{ "id": 11270967, "name": "MARY J. ALEXANDER v. MRS. J. R. JOHNSTON", "name_abbreviation": "Alexander v. Johnston", "decision_date": "1916-05-10", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "468", "last_page": "473", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "171 N.C. 468" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "139 N. Y., 223", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.", "case_ids": [ 24561 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ny/139/0223-01" ] }, { "cite": "10 S. E., 843", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "196 Pa., 576", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pa.", "case_ids": [ 916785 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/pa/196/0576-01" ] }, { "cite": "98 Pa., 159", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pa.", "case_ids": [ 496966 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/pa/98/0159-01" ] }, { "cite": "108 N. C., 134", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8650065 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/108/0134-01" ] }, { "cite": "158 N. C., 56", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "165 N. C., 559", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "162 N. C., 213", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11270590 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/162/0213-01" ] }, { "cite": "157 N. C., 435", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "157 N. C., 429", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8658135 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/157/0429-01" ] }, { "cite": "66 N. C., 361", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11277241 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/66/0361-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 658, "char_count": 14361, "ocr_confidence": 0.453, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.414108814377459e-07, "percentile": 0.9446054576927072 }, "sha256": "17b2dbdde064152168b7f5608d17c65c1ddfc479379ceaa52c5505f58bd5b9f3", "simhash": "1:7c8591bb2d380a86", "word_count": 2522 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:52:28.143754+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "MARY J. ALEXANDER v. MRS. J. R. JOHNSTON." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Alleit, J.\nThe right to dispose of property by will is statutory (Pullen v. Comrs., 66 N. C., 361), and can only be exercised by following the requirements of the statute. In re Jenkins\u2019 Will, 157 N. C., 429.\nThese requirements, prescribed by the legislative department for the execution of a will, are essential, and cannot be disregarded. They are the measure of the exercise of the right, and the heir cannot be deprived of his inheritance except in the way pointed out.\nIn determining the construction of a will, the controlling idea is to discover and give effect to the intent of the testator, but when the question of its formal execution is at issue we look to the intent of the Legislature (In re Seamon, 2 A. and E. Anno. Cases, 726), and this intent must be gathered from the language, and from a consideration of the existing law, the evils intended to be remedied, and the remedy applied.\nBlackstone says, page 14: \u201cThere are three points to be considered in the construction of all remedial statutes \u2014 the old law, the mischief, and tbe remedy; tbat is, bow tbe common law stood at tbe making o\u00a3 tbe act, wbat tbe mischief was for wbicb tbe common law did not provide, and wbat remedy tbe Parliament batb provided to cure tbis mischief. And it is tbe business of tbe judge so to construe tbe act as to suppress tbe mischief and advance tbe remedy.\u201d\nOur Court has also said, referring to tbe statute as to holographic wills: \u201cTbe provisions of tbe statute are, of course, mandatory and not directory, and, therefore, there must be a strict compliance with them before there can be a valid execution and probate of a holographic script as a will; but this does not mean tbat tbe construction of tbe statute should be so rigid and binding as to defeat its clearly expressed purpose. It may be construed and enforced strictly, but at tbe same time reasonably.\u201d In re Jenkins\u2019 Will, 157 N. C., 435.\nTbe purpose of the statute is to enable persons who cannot procure tbe assistance of others in tbe preparation of a will, or who are inclined to make known prior to death wbat disposition has been made of their property, to execute a valid will by a paper in their own bandwriting, and without tbe formal attestation of witnesses, and tbe formalities as to execution are intended to'effectuate tbis purpose and not to defeat it.\nTbe paper must be found after death among tbe valuable papers of tbe deceased or deposited with some person for safe keeping. Tbis is to furnish evidence tbat tbe deceased attached importance to tbe paper as a testamentary disposition and to lessen tbe opportunity for fraud or imposition. Tbe paper must be in the bandwriting of tbe deceased. Tbis is to identify tbe testator, and to form tbe causal connection between tbe writer and tbe writing, and to prevent tbe possibility of change and alterations without tbe consent of tbe testator. Tbe name of tbe testator must be subscribed to tbe paper or inserted in some part thereof, and tbis is also for identification of tbe testator, and to furnish evidence of the paper being a completed, instrument.\nAll of these provisions of tbe statute have admittedly been followed in tbe present case, unless there has been a failure to subscribe or insert tbe name of tbe testator in tbe paper offered for probate.\nHas there been such failure, and wbat is tbe meaning of tbe language to subscribe or insert tbe name of tbe testator?\nThe General Assembly is presumed to know of existing law and to adopt and enact statutes in conformity with it, and it is settled in tbis State tbat a valid will may be executed on separate papers (In re Swain's Will, 162 N. C., 213), and tbat tbe name of tbe testator need not be subscribed; but tbat it is a sufficient signing if tbe name appears in any part of tbe will. Boger v. Lumber Co., 165 N. C., 559.\nTbe Court said in tbe first of these cases, quoting from Chief Justice Gibson: \u201cIt is a rudimental principle tbat a will may be made on dis-iinct papers, as was beld in Earl of Essex\u2019s case, cited in Lee v. Libb, 1 Show., 69. It is sufficient that they are connected by their internal sense, by coherence or adaption of parts,\u201d and in the second, quoting from Richards v. Lumber Co., 158 N. C., 56: \u201cIt is well settled in this State that when a signature is essential to the validity of an instrument it is not necessary that the signature appear at the end,- unless the statute uses the word \u2018subscribe.\u2019 Devereux v. McMahan, 108 N. C., 134. This has always been ruled in this State in regard to wills, as to which the signature may appear anywhere.\u201d\nUnder these decisions, if there had been no indorsement on the envelope, and one paper had been found on the inside in the handwriting of the deceased, beginning, \u201cMy mind being as good as usual, I, Julia W. Johnston, herewith make my will\u201d '; or if two papers had been found in the envelope, one in the form of the one found, which undertakes to dispose of property, and the other in the handwriting of the testator, saying, \u201cI, Julia W. Johnston, do make the paper inclosed herewith as my will\u201d; or if the paper found which disposes of property alone had been in the envelope, but the testator had written on the inside of the envelope, \u201cI, Julia W. Johnston, make the inclosed paper my will\u201d: in either event the papers could be admitted to probate.\nIf so, why should probate be denied when words of similar import are used on the outside of the envelope?\nThe identity of the testator is established by the handwriting on the envelope and on the paper on the inside, and the physical connection by the indorsement and the paper inclosed and the sealing of the envelope.\nIn 1 Schouler on Wills, see. 316, the author says, speaking of a will not in the handwriting of the testator and requiring attestation: \u201cA valid signature may be made on a separate piece of paper which is stuck or fastened to the body of the will and contains nothing but the signa- ' ture and attestation, provided it be shown that the execution was bona fide and regular in other respects and the paper duly fastened at or before the time of attestation.\u201d\nWe have found only one decided case directly in point, Fosselman v. Elder, 98 Pa., 159, which is approved in In re Harrison, 196 Pa., 576. In the Fosselman case the testatrix died leaving a will in due form, dated 1878, which was duly admitted to probate. Subsequently there was found among her valuable papers an envelope bearing the inscription, in decedent\u2019s handwriting: \u201cDear Bella, this is for you to open,\u201d and inside was found a $2,000 note, and the following writing in testatrix\u2019s own hand:\nLewistoh, 21 October, 1879.\nMy wish is for you to draw this $2,000 for your own use should I die sudden. Elizabeth EosselmaN.\nTbe Court allowed tbe probate of tbe envelope as part of tbe will, saying, in tbe opinion: \u201cTbe only remaining question is wbetber tbe testatrix -bas sufficiently designated tbe plaintiff as tbe object of ber bounty in tbe paper tbat is claimed to operate as a codicil to ber will. Tbe court below held tbat sbe bad not, and accordingly entered judgment in favor of tbe defendant non obsiante veredicto. In tbis we tbink there was error. It is true, tbe testamentary paper of 21 October, 1879, does not designate tbe plaintiff by name, and if we bad no written evidence to sbow wbo was meant by tbe pronoun \u2018you,\u2019 tbe bequest of tbe note would be void for uncertainty; but it is a settled fact tbat tbe envelope is\u2019 addressed to tbe plaintiff, and wby should not tbat in-dorsement in tbe bandwriting of tbe testatrix be taken as part of tbe testamentary disposition ? It is well settled tbat a will may be, written on several separate pieces of paper. It is not even essential to its validity tbat tbe different parts should be physically united; it is sufficient if they are connected by their internal sense or by a coherence and adaption of parts. Wikoff\u2019s Appeal, 3 Harris, 281. . . .\n\u201cWithout pursuing tbe subject further, we are of opinion tbat tbe inscription on tbe envelope should be read as tbe preface to and in connection with tbe paper inclosed therein, and tbat they together constitute a valid testamentary disposition of tbe accompanying note, operating as a codicil to tbe will of tbe testatrix.\u201d\nTbe case of Warwick v. Warwick, (Va.) 10 S. E., 843, relied on by tbe caveators, bas facts something like those before us, but tbe opinion is based on a statute, unlike ours, as is shown by tbe decision tbat tbe paper offered for probate was not signed, although it began, \u201cI, Abram Warwick, declare tbis to be my last will and testament,\u201d which, as we have seen, is a signing under our statute.\nTbe case of Vogle v. Lekritter, 139 N. Y., 223, also relied on, did not involve a holograph will, and tbe Court rejected an envelope as a part of a will because it was not intended as a testamentary disposition, but .as a record of the official act of tbe notary wbo prepared tbe papers.\nWe have given tbe question involved careful consideration, and have reached tbe conclusion tbat tbe judgment ought not to be disturbed.\nNo error.", "type": "majority", "author": "Alleit, J." } ], "attorneys": [ "Pharr & Bell and Archibald G. Robertson for caveator.", "Glarlcson & Taliaferro for propounder." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "MARY J. ALEXANDER v. MRS. J. R. JOHNSTON.\n(Filed 10 May, 1916.)\n1. Wills \u2014 Statutory Right.\nTli\u00a9 right to dispose of property by will being exclusively statutory, the heir may not be deprived of his inheritance if the provisions of the statute with regard to the exercise of this right are disregarded.\n2. Same \u2014 Interpretation of Statutes.\nIn construing a will, the intent of the testator should be given controlling effect, the efficacy of the instrument as a will being dependent upon the legislative intent gathered from the language of the statute, construed from a consideration\u201d of the existing law and the evils to be remedied, so that the remedy may be applied.\n8. Same \u2014 Holograph Wills.\nThe purpose of our statute authorizing holograph wills is to enable persons to make valid wills by executing the instrument in their own handwriting, their names appearing therein, when they cannot procure the assistance of others or do not desire the intended disposition of their property to be known; and this without the formal attestation of witnesses.\n4. Same \u2014 Identification.\nThe requirement that a holograph will, to be valid, must have been found among \u2022 the valuable papers of the deceased or deposited with some person for safe keeping is to furnish evidence that the deceased attached importance to the paper as a testamentary disposition and lessen the opportunity for fraud; and that the writing should he that of the testator, with his name therein appearing is for the purpose of identity and to prevent the possibility of unauthorized alterations, and of furnishing evidence that the paper is a completed instrument.\n5. Same \u2014 Separate Papers \u2014 Sealed Envelope \u2014 Indorsed Signature.\nA holograph will may be valid if written on different papers and their connection established, if the name of the testator therein appears and the whole is in his handwriting; and where a paper-writing is found among the valuable papers of the deceased after his death, purporting to be a testamentary disposition of his property, though his name does not therein appear, but it is inclosed in a sealed envelope with the name of the deceased indorsed thereon and immediately thereafter the word \u201cwill,\u201d and all is shown to be in the handwriting of the deceased, it is held sufficient in this respect to establish the writing as his holograph will.\nAppeal by caveators from Garter, /., at February Term, 1916, of MeGKLENBTTRG.\nThis is a caveat to two papers offered for probate as the will of Julia W. Johnston.\nOne of these papers is an envelope on which is written the words, \u201cJulia W. Johnston Will,\u201d and the other is a paper found on the inside of the envelope, in the following words:\n\u201cLittle Mills, RichmoNd CottNty, March 31, 1911.\n\u201cMy mind being as sound as usual, I herewith make my will.\n\u201cTo my dear mother, if she survives me, I will my farm in Gaston County, that is, my part of my father\u2019s plantation.\n\u201cTo my unmarried sisters, and to my little niece Margaret Barton Alexander, I leave the remainder \u2022 of my property, to be equally divided.\u201d\nThe propounders offered evidence tending to prove that the words \u201cJulia W. Johnston Will\u201d indorsed on the envelope and the whole of the paper inclosed therein were in the handwriting of Julia W. Johnston, the testatrix; that the papers were found after the death of Julia W. Johnston among her valuable papers, and that she had stated prior to death that she had made her will, and told where it could be found, which is the place where it was found.\nIt was also in evidence that the envelope when found after death, with the paper inclosed therein, was lightly sealed.\nThe propounders contended that the envelope and the paper on the inside constituted the will of Julia W. Johnston and should be admitted to probate.\nTbe caveators contended that the statute as to holographic wills had not been complied with, in that the name of the testatrix had not been subscribed to or inserted in the will as required by the statute, and requested his Honor to so instruct the jury, which he refused to do, and the caveators excepted.\nHis Honor instructed the jury as follows:\n\u201cGentlemen of the jury, if you believe the evidence, and it satisfies you by its greater weight, that the paper-writing introduced in evidence, and the envelope introduced with it, are both in the handwriting of Julia W. Johnston, deceased, and that they were intended to speak together as the last will and testament of said Julia W. Johnston, deceased; and if you are further satisfied, by the greater weight of the evidence, that the envelope and the paper were found among the valuable papers and effects of the said Julia \"W\". Johnston, deceased, the envelope being at the time lightly sealed; and if you are further satisfied from the evidence that at the time of the making of said writing the said Julia W. Johnston was of the age of 21 years or, more, and that she was of sound mind and memory, you will answer this issue \u2018Yes, and every part thereof.\u2019\u2019 If you are not so satisfied, gentlemen, you will answer it No.\u2019 \u201d\nThe caveators excepted.\nThere was a verdict in favor of the propounders, and from the judg- . ment rendered thereon the caveators appealed.\nPharr & Bell and Archibald G. Robertson for caveator.\nGlarlcson & Taliaferro for propounder." }, "file_name": "0468-01", "first_page_order": 520, "last_page_order": 525 }