{
  "id": 8655028,
  "name": "GEORGE W. GARLAND v. THE JEFFERSON STANDARD LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY",
  "name_abbreviation": "Garland v. Jefferson Standard Life Insurance",
  "decision_date": "1919-12-20",
  "docket_number": "",
  "first_page": "67",
  "last_page": "73",
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    "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina"
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      "cite": "159 N. C., 382",
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      "cite": "145 N. C., 355",
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      "cite": "110 N. C., 93",
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:12:15.491038+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
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  "casebody": {
    "judges": [
      "Brown, J., dissenting."
    ],
    "parties": [
      "GEORGE W. GARLAND v. THE JEFFERSON STANDARD LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "Clark, C. J.\nOn 23 November, 1904, the plaintiff took out a policy of $5,000 in the Security, Life and Annuity Company upon the annual payment of a premium of $104.30. On 20 September, 1912, the defendant, the Jefferson Standard Life Insurance Company, with the consent of the Security, Life and Annuity Insurance Company, entered into a contract with the plaintiff for the performance of the conditions of said policy, it having assumed all the liabilities and contracts of the aforesaid Security, Life and Annuity Company.\nIt is admitted that the plaintiff made nine annual payments, but being out of the State, be\" did not pay the premium which fell due on 23 November, 1912, and on 20 December, 1912, sent a cheek for $25, and by arrangement with the defendant executed what is called the' \u201cblue note,\u201d which is as follows:\n\u201cPol. No. 1706-a. Mobile, Ala., November 23; 1912.\nOn or before February 23, 1913, after date, without grace and without demand or notice, I promise to pay to the order of the Jefferson Standard Life Insurance Company sixty-five and 85/100 dollars at borne office, Greensboro, N. C., value received, with interest at the rate of six per cent per annum.\nThis note is accepted by said company at the request of the maker, together with the twenty-five and no/100 dollars in cash, on the following express agreement:\nThat although no part of the premium due on the 23d day of November, 1912, under policy No. 1706-a issued by the Security, Life and Annuity Insurance Company on the life of George W. Garland, and re-insured by Jefferson Standard Life Insurance Company, has been paid, the insurance thereunder shall be continued in force until midnight of the due date of said note; that if this note is paid on or before the date it becomes due, such payment, together with said cash, will then be accepted by said Jefferson Standard Life Insurance Company as payment of said premium, and all right under said policy shall thereupon be the same as if said premium bad been paid when due; that if this note is not paid on or before the day it becomes due, it shall thereupon automatically cease to be a claim against the maker, and said payee company shall retain said cash as part compensation for the rights and privileges hereby granted, and all rights under said policy shall be the same as if said cash bad not been paid nor this agreement made; that said payee company has duly given every notice required by its rule or by the laws of any State in respect to said premium, and in further compensation for the rights and privileges hereby granted the maker hereof has agreed to waive, and does hereby waive, every other notice in respect to said premium or this note, it being well understood by said maker that said payee company would not have accepted this agreement if any notice of any kind were required as a condition to the full enforcement of all its terms. Geo. W. Oakland.\n$ 0.98\n65.85\n$66.83 11-23.\u201d\nThis was endorsed by the defendant company: \u201cPolicy lapsed for nonpayment of this note.\u201d\nLaws 1909, ch. 884, provides that, \u201cNo insurance corporation doing business in this State shall, within one year after default in payment of any premium, installment, or interest, declare forfeited or. lapsed any policy hereafter issued or renewed, . . . unless a written or printed notice stating the amount of such premium, interest, installment, or portion due thereon on such policy, the place where it shall be paid, and the person to whom the same is payable has been duly addressed and mailed, postage paid, to the person whose life is insured, or the assignee of the policy, ... at his or her last known postoffice address in this State,\u201d etc.\nThe court instructed the jury, quoting the above statute, and reciting the evidence. \u201cThe court instructs the jury that, under the law in North Carolina, it is the duty of the insurer to notify the insured of any premium or portion of premium or interest on such portion, of the date when said premium, portion, or interest thereon, is due, and state in said notice, which shall be mailed at the expense of the insurer to the last known address of the insured that unless said portion or interest thereon is paid on or before the date mentioned in said notice, that said policy will be lapsed or canceled; that the only notice purporting to be given of the portion of the premium the defendant alleges to be due by the plaintiff in this case was mailed, not to the last address in this State of the plaintiff, but was mailed to Montgomery, Alabama, and the court instructs the jury that, under the law, such notice was not properly made. The notice has been introduced in evidence, and the court instructs the jury that said notice does not comply with the terms of the statute of 1909, in that it does not notify the plaintiff that his policy will be lapsed or canceled unless the same is paid on or before the date given in said notice, and, therefore, the court instructs the jury that any lapse or cancellation of the policy by reason of such notice was wrongful and that such lapse or cancellation was a wrongful cancellation. I modify that instruction, gentlemen, by stating again, if, without notice, the plaintiff procured the extension of time by reason of the execution of the blue note offered in evidence, that then such notice would not be required, and by tbe execution of tbe note, if be did execute it, be waived tbe notice; but tbat is all predicated, gentlemen, upon tbe fact tbat you must find tbat tbe defendant did not owe tbe plaintiff a sufficient amount to pay tbe premium, by reason of tbe special contract.\u201d Tbe defendant excepted. Tbe jury must bave found with tbe plaintiff\u2019s contention, as it answered tbe first issue \u201cYes,\u201d tbat tbe policy was wrongfully canceled.\nOn 22 July, 1913, tbe defendant wrote to plaintiff at Salisbury, N. C.:\n\u201cEe Policy 1706-A.\nDear Sie : \u2014 Please let us bave your check for $21.43 covering interest due and accrued on loan in connection with your above numbered policy to tbe next anniversary date. This is very important, and we will appreciate your prompt attention.\u201d\nIn August'or September, 1913, tbe plaintiff tendered payment of tbe balance due on tbe premium to tbe borne office company, which was refused, it claiming tbat tbe policy was forfeited.\nTbe defendant rests bis contentions on two points:\n1. Tbat tbe Act of 1909 was passed subsequent to tbe original insurance, which was made in 1904. But tbe reinsurance with tbe defendant company was thereafter in August, 1912, and by tbe terms of tbe act one year\u2019s notice is required to be issued for nonpayment of premium on any policy \u201chereafter issued, or renewedTbe new policy issued by tbe defendant company in August, 1912, was a renewal, and we are also of opinion tbat independently of tbat a policy is \u201crenewed\u201d whenever tbe premium is paid.\nAnd further, tbe \u201cblue note,\u201d so called, which was intended and expressed to be a waiver of tbe statute giving this protection to tbe policyholders was illegal and without force and effect as a waiver of tbe protection of tbe policy, for tbe very object of tbe law was to protect tbe policy-holder who was in straits. Tbe above instruction was erroneous as to plaintiff. Tbe defendant could not evade or repeal tbe statute by such device.\nTbe second cause of action was for tbe recovery of $6,000, alleging tbat under a paper-writing called tbe \u201cspecial North Carolina contract,\u201d tbe issuing company agreed to allow tbe plaintiff a credit each year on bis premium of a certain special dividend to be ascertained in tbe following manner: \u201cTbe company was to set aside $1 for every contract in force written in tbe State of North Carolina for 10 years from 1 September, 1901, on which there bad been paid during tbe preceding 12 months one annual or two semiannual or four quarter-annual premiums, and so long as such premiums shall be paid; this fund to be divided among a group of not exceeding 600 persons (of whom tbe plaintiff shall be one), and tbe quotient was to be tbe special dividend.\u201d Tbe plaintiff alleged that tbe company bad concealed and withheld from him large sums of money to which be was entitled by reason of this special dividend contract. In bis brief tbe defendant says: \u201cTbe company produced in court, at great expense and serious inconvenience to itself, its original cards, books, bookcases, and steel filing cases, consisting of one ton in weight,\u201d and says further that its assistant actuary testified that upon a calculation made by him from these original records, plaintiff bad received tbe amount which be was entitled to. Tbe testimony for tbe defendant was certainly weighty in avoirdupois, but tbe jury upon all tbe testimony found that there was a greater weight on tbe side of tbe plaintiff, and that tbe sum of $150 was due him on that issue. This was a question of fact, and tbe judge below did not disturb tbe verdict.\nThere were numerous exceptions, but upon review of tbe record, tbe arguments, and tbe authorities, we find no error entitling tbe defendant to a new trial.\nTbe plaintiff\u2019s assignment of error on bis appeal is that on tbe second issue tbe court restricted tbe measure of damages for tbe wrongful cancellation of bis policy of life insurance to tbe premiums paid, plus interest on each premium from tbe date of its payment.\nThis Court has so held where tbe plaintiff bases bis action upon that ground. Braswell v. Ins. Co., 75 N. C., 8; Lovick v. Ins. Co., 110 N. C., 93, and many others cited in Brockenborough v. Ins. Co., 145 N. C., 355, but in those, cases it was tbe defendant who was resisting that method of computation. But, in this case, tbe plaintiff contends that tbe defendant having wrongfully canceled tbe policy, it was its duty to save tbe plaintiff harmless. Burrus v. Ins. Co., 124 N. C., 9; Herring v. Lumber Co., 159 N. C., 382. And that while in an ordinary case tbe payment of tbe premiums and interest will put tbe parties back in statu quo, and enable tbe insured to purchase another policy at bis advanced age, with tbe increased premium rate. Braswell v. Ins. Co., 75 N. C., 8, in this case tbe plaintiff contends that owing to bis having contracted an incurable disease (tuberculosis) be cannot reinsure at all, and that be can elect to treat tbe policy as at an end and recover its just value, Trust Co. v. Ins. Co., 173 N. C., 567; that if it should reasonably appear, as in an action for a wrongful death, that tbe insured would not live exceeding one year taking all tbe evidence into consideration, then tbe jury would be justified in finding tbe value of tbe policy was its face value, reduced by tbe interest for one year, and tbe one premium if they should find that tbe insured would be reasonably expected to pay another premium.\nIt cannot be said that an insurance company is at liberty to cancel any of its policies at its pleasure when (as in this case) one of its insured becomes afflicted by an incurable disease and can be excused by refunding the premium and interest. The special contract that paid an annual dividend of more than $25 should also be considered in assessing the measure of damages. Robinson v. Ins. Co., 163 N. C., 415.\nIt would seem that the present worth of the principal sum of $5,000, reduced by the premiums that the jury find that the insured would reasonably be called on to pay, would be the just measure of compensation for the wrongful cancellation of this policy when the plaintiff\u2019s condition is such either by reason of age or physical condition he cannot reinsure \u2014 unless the defendant shall elect, as it may, to reinstate the policy upon payment of all arrearages of premiums and interest thereon as the plaintiff offered to do before bringing this action. The policy was taken out as a provision for those dependent upon the insured, and they should be reinstated in their reasonable expectation of which they should not be deprived by the wrongful death of the defendant.\nThe verdict should be set aside upon the second issue, and a partial new trial granted for the assessment of damages thereon in accordance with this opinion.\nOn defendant\u2019s appeal, No error.\nOn plaintiff\u2019s appeal, New trial on second issue.\nBrown, J., dissenting.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "Clark, C. J."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "George W. Garland, in persona, for plaintiff.",
      "Brooks, Sapp & Kelly for defendant."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "GEORGE W. GARLAND v. THE JEFFERSON STANDARD LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY.\n(Filed 20 December, 1919.)\n1. Insurance, Life\u2014 Reinsurance\u2014 Premiums\u2014 Payments \u2014Renewals\u2014 Statutes \u2014 Notice\u2014Contracts.\nWhere a life insurance company has issued its policy prior to the enactment of ch. 884, Laws 1909, requiring that a written or printed notice be mailed, postage paid, addressed to the insured or the assignee of the policy at his or her last known postoffiee address in the State, stating the amount of premium due, installment, or portion due thereon, etc., and subsequent to said enactment, the insurer has reinsured with another company, which assumed its obligations and under a contract with the insured has issued another policy in the place of the old one: Held, the new policy so issued comes within the expressed terms of the act \u2014 any policy \u201chereinafter issued,\u201d and the subsequent payment of premiums is also a \u201crenewal\u201d within its terms, and requires that in the absence of the statutory notice, the policy may not be declared lapsed or void \u201cwithin one year after default in payment of any premium,\u201d etc.\n3. Same \u2014 Waiver\u2014\u201cBlue Notes\u201d. \u2014 Illegal Stipulations.\nWhere the statutory notice of premiums due, etc., on a policy of life insurance has not been given as required by ch. 884, Laws 1909, and thereafter the company accepts payment of the premium in part and a \u201cblue note\u201d for the balance, the waiver therein of the statutory notice is illegal and unenforcible.\n3. Insurance, Life\u2014 Reinsurance\u2014 Special Contracts\u2014 Evidence\u2014 Questions for Jury \u2014 Trials.\nWhere a life insurance company has assumed all the obligations of another insurer, and has reissued its policies under an agreement to set aside a further sum each year for the benefit of the policy holders, the question as to whether it has done so and paid it, under conflicting evidence in the insured\u2019s action to recover it, is one for the jury.\n4. Insurance, Life \u2014 Breach by Insurer \u2014 Actions\u2014Ill Health \u2014 Measure of Damages \u2014 Value of Policy \u2014 Deductions\u2014Reinstatement.\nWhere a life insurance company has wrongfully attempted to cancel or annul a policy it had issued, and has unlawfully refused to accept the premium tendered, at a time when, by reason of disease, the insured cannot pass a successful physical examination, he may elect to treat the policy as at an end, and recover its face value, reduced by the premiums he may reasonably thereafter be called upon to pay, and such amount that would be due him under any special contract made for his benefit by a reinsuring company, and as the jury may determine under the evidence; unless in this case the defendant elects to reinstate the policy sued on, by accepting plaintiff's offer made before bringing his action.\nBrown, J., dissenting.\nAppeal by both plaintiff and defendant from Bay, J., at June Term, 1919, of BuNCOmbe.\nThis action is for the wrongful cancellation of a life insurance policy, and to recover damages for the failure of the defendant to pay to the plaintiff his pro rata share of a fund created under a special contract.\nThe following issues were submitted:\n1. Did the defendant wrongfully forfeit or lapse policy No. 1706-A for $5,000 issued to the plaintiff, the same being the policy sued on? Answer: \u201cYes.\u201d\n2. If so, what damage, if any, is the plaintiff entitled to recover? Answer: \u201cPremiums paid in, with interest.\u201d\n3. What amount, if any, was the defendant indebted to the plaintiff at the date of the forfeiture or lapse of policy No. 1706-A by reason of the special contract entered into between the plaintiff and defendant. Answer: \u201c$150.\u201d\nUpon this verdict the court entered judgment in favor of the plaintiff on the second issue for $1,790.58, the same being the amount of payments made by the plaintiff to the defendant, and on the third issue for $150, and interest on both sums. From this judgment both parties appealed.\nGeorge W. Garland, in persona, for plaintiff.\nBrooks, Sapp & Kelly for defendant."
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