{ "id": 8651956, "name": "THE TOWN OF SHELBY and W. H. JENNINGS v. CLEVELAND MILL AND POWER COMPANY", "name_abbreviation": "Town of Shelby v. Cleveland Mill & Power Co.", "decision_date": "1911-05-11", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "196", "last_page": "202", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "155 N.C. 196" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "141 N. C., 640", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "199 U. S., 307", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "137 U. S., 86", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3546709 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/137/0086-01" ] }, { "cite": "101 U. S., 841", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "25 L. R. A., 591", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L.R.A.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "48 Or., 550", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Or.", "case_ids": [ 2238112 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/or/48/0550-01" ] }, { "cite": "104 N. C., 861", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8652545 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/104/0861-01" ] }, { "cite": "68 L. R. A., 406", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L.R.A.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "119 N. Y., 226", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.", "case_ids": [ 2229482 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ny/119/0226-01" ] }, { "cite": "123 U. S., 623", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3523081 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/123/0623-01" ] }, { "cite": "144 N. C., 706", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "141 N. C., 615", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11253797 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/141/0615-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 685, "char_count": 13608, "ocr_confidence": 0.467, "pagerank": { "raw": 3.2942258661813585e-07, "percentile": 0.8715021609367959 }, "sha256": "2189496f94289a1d04171a0285ef64246343ead3af5880d368add69159a668d9", "simhash": "1:93864dc854b44eb6", "word_count": 2333 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:21:07.457528+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE TOWN OF SHELBY and W. H. JENNINGS v. CLEVELAND MILL AND POWER COMPANY." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "BkowN, J.\nThe plaintiffs do not rely upon the principles of the common law, but rest their case solely upon section 3051 of the Revisal of 1905, which reads as follows: \u201cNo person or municipality shall flow or discharge sewage into any drain, brook, creek or river from which a public drinking-water supply is taken, unless the same shall have been passed through some well-known system of sewage purification approved by the State Board of Health; and the continual flow and discharge of such sewage may be enjoined upon application of any person.\u201d A violation of this statute is made a misdemeanor, punishable by fine and imprisonment by section 3858.\nThe defendant contends, as a matter of law, that it cannot be restrained from emptying its raw sewage in the river in question, because that, prior to the enactment of the statute forbidding it, it had acquired the prescriptive right to do so, and that consequently the statute, if it was ever intended to apply to such a case, is void to the extent that it undertakes to deprive the defendant of a valuable property right without making compensation therefor.\nThe propositions sought to be maintained in their brief by the learned counsel for defendant are:\n(1) \"Whether the right to pollute a stream can be acquired by prescription; and, if it can,\n(2) Whether, when such right has been acquired, it can be destroyed by a statute, making no provision for compensation therefor.\nThe statute upon which this action is founded is one of several laws enacted in pursuance of wbat appears to be an intelligent purpose upon tbe part of tbe General Assembly to protect tbe bealtb and well-being of tbe citizens of tbe State by guarding tbe watersheds and public water supplies of tbe cities and towns of tbe State from contamination, as far as possible.\nTbe value and wisdom of sucb legislation is established by experience and needs no defense at our bands, even if it was a subject within our domain. It is in line with tbe most enlightened legislation of Great Britain and of States of this Union. Tbe preservation of tbe public bealtb, as well as public morals, is a duty devolving on tbe State, tbe discharge of which is denominated an exercise of tbe pobce power, and it is under sucb power that sirch legislation is sustained and enforced.\nThis particular statute was considered by this Court in tbe ease of City of Durham v. Eno Cotton Mills, 141 N. C., 615, and 144 N. C., 706, and its constitutionality sustained at all points 'in well-considered opinions by Mr. Justice Walicer, in which practically all tbe authorities are cited and discussed. It is unnecessary to review them here.\nTbe only point not considered in those opinions is the contention of the defendant\u2019that by over twenty years\u2019 continuous usage it has acquired a prescriptive right to empty its raw sewage into tbe river, with which tbe State has no power to interfere without making provision for compensation.\nThere are authorities to tbe effect that as against a private individual lower down on tbe stream tbe right to pollute it to a greater extent than is permissible at common law may be acquired by prescription by an upper riparian owner. But we are not now dealing with tbe rights of riparian owners, but with tbe rights of tbe public at large as represented by tbe General Assembly.\nIt is well settled that, unless by legislative enactment, no title can be acquired against the public by user alone, nor lost to tbe public by non-user. Commonwealth v. Moorehead, 4 Am. St., 601, and cases cited 22 Am. & Eng., p. 1190. Public rights are never destroyed by long-continued encroachments or permissive trespasses. If it is in tbe power of tbe General Assembly, in tbe exercise of its police power, as we have held in tbe Durham case, to enact this law and make its violation a misdemeanor, it necessarily follows that the defendant could not acquire a right by prescription Avhich would exempt it from the operation of the statute.\nWhether the pollution of this stream by emptying raw sewage into it was a nuisance at common law, it is unnecessary to consider.\nSince the passage of the statute it may be classified as a public nuisance unless the provisions of the act be complied with. The learned counsel properly admits that if a stream should be polluted to the extent and under such circumstances as to create a public nuisance, then no prescription would justify such nuisance.\nThe power of the General Assembly to pass all needful laws, except when barred by constitutional restrictions, is plenary, and the Legislature has the power to declare places or practices to the detriment of the health, morals or welfare of the community public nuisances, although not such at common law.\nThis seems to be well settled. Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U. S., 623; Lawton v. Steel, 119 N. Y., 226; S. v. Tower, 68 L. R. A., 406.\nThe right which the State is seeking to enforce through this statute is a public right, a right to protect the health of the people of the State. As against such public rights, prescription cannot run. There is no such thing as a prescriptive right to maintain a public nuisance. Joyce on Nuisances, sec. 51; Cyc., 29, 1207; Jones on Easements, sec. 178; McMoran & Willis on Sewers and Drains, 233.\nIn Com. v. Upton, 6 Grey (Mass.), 473-476, the Court says: '\u201cIt is therefore immaterial, so far as the government is concerned, in the administration of the law for the general welfare, how long a noxious practice may have prevailed or illegal acts been persisted in. Easements may be created in lands and the rights of the individuals may be wholly changed by adverse use and enjoyment if it is sufficiently protracted, but lapse of time does not equally affect the rights of the State.\u201d See, also, cases collected 3 Am. & Eng. Ann. Oases, p. 25. The General Assembly cannot grant a right to maintain a public nuisance of this character which a succeeding General Assembly could not repeal.\nThe State cannot divest itself of the right to exercise its police power for the general good. Such power is conceded to be one inherent in the State for the protection of the public, and of such \u25a0character that the State may not waive or divest itself of the right to exercise it. S. v. Holman, 104 N. C., 861; 1 Abbot on Mun. Corp., 209; Re O\u2019Brien, 1 A. & E., Ann. Cases, 373; Portland v. Cook, 48 Or., 550; Miles City v. Board of Health, 25 L. R. A., 591.\nAs said by the Supreme Court in Stone v. Mississippi, 101 U. S., 841, \u201cAll agree that the Legislature cannot bargain away the police power of the State.\u201d\nIt follows, from these and many other authorities, that the defendant could not acquire any right by prescription or otherwise which would prevent the General Assembly of the State at any time from exercising its police power to regulate the discharge of sewage into the French Broad River.\nThe issue attempted to be raised by the pleadings that the stream is not dangerously polluted by the raw sewage poured into \u25a0it from a large mill settlement working hundreds of operatives can be of no avail to defendant.\nThat is a matter for the judgment of the Legislature. Such legislation is preventive, and to limit it to cases where actual injury is shown to have occurred would be to deprive it of its most effective force. To be of value such laws must be able to restrain acts which have a tendency to produce public injury.\nThe police power of a State is to be exercised for the general good, and every intendment is to be made in favor of the lawfulness of regulations, such as the statute under consideration, intended to protect the public health and safety. It is not the province of the judicial authority, except in clear cases, to obstruct or interfere with the exercise of such power.\nThe General Assembly, chosen biennially by the people, are better judges than we are of what regulations are necessary to promote the public health and comfort of the citizens of the State.\nThe Supreme Court of the United States, 'which, has always upheld every reasonable exercise of the police power of the States, has said: \u201cThe possession and enjoyment of all rights are subject to such reasonable conditions as may be deemed by the governing authority of the country essential to the safety, health, peace, good order and morals of the community. Even liberty itself, the greatest of all rights, is not an unrestricted license to act according to one\u2019s own will.\u201d Crowley v. Christensen, 137 U. S., 86. If a regulation enacted by the Legislature for the protection of the public health bears, as this does, a real and substantial relation to that object, the courts will not strike it down, although it may appear to bear hard upon some individual.\nThe second proposition of the defendant, that the right to drain its raw sewage into the river cannot be taken from it without compensation, necessarily falls with the first.\nAs the defendant could acquire no vested right of the character claimed, there is no taking of property for a public use, and nothing to compensate the defendant for.\nThe State takes no right from the defendant, but.only prescribes the conditions upon which it may use the river for its private purposes.\nThe present case is governed by principles that do not at all involve an exercise of the power of eminent domain. As said by the Supreme Court of the United .States in Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U. S., \u201cThe power which the States have of prohibiting such use by individuals of their property as will be prejudicial to the health, the morals, or the safety of the public, is not \u2014 and, consistently with the existence and safety of organized society, cannot be \u2014 burdened with the condition that the State must compensate such individual owners for pecuniary losses they must sustain by reason of their not being permitted, by a noxious use of their property, to inflict injury upon the community.\u201d See, also, Sedgewick on Statutory and Const. Law, pp. 434, 435; Reduction Co. v. Sanitary Works, 199 U. S., 307; Durham v. Cotton Mills, 141 N. C., 640.\nThe judgment of the Superior Court is\nAffirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "BkowN, J." } ], "attorneys": [ "Bickett & White, Webb & Mull for plaintiffs.", "Burwell & Cansler, John F. Schenck and Byburn & Hoey for defendant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE TOWN OF SHELBY and W. H. JENNINGS v. CLEVELAND MILL AND POWER COMPANY.\n(Filed 11 May, 1911.)\n1. Water and Water Courses \u2014 Sewers\u2014Pollution\u2014Statutory Regulation \u2014 Constitutional Law.\nRevisal, sec. 3051, regulating sewers discharging into \u201cany drain, creek or river from which a public drinking-water supply is taken,\u201d etc., is within the police power of the Legislature, enacted for the public health, and is constitutional and valid.\n2. Water and Water Courses \u2014 Sewers\u2014Pollution\u2014Statutory Regulations \u2014 Prescription\u2014Vested Rights.\nNo right by prescription can be acquired so as to defeat the operation of a statute made for the preservation of the public health, as, in this case, the right to continue in maintaining a sewerage system which empties into a drain or stream from which a public water supply is obtained, in violation of the terms of a statute. Revisal, 3051.\n3. Same \u2014 User and Non-user.\nNo title can be acquired against the public by user alone, nor lost to the public by non-user, unless by legislative enactment, and Revisal, sec. 3051, being passed in the interest of the public health for regulating sewers emptying into waters from which the public drinking supply is taken, no imescriptive right can be available which would exempt the one claiming it from the operation of the statute.\n4. Water and Water Courses \u2014 Sewers\u2014Pollution\u2014Statutory Regulations \u2014 Nuisance.\nEmptying sewers into such streams as are prohibited by statute, Revisal, sec. 3051, is a nuisance, and the courts will not inquire as to whether the facts in any particular case result in the pollution of the stream, as such matters are well within the regulation' of the Legislature in the exercise of its police powers for the benefit of the public health, and the language of the statute is controlling.\n5. Police Powers \u2014 Legislative Powers \u2014 Subsequent Legislation.\nNo Legislature can bind a subsequent one in its exercise of the powers conferred in regard to the i>oilution of streams from which the public drinking supply is taken. Revisal, sec. 3051.\n6. Police Powers \u2014 Legislative Powers \u2014 Waiver.\nThe right to exercise its police powers for the general good is inherent in the State for the protection of the people and is of such character that the State may not waive or divest itself thereof.\n7. Water and Water Courses \u2014 Sewers\u2014Pollution\u2014Statutory Regulations \u2014 Lawful Taking of Property.\nAs no prescriptive right can be acquired by one in emptying sewers into streams from which a public drinking-water supply is obtained, there can be no taking of property for public use under the inhibition of Revisal, 3051, and nothing to compensate for it, the State only prescribing the conditions under which the stream may be used for sewer purposes.\nAppeal from Biggs, J., at the Spring Term, 1911, of Cleve-LAND.\nThe plaintiffs seek to enjoin the defendant from turning its raw sewage into the French Broad River some eight miles above the intake of the Shelby Water Works System.\nTbe defendant answers, admitting the material allegations of the complaint, and that it does empty the raw sewage from its mills and water-closets into said river, and claims prescriptive right to do so, and further avers that the water supply of the plaintiff town is not contaminated thereby. The plaintiffs demur to the answer. . The court sustained the demurrer and gave judgment against defendant, which excepted and appealed.\nBickett & White, Webb & Mull for plaintiffs.\nBurwell & Cansler, John F. Schenck and Byburn & Hoey for defendant." }, "file_name": "0196-01", "first_page_order": 232, "last_page_order": 238 }