{
  "id": 11275470,
  "name": "John Mushat v. Ephraim Brevard",
  "name_abbreviation": "Mushat v. Brevard",
  "decision_date": "1833-12",
  "docket_number": "",
  "first_page": "73",
  "last_page": "80",
  "citations": [
    {
      "type": "nominative",
      "cite": "4 Dev. 73"
    },
    {
      "type": "official",
      "cite": "15 N.C. 73"
    }
  ],
  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "N.C.",
    "id": 9292,
    "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina"
  },
  "jurisdiction": {
    "id": 5,
    "name_long": "North Carolina",
    "name": "N.C."
  },
  "cites_to": [],
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:49:44.411836+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [],
    "parties": [
      "John Mushat v. Ephraim Brevard."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "Gaston, Judge.\nAfter stating the case as above, proceeded: '\nThe statement in the case \u201c that an account of thear-tides sold was kept by tbe executors, and that on tbe slave being bid off by tbe plaintiff, be was entered on tbe account as tbe purchaser,\u201d and those parts of tbe charge bi'ought before us for review which direct tbe jury, \u201c that tbe auctioneer was to be regarded as the agent of the vendors, that if be knocked down tbe slave to the plaintiff\u2019s bid, and tbe slave was entered on tbe account of sales as.purchased by the plaintiff, and if a delivery was then made by the auctioneer to tbe plaintiff, although he bad no right to tbe possession of tbe slave till a compliance with the terms of tbe sale, yet the title passed to him, and the death of the slave in the interim would have been bis loss,\u201d \u2014 and furthermore, \u201c that if after tbe purchase it was agreed between the executors and tbe plaintiff to postpone tbe taking of tbe bond till next day, or if in fact the sale did not close till next day, and bond with approved surety vvas tendered on tbe day following tbe bid, that gave a right to tbe plaintiff to demand tbe possession,\u201d \u2014 all these seem designed to call upon this court for an exposition of the statute of 1819 \u201c to makq void parol contracts for the sale of land and slaves.\u201d\u2014 Were it necessary for a correct determination of the cause to decide whether in this case there was such a written memorandum of tbe contract, signed by the vendors or by any person thereunto authorised by them, as conformed to the requisitions of this statute, we should much regret that the facts in relation to the account of sales were not more fully set forth. Weshould then desire to know whether the terms of the sale were expressed in it; whether it was in fact signed by any person, and if so by whom ; whether it purported to contain the full evidence .of the several contracts of sale, or was a mere memorandum to help the memory of the executors, and contained but the names of the articles set up for sale, of the persons who became the highest bidders, and the prices at which the articles were severally bid off. It appears to us however, wholly unnecessary to decide this question, if in truth it was intended to be presented for our decision. The plaintiff has not instituted an action against the executors for a breach, or non-perform-anee of their contract, but sues the defendant for a detion of his slave, which lie alleges became his property by virtue of the executed contract of the executors. If the executors were bound in law to comply with their contract for a sale but refused to execute it, the property in the slave was not changed, and the plaintiff cannot maintain this action. If the executors were not bound to execute the contract, but nevertheless did execute it, the plaintiff became the legal owner of the slave, and is entitled to this remedy against any person who withholds from him the possession of the slave. The act of 1819 applies to executory contracts and to these only. (Choate v. Wright, ante 2 vol. p. 289.)\nWhether the entry of a purchaser\u2019s name & bid in an account of auction sales, made by the vendor, is a note or memorandum within the meaning of the act of 1819, (liev. c. 1016.) Qul\nQuestions under the act of 1819 avc.ding pa.ol contracts for the sale of slaves &c. aotions^foTthe11 breach of execu-tory contracts-\nThe case of Choatev. Wright {ante 2 vol. p. 289,) approved.\nThe act of 1784, (Rev. c. 225,) and 1792, (Rev. c. 363,) furnish the law by which the cas\u00e9is to be decided. The first requires that sales of slaves shall be in writing attested by at least one credible witness, and shall be proved and registered, in all cases where the claims of creditors or purchasers may be affected. The second enacts that all sales of slaves bona Jide made and accompanied with the actual delivery of the slave or slaves to the purchaser, and which would have been held good and valid before the act of 1784, shall be good and valid without a bill of sale. The plaintiff and the defendant both claim the property in dispute as purchasers from the executors of Thomas. It became necessary for the plaintiff to show that the executors had transferred the slave to him, and this could only be done by exhibiting such a written transfer as the act of 1784 requires, or proving such a sale and delivery as the act of 1792 declares shall be valid. No written transfer was produced or alleged ; and the plaintiff undertook to prove a bo-na Jide sale accompanied with the actual delivery of the slave. No evidence was given of a delivery in anyway by the executors or either of them personally. It is not stated that the plaintiff had the actual possession of the slave, issued any orders to, or exercised any dominion over him, before he tendered his bond to the executors and demanded a delivery from them. When this tender and demand were made, the executors repudiated the contract, and refused to make the delivery \u2014 and after this refusal sold the slave to the defendant. Unless the iacts which occurred at the time the negro was bid 0j\u00a3 an j on the evening of that day, that is to say. the declaration of the crier to the negro, (for it could not have been to the plaintiff') \u2018there is your master,\u2019 the negro bei n g present, and the executors, who might have heard the observation, saying nothing to the contrary, and the agreement between the executors and the plaintiff to defer until the next day the taking of the bond and surety for the purchase money \u2014 unless these facts amounted in law to an actual delivery, or furnished evidence from which the jury might infer the fact of an actual delivery, the alleged transfer to the plaintiff was invalid, because it was not accompanied by a delivery. It is with rc-fe-rence to these facts that the most important part of the charge remains to be examined. \u201cThe court instructed the jury that a corporal delivery was not necessary ; that if the the slave was present and declared by the owners or the auctioneer, to be the plaintiff\u2019s property, so that the plaintiff might take hold of him, and no objection then stated, it amounted in law to a .delivery.\u201d As there was no evidence of such a declaration by the owners, and as the charge stales the Iaw to be the same whether the declaration were made by them .or by the auctioneer, the appellant has a right to require that the instruction shall be considered as though the words \u201c by the owners\u201d were stricken from it.\nDelivery of a slave in order to the vendee need not he by manual jbu^mustr\u00e1k'by s\u00f3me act proving unequivocallythat the possession is changed.\nWe are compelled to dissent from this instruction.\u2014 Unquestionably the actual delivery required by the act \u00b0f U92, may be made without a manual touching of the body of the slave, but we hold that it must be manifest\u2018 by some act or acts, Irom winch it can be seen or clearly inferred, that the possession of the slave, has been unequivocally relinquished by the vendor and taken by the vendee. The statute is emphatic in requir- . , 111 g not delivery merely, but actual delivery, and we think that nothing short of such a change of possession as manifests that the bargain is consummated, and that nothing remains to he done between the parties in rejation to the subjeei matter of the bargain, will satisfy this requirement. To prevent frauds and perjuries, to shut the door on the misapprehensions and contradictory statements and misrepresentations of witnesses, ami to give authenticity and notoriety to the transaction, such a delivery must be proved, or a written, attested and registered transfer produced, whenever the title of a creditor of the vendor, or a purchaser from him, is attempted to be disturbed by a sale alleged to have been previously made. If the declaration of the crier and silence of the executors constituted such a delivery, then the negro became absolutely the property of the plaintiff; the condition in the terms of sale, that bond and approved surety should be given before the close of the sale was waived, anti the executors were to give a personal credit for the purchase money to the plaintiff. It cannot be believed that the parties, either the plaintiff or the executors, understood what was said by the crier (for nothing was doneJ as amounting to stick a delivery. After this declaration we find them negotiating on the subject of paying or securing the payment of the purchase money, and postponing the completion of this very material part of the bargain until the next day_ The vendors too were executors, making sale of the personal estate of their testator. The law imposed it as a duty on them to take security from the purchasers before they delivered the property; and from the advertisement down to the tender of the plaintiff and his demand of a delivery, and of their refusal to make it, there is not a circumstance indicating an intent to part with the possession, until the price was paid or secured to their entire satisfaction. Was the declaration of the crier evidence from which an inference could be drawn, that he undertook to waive this part of the bargain, and to deliver possession before the price was paid or ser cured ? We think not. The executors were in truth the auctioneers, and the crier but their servant. The advertisement for the sale was made not by him, but by the executors. The bonds were to be taken not to hjm, but to the executors, and the sufficiency of the sureties passed on, not by him, but by them. The account of sales is kept, not by him, but by them, and they (the case states) generally attended to and managed the sales. No agency of any sort is shown to have been performcd.by him except to cry the property, and without some evidence of an authority to act further, the law cannot imply that he possessed it. If this then, was his only authority, the declaration must be understood as made with reference to it, and as merely the-annunciation to the slave, awaiting anxiously the result of the competition, of the persen ascertained to be the highest bidder, and who of course was expected to become his master. If indeed, after this declaration the plaintiff had proceeded to exercise unequivocal acts of ownership over the slave \u2014 as by sending him to the plaintiffs home or avowedly claiming the possession of him as then the plaintiffs property, such acts done in the presence and with the knowledge and acquiescence of the executors, might have been left to the jury as evidence (whether strong or weak I shall not pretend to say) of a waiver on their part of any further act to be done for the completion of the bargain, and an absolute delivery of the slave by them to the plaintiff. But the declaration of the crier at the moment the bidding terminated, \u201c there is your master/\u2019 although the slave and the owners were present \u2014 although the plaintiff might take hold of him, but did not \u2014 the owners saying nothing and doing nothing \u2014 there being no apparent change of the possession \u2014 no money then paid, nor secured to be paid, nor personal credit to be given, is not, we think cither a delivery in law, or evidence from which a jury could infer a delivery in fact.\nA crier who does nothing but proclaim the bids made at an auction sale, is the servant of the ven dor, and has no authority to bind, him in any respect.\nIt is the opinion of the court that the judgment rendered in the Superior Court bo reversed, and a new trial granted.\nPee. Ctjkiam \u2014 Judgment eeyeesed.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "Gaston, Judge."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Fearsou for the defendant.",
      "Bevereucc, contra."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "John Mushat v. Ephraim Brevard.\nOne claiming a slave against a subsequent purchaser from his vendor must produce a bill of sale registered according to the act of 1784, ( Rev. c. 225,) or prove a delivery of the possession, which under the act of 1792, (Bev. c. 363) will dispense with it. And where a slave was sold at auction, and the plaintiff being the highest bidder, the crier said to the slave, \u201cthere is your master,\u201d and the vendor being present, did not ob-jset, but entered the plaintiff\u2019s name and bid in the account of sales, and gave him time to comply with the terms, but afterwards sold the same slave to the defendant \u2014 it was held that no title vested in the plaintiff so as to enable him to recover the slave in detinue.\n\u201c This was an action of Detinue tried at Iredell, \u201con the last Fall Circuit, before Seawexi, Judge, to \u201crecover a slave. The plaintiff made title by an alleged purchase at auction, under the following circum- \u2018\u2018 stances. The property of the slave was in one Thomas. \u201cHis executors advertised the sale of the personal estate of their testator at public auction to the highest \u201c bidder, and the terms of the sale were for the purchaser to give bond with approved security before the close \u201c of the sale. The slave in question was set up by a \u201c crier appointed by the executors, and bid off by the \u201c plaintiff and knocked down to him as the purchaser, \u201c when the crier, the slave being then present, said to \u201cthe slave or the plaintiff, \u201cthere is your master,\u201d al- \u201c hiding to Mnshat as the purchaser. There was no \u201c particular evidence given to show whether the executors \u201c were actually by-standers when the plaintiff purchased, nor whether any particular power was given to tin; auctioneer to deliver the property sold. Where \u201c the ex\u00e9cutors were, when the bid was knocked down, \u201cand the auctioneer made the declaration, and the authority of the auctioneer, were not affected by other \u201cproof than that the executors generally attended and \u201c managed the sale. There was no delivery proved by \u201cactual corporal -touching. Evidence was given, that \u201con the evening of the day of the purchase, and after \u201c the purchase, and before the close of the sale, it was \u201c agreed between the executors and Mnshat theplaintiff, \u201c that the bond was to be given the next day, if the \u201cprice of the negro was not settled in the price of a \u201c tract of land, which Mnshat was to convey to them, or \u201c one of them, the next day, under some agreement for a \u201c sale. The plaintiff gave evidence to show that lie on \u201c the following day, when the agreement for the purchase \u201c of the land fell through, tendered a bond with suffici- \u201c ent surety, and he also proved that some small arti- \u201c cle, such as an auger, of the estate of the testator, \u201cwas sold on the day when the tender of the bond \u201c was made. Tiie plaintiff also proved that an ac- \u201c count of the articles sold was kept by the exccu- \u201c tors, and that on tiie slave being cried out and \u201cknocked down to him, lie was entered on the account \u201c as purchaser. The plaintiff proved the refusal of the \u201cexecutors to deliver' the slave on tender of the bond \" \u201cand demand of the slave; that on the next morning, \u201c before the arrival of Mnshat on the day of tender, the \u201c executors declared that they would not let him have \u201cthe slave, that he gave too little, that another man \u201cwould give more, and this was repeated when the de-l( mand was made, with the allegation that there was \u201c fraud in the sale, and that the plaintiff had not com\u201cplied with the terms of the sale by giving bond the day \u201c before as prescribed. There was evidence also that \u201cthe executors forbade the plaintiff from taking the slave, \u201cbut it appeared also in evidence that Mushat liad pos- \u201c session for several days, till the slave by some means \u201c got into the possession of the defendant, who subse- \u201c quently to the day of the tender of the bond, purchased \u201cfrom the executors. The Judge in his direction to \u201c the jury, said that the auctioneer was to be regarded \u201c in law as the agent of the vendors, that if he knocked \u201c down the slave to the plaintiff\u2019s bid, and the slave was \u201c entered on the account of sales as purchased by the \u201c plaintiff, and if a delivery was then made by the auc- \u201c tionecr to the plaintiff, although he had no right to the \u201cpossession of the slave till a compliance with the terms '\u201cof sale, yet nevertheless the tills passed to him, and \u201c the death of the slave in the interim would have been \u201c his loss. The Judge further stated to the jury that if \u201c after the purchase, it was agreed by the executors and \u201c the plaintiff to postpone taking the bond till next day, \u201c or if in fact the sale did not close until next day, and \u201c bond with sufficient surety was tendered the day fol- > \u201c lowing the bid, that gave a right to the plaintiff to de\u201cmand the possession. He instructed the jury that cor\u201cporal delivery was not necessary; that if the slave \u201c was present, and declared by the owners or auctioneer \u201c to be the plaintiff\u2019s property, so that the plaintiff \u201c might take Isold of him, and no objection was then \u201cstated, in law, that would amount to a delivery and the \u201c title would pass. A verdict was found for the plain- \u201c tiff, a motion made for a new trial on the ground of misdirection, which was refused, and judgment having \u201c been rendered for the plaintiffj the defendant ap- \u201c pealed.\u201d\nFearsou for the defendant.\nBevereucc, contra."
  },
  "file_name": "0073-01",
  "first_page_order": 81,
  "last_page_order": 88
}