that he .had exerted undue influence or practised a fraud upon the testator. There is not a scintilla of evidence in this record that Marvin ever spoke to his father, to his mother, or to Hosea, in regard to the will. He denies that he did so, and no one contradicts him. He expressly says that Marvin had not done so. There is no evidence, other than Mr. Linebarger\u2019s declarations before the will was made, that Mrs. Caroline Linebarger had talked with her husband in regard to his will. It would therefore be manifestly unjust that Hosea\u2019s declarations regarding his own conduct, for his own benefit, should be used against them.\nExcluding the declarations of Hosea and of Mrs. Susan Linebarger, we are of the opinion that, measured by the standard applied by this Court in Lee v. Williams, 111 N. C., 200, there is not sufficient evidence to be submitted to the jury to show undue influence as against Mrs. Linebarger and Marvin. The declarations are not inconsistent with the final determination of Mr. Linebarger to make the will as we find it. He said that it was hard to make a will; that he wanted the law to make his will. That he would not make a will unless they persuaded him. That they terrified him day and night; that he saw no peace. This was in April, 1900; whereas, he did not make a will until November, 1903. That he wanted his property divided equally between his children; that his first wife\u2019s children were as near to him as his second and it was a hard thing to have to do. Monroe Goodson says that he said: \u201cI want my land to go to my first chaps.\u201d _ That they, meaning Hosea, would curse him. That was Hosea. He didn\u2019t say the old lady cursed him or that Marvin did so. His land was worth about $2,000, and he had, it appears, about $1,200 in money.\nHis Honor instructed the jury that if they found that the paper-writing was executed as testified to by the witnesses to it, they would answer the issue \u201cYes,\u201d unless they found from the evidence by the caveators, first, that undue influence was in fact exerted; second, that it was successful in subverting and controlling the will of the testator. In regard to the declarations, he said that they afforded no substantive proof of undue influence and were not admitted for that purpose, and before the caveators could recover it was necessary that they should prove that undue influence was in fact actually exerted upon the testator by other evidence than his own declarations. This instruction was correct and is sustained by the authorities and the reason of the thing. In re Hess\u2019s Will, supra.\nIt would be an exceedingly dangerous innovation upon the statute which requires a will to be executed according to the formalities prescribed, to permit -it to be set aside upon mere declarations of the testator in regard to undue influence, unaccompanied by any act on the part of any person. Measured by the standard laid down by his Honor, we think that he should have instructed the jury that there was no evidence upon which they could find against the will as to Mrs. Linebarger and Marvin. We can see no reason why a special issue may not be submitted to the jury, as suggested in Gash v. Johnson, supra, directed to the interest of Hosea. In that event, as we have seen, the declarations of the testator made prior to the execution of the will, coupled with those of Hosea, would be competent to be considered by the jury on the issue thus presented.\nThe propounders excepted to certain parts of his Honor\u2019s charge in regard to insanity. While we find no suggestion of insanity, either in the caveat or the evidence, in passing upon the question as to whether the will was procured by the undue influence of Hosea, the age of the testator, his mental and physical condition and other relevant facts would be competent to be considered by the jury.\nThe propounders attempted to raise the question that there was no evidence to be submitted to the jury by a motion for judgment of non obstante veredicto. This was not the- proper motion. His Honor could not have rendered judgment notwithstanding the verdict. It is evident, however, that it was their purpose to move for judgment upon the whole evidence.\nWe are of the opinion that as to Caroline and Marvin Line-barger, eliminating the incompetent testimony, the motion should have been allowed. The cause should be remanded for a new trial, in accordance with the principles announced herein.\nNew Trial.\nHoee, J., concurs in result.", "type": "majority", "author": "Connor, L," } ], "attorneys": [ "Witherspoon c@ Witherspoon for the plaintiffs.", "W'. 0. Feimster, M. H. Yount, and Self & Whitener for the defendants." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "LINEBARGER v. LINEBARGER.\n(Filed December 4, 1906).\nWills \u2014 Transaction with Deceased \u2014 Evidence\u2014Declarations of Testator \u2014 Undue Influence \u2014 Declarations of Devisee \u2014 \u25a0 Joint Interest \u2014 Submission of Special Issue \u2014 Evidence\u2014 Sufficiency \u2014 Mental Capacity.\n1. On an issue of devisavit vel non, it was not competent to prove by a witness whose husband was one of- the caveators and heirs at law of the testator, declarations of said testator offered for the purpose of showing undue influence, as such witness had an interest in the real estate, dependent upon the result of the action which disqualified her under Rev., see. 1631 (Code, 590).\n2. Upon an issue of devisavit vel non, declarations of the testator regarding the execution of his will indicating the state of his mind, etc., made contemporaneous with or so near thereto as to fall within the principle of res gestee, are competent.\n3. Upon an issue of devisavit vel non declarations of the testator regarding the execution of the will, tending to show undue influence, made prior to the execution of the will, are competent. \u2022\n4. Upon an issue of devisavit vel non, the declarations of a legatee regarding his own conduct, for his own benefit, cannot be used against other legatees, as they have not a joint interest.\n5. In a proceeding for the probate of a will, where there is sufficient evidence as to undue influence by only one of the devisees, a special issue may be submitted directed to the validity of the interest of such devisee.\n6. Where a special issue is submitted directed to the undue influence exerted over the testator by one of the devisees, the declarations of the testator made prior to the execution of the will, coupled with those made by such devisee, are competent to be considered by the jury upon the issue thus presented.\n7. Upon an issue of devisavit vel non, declarations of the testator made prior to the execution of the will, are not sufficient to be submitted to the jury to show undue influence, in the absence of evidence showing any acts of undue influence or any admissions thereof.\n8. In passing upon the question as to whether the will was procured by undue influence, the age of the testator, his mental and physical condition, and other relevant facts may be considered by the jury.\nPROCEEDINGS by Caroline Linebarger and others against H. D. Linebarger and others, heard by Judge Henry R. Bryan and a jury, at the July Term, 1906, of the Superior Court of Catawba. .\nPropounders, appearing in the record as plaintiffs, offered for probate a paper-writing purporting to be the last will and testament of Ered. H. Linebarger, deceased. Caveators, appearing as defendants, filed a caveat averring that said paper-writing was not the last will and testament of said Ered. H. Linebarger, for that \u201cIt was obtained by the undue influence of Caroline Linebarger, Hosea Linebarger, Marvin Line-barger, and other persons in their behalf.\u201d Thereupon an issue was submitted, to-wit: \u201cIs the paper-writing offered for probate, and every part thereof, the last will and testament of Fred. IT. Linebarger, deceased?\u201d The jury having responded \u201cNo\u201d to the issue, judgment was rendered accordingly, and propounders having noted exceptions to his Honor\u2019s rulings set forth in the opinion, appealed.\nWitherspoon c@ Witherspoon for the plaintiffs.\nW'. 0. Feimster, M. H. Yount, and Self & Whitener for the defendants." }, "file_name": "0229-01", "first_page_order": 269, "last_page_order": 279 }