{ "id": 8656762, "name": "W. B. GAITHER v. E. H. CLEMENT COMPANY", "name_abbreviation": "Gaither v. E. H. Clement Co.", "decision_date": "1922-05-03", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "450", "last_page": "457", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "183 N.C. 450" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "155 N. C., 325", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8652340 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/155/0325-01" ] }, { "cite": "160 N. C., 390", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11271823 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/160/0390-01" ] }, { "cite": "146 N. C., 595", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "159 N. C., 330", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "165 N. C., 691", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "144 N. C., 557", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "157 N. C., 485", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "165 N. C., 126", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "166 N. C., 641", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "165 N. C., 449", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8659553 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/165/0449-01" ] }, { "cite": "160 N. C., 98", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "184 Fed., 43", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.", "case_ids": [ 6746768 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f/184/0043-01" ] }, { "cite": "256 Pa. St., 618", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pa.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "149 U. S., 368", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3569307, 3569861 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/149/0368-02", "/us/149/0368-01" ] }, { "cite": "135 U. S., 570", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "150 U. S., 359", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "191 U. S., 64", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3622150 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/191/0064-01" ] }, { "cite": "182 N. C., 296", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "158 N. C., 28", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "138 N. C., 326", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "180 N. C., 206", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8653345 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/180/0206-01" ] }, { "cite": "182 N. C., 583", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "128 N. C., 264", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8659695 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/128/0264-01" ] }, { "cite": "178 N. C., 55", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "161 N. C., 470", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "159 N. C., 28", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "140 N. C., 479", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "123 N. C., 617", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "118 N. C., 60", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "180 N. C., 573", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8654158 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/180/0573-01" ] }, { "cite": "177 N. C., 279", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8654295 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/177/0279-01" ] }, { "cite": "174 N. C., 27", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11252130 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/174/0027-01" ] }, { "cite": "155 N. C., 231", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "149 N. C., 227", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11270121 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/149/0227-01" ] }, { "cite": "159 N. C., 376", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "141 N. C., 83", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "154 N. C., 401", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "150 N. C., 535", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "135 N. C., 290", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 836, "char_count": 19515, "ocr_confidence": 0.451, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.59643060579969e-07, "percentile": 0.819102773945508 }, "sha256": "bfcd99828c4058b643691ae9bb25053a0e35f65016e8fcc53a92094f079f8492", "simhash": "1:f2e230b2968d81e4", "word_count": 3411 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:03:22.299745+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "W. B. GAITHER v. E. H. CLEMENT COMPANY." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Adams, J.\nThe complaint states four phases of the defendant\u2019s alleged negligence, but at the trial the plaintiff relied mainly on the asserted negligent failure to provide for him a suitable drill and a safe place in which to work. After the plaintiff\u2019s witnesses had testified, the defendant, declining to offer evidence, made a motion to dismiss the action as in case of nonsuit. In support of the motion it now insists (1) that the injury was an accident; (2) that even if the general rule prescribing the employer\u2019s duty as to furnishing implements applies where the tools are of simple construction, still, granting the defendant\u2019s negligence in the respects complained of, there was no proximate causal relation between such negligence and the plaintiff\u2019s injury; and (3) that 'the plaintiff, disregarding the safe way of driving back the drill, chose the dangerous way by using a hammer for that purpose.\nThe master is not an insurer of the servant\u2019s safety, but he is required to exercise ordinary care to provide reasonably safe instrumentalities wherewith, and reasonably safe places wherein, the servant shall do his work. In the discharge of this duty he meets the requirements of the law if he exercises that degree of care which a man of ordinary prudence would exercise having regard to his own safety, if he were providing such appliances or places for his own personal use. Marks v. Cotton Mills, 135 N. C., 290; Nail v. Brown, 150 N. C., 535; Mercer v. R. R., 154 N. C., 401. In Mercer\u2019s case, supra, Allen, J., said: \u201cThis duty applies alike to the simple and the complicated tools, but the authorities agree that after performing this duty, the law does not impose the same obligations with reference to the two classes of tools. When the tools and appliances are complicated, the employer must inspect them from time to time, and must see that they are maintained in a reasonably safe condition.\u201d Fearington v. Tobacco Co., 141 N. C., 83. With reference to simple tools, the question of the employer\u2019s responsibility may generally be referred to his actual or constructive knowledge of defects from which injury may reasonably be expected to result. This principle has been frequently applied; as, for example, where the employer had provided a hammer that was not suitable for the work entrusted to the employee (Young v. Fiber Co., 159 N. C., 376); where a pin intended to secure a wheel on the spindle of a truck had been materially worn by long use (Cotton v. R. R., 149 N. C., 227); where a ladder used to clean out a vat had become worn and defective (Reid v. Rees, 155 N. C., 231); and where a defective chisel had been furnished for cutting slack rivets from an oil tank (Mercer v. R. R., supra). That there had been, in some of these cases, an opportunity for inspection is unimportant, for the reason that in the instant case the defendant not only manufactured the drill, but provided material that was not suitable for the purpose. Rogerson v. Hontz, 174 N. C., 27; Thompson v. Oil Co., 177 N. C., 279; Hensley v. Lumber Co., 180 N. C., 573. So likewise as to the question whether the servant who made or sharpened the drill was a competent workman. The master\u2019s duty with regard to providing reasonably safe and suitable tools is not delegable, and such servant must be regarded as the representative or alter ego of the defendant, and not as a fellow-servant of the plaintiff. Chesson v. Lumber Co., 118 N. C., 60; Bolden v. R. R., 123 N. C., 617; Tanner v. Lumber Co., 140 N. C., 479; Harmon v. Contracting Co., 159 N. C., 28; Mincey v. R. R., 161 N. C., 470; Clements v. Power Co., 178 N. C., 55.\nThe defendant contends, however, that the hurt inflicted could not have been foreseen, that it was an accident, and that there was no causal relation between the alleged negligence and the plaintiff\u2019s injury. As we have said, there was evidence tending to show that the defendant negligently furnished a defective drill, and that the plaintiff, in obedience to instructions attempted to \u201cknock it back through the boards or wood, . . . whereupon a piece flew off the drill and hit him in the left eye.\u201d The defendant says that the plaintiff only assumed that the particle of steel came from the drill; but the jury found it to be a fact. The defendant says that the proximate cause of the injury was the plaintiff\u2019s negligent use of the hammer; but this was a matter for the consideration of the jury. The principle discussed in Martin v. Mfg. Co., 128 N. C., 264, is not applicable where the employer has actual or constructive knowledge that the defect in a simple tool which he provides is of a kind importing menace of substantial injury (Thompson v. Oil Co., supra); and where there is evidence of concurring negligence on the part of the plaintiff and of the defendant the question of proximate cause must ordinarily be referred to the jury. True it is that where the danger is obvious and the servant has as good an opportunity as the master of seeing the danger, and can avoid it by the exercise of reasonable care, the servant cannot recover against the master for injuries received in consequence of conditions which constituted the danger. Labatt on Master and Servant, sec. 333; Mincey v. R. R., supra. But upon the evidence here we cannot hold as a conclusion of law that the alleged negligence of the plaintiff was the proximate cause of his injury. Isaiah Miles testified that the drills in general and approved use for work in concrete were made of octagon and tool steel; that the drill furnished the plaintiff was made of reenforcing steel, or scrap metal, and was more easily battered than one made from octagon steel \u2014 \u201cif you hit it on the end it is going to break somewhere.\u201d And Costner said that after he had sharpened the drill its point was scaly and blue. The plaintiff\u2019s alleged negligence, tbe safe and tbe dangerous way of doing tbe work, and tbe cause of tbe injury were not exclusively questions of law. Tbe evidence necessarily carried to tbe jury tbe various contentions of tbe parties, and bis Honor therefore properly declined tbe defendant\u2019s motion to dismiss tbe action.\nIn view of wbat bas been said, it is unnecessary to refer to tbe defendant\u2019s request for a peremptory instruction upon tbe second and third issues beyond saying that each of them embraced elements that were determinable only by tbe jury, and tbe defendant\u2019s prayer for tbe further instruction that it was tbe duty of tbe plaintiff to inspect tbe drill omits all reference to tbe exercise of due care, and, when considered in connection with tbe plaintiff\u2019s right to assume that tbe defendant bad performed its duty, it was properly declined. Nor can we concur in tbe contention that tbe defendant was prejudiced by bis Honor\u2019s observation that \u201ca plaintiff may be guilty of contributory negligence and yet that negligence would not be tbe proximate cause of tbe injury.\u201d The word \u201ccontributory\u201d was inadvertently used by bis Honor in defining \u201cproximate cause,\u201d and not in bis instructions upon tbe second issue; and to conclude that tbe jury were misled would be practically equivalent to an abolition of tbe established rule that instructions to the jury must be considered in their entirety. Maney v. Greenwood, 182 N. C., 583; In re Hinton\u2019s Will, 180 N. C., 206. Tbe necessity of.adhering to this rule is apparent when we consider tbe specific instruction that tbe plaintiff could not recover if bis negligence proximately caused or contributed to bis hurt.\nTbe seventh and eighth -exceptions are addressed to tbe following instruction: \u201cNow tbe law says, gentlemen, that it is tbe duty of tbe master, if be employs a servant, to furnish him a reasonably safe place to work, and if be does not, and tbe plaintiff is injured by tbe failure, by reason of tbe master failing to furnish tbe servant a reasonably safe place to work, or tbe employee a safe place to work, and if such failure is tbe proximate cause of bis injury, then tbe law says be can recover if tbe defendant, tbe employer, was guilty of negligence. Tbe law also says that it is tbe duty of tbe master to furnish tbe servant with reasonably safe tools and appliances with which to do tbe work, and, as a general rule, if he does not and be is injured by reason of bis failure to furnish him reasonably safe tools and appliances to work with, if be is injured, tbe law says tbe party can recover.\u201d We think these exceptions should be sustained. In Bailey\u2019s Law of Personal Injuries (2 ed.), sec. 162, tbe character and extent of tbe master\u2019s duty are defined as follows: \u201cTbe underlying doctrine of the master\u2019s duty towards bis servant, with respect to tbe character of tbe appliances furnished and place of work, as well as other duties that rest upon him, is that of tbe exercise of ordinary care. His duty does not extend to providing reasonably safe places and appliances, but only to tbe exercise of reasonable care to provide such., and in determining the liability of the master in the matter of their sufficiency this rule should be the guiding test.\u201d In Shearman & Redfield\u2019s Negligence the doctrine is stated in this language : \u201cThe duty of the master is to use reasonable or ordinary care to secure the safety of the servant while engaged in the service, and to that end to use reasonable or ordinary care to provide and maintain safe places to work and reasonably safe machinery, tools, and appliances.\u201d Section 183 a. In Hicks v. Mfg. Co., 138 N. C., 326, it is said: \u201cAn employer of labor ... is required to provide for his employees, in the exercise of proper care, a reasonably safe place to work, and to supply them with machinery, implements, and appliances reasonably safe and suitable for the work in which they are engaged.\u201d Again, in Harmon v. Contracting Co., 158 N. C., 28: \u201cIt is a primary duty of the master to exercise ordinary care in supplying his servant with reasonably safe tools and implements, and a reasonably safe place in which to perform his work.\u201d And in Smith v. R. R., 182 N. C., 296, the principle is reiterated: \u201cThe court instructed the jury \u2018that under the law it was the duty of the defendant to furnish to the plaintiff, while in its employment,'a safe place to do his work and reasonably safe implements with which to do the work required of him.\u2019 His Honor corrected this charge afterwards by instructing the jury that he should have told them that the defendant was required to furnish only \u2018a reasonably safe place for the servant to do his work,\u2019 but left it otherwise intact. It is not the absolute duty of the master to furnish even a reasonably safe place for the servant to do his work, but the true and correct rule is that he must use ordinary care to provide for him such a place. Choctaw O. & G. R. C. v. McDade, 191 U. S., 64; Garner v. R. R., 150 U. S., 359; Washington & G. R. Co. v. McDade, 135 U. S., 570; B. & O. R. R. v. Baugh, 149 U. S., 368. See, also, Powell v. Anderson S. & T. P. Co., 256 Pa. St., 618, and Kryner v. Gold Mining Co., 184 Fed., 43.\u201d To the same effect are the following additional cases: Pigford v. R. R., 160 N. C., 98; Ammons v. Mfg. Co., 165 N. C., 449; Steele v. Grant, 166 N. C., 641; McAtee v. Mfg. Co., ibid., 456; Ainsley v. Lumber Co., 165 N. C., 126; Tate v. Mirror Co., ibid., 278; Rogers v. Mfg. Co., 157 N. C., 485; Bradley v. R. R., 144 N. C., 557; Marks v. Cotton Mills, supra; Ensley v. Lumber Co., 165 N. C., 691. Isolated expressions may be found which, if literally construed, would make the master\u2019s duty absolute; but evidently in these cases a formal statement of the principle was not deemed necessary. Alley v. Pipe Co., 159 N. C., 330; Avery v. Lumber Co., 146 N. C., 595.\nTbe instructions excepted to are at variance with these authorities. His Honor inadvertently omitted therefrom the essential element of ordinary care and imposed upon the defendant the positive duty of providing a place and implements of a designated character. Therein is error which entitles the defendant to a new trial.\nLet this be certified to the end that the matters in controversy may be submitted to another jury.\nNew trial.\nStacy, J., concurs in the result reached by a majority of the Court, that the verdict and judgment rendered herein should not be allowed to stand; and further, is of the opinion that the defendant\u2019s motion for judgment as of nonsuit should have been allowed.\nThe plaintiff was an experienced carpenter. He undertook to drive the drill back by going underneath the floor and striking it on the sharp end with a steel hammer; and this without using a block of wood to soften the impact, or without taking any precaution for his own safety or for the protection and preservation of the tools he was using. Can there be any doubt but what this act of carelessness on his part was the proximate cause of the injury? Thompson v. Construction Co., 160 N. C., 390; Wright v. R. R., 155 N. C., 325.", "type": "majority", "author": "Adams, J." } ], "attorneys": [ "Wilson & Frazier and B. C. StrudwicJe for plaintiff.", "J. Lawrence Jones and F. P. Blob good, Jr., for defendant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "W. B. GAITHER v. E. H. CLEMENT COMPANY.\n(Filed 3 May, 1922.)\n1. Employer and Employee \u2014 Master and Servant \u2014 Tools and Appliances\u2014 Duty of Employer.\nWhile not an insurer, tiie employer who furnished tools or appliances to his employee with which to do his work, is required to exercise that degree of care in furnishing them which he would exercise in similar circumstances for his personal safety, under the rule of the prudent man.\n2. Same \u2014 Simple Tools.\nThe rule of the employer\u2019s liability when furnishing simple tools to his employee with which to perform his services generally refers to his actual or constructive knowledge of defects therein from which an injury may reasonably be expected to result, and which did result therefrom.\nS. Same \u2014 Delegated Duty \u2014 Alter Ego.\nThe duty devolving upon the employer to exercise due care to furnish his employee a reasonably safe - place to work and reasonably safe tools and appliances with which to perform his duties, is not delegable, and another acting for him therein does so as his alter ego.\n4. Employe!* and Employee \u2014 Master and Servant \u2014 Negligence\u2014Contributory Negligence \u2014 Evidence\u2014Questions for Jury \u2014 Trials.\nWhere there is evidence that the employer has furnished his employee a defective or improper drill with which to do his work, and that while tapping on it with a hammer to dislodge it from a place it had been used, in obedience to instructions from his superior, a substance flew therefrom and injured the employee\u2019s eye, for which damages are sought in his action: He id, it was for the jury to determine the questions of accident, causal relation, whether the plaintiff had only assumed that the injury was caused by a particle of steel from an imperfect drill, or whether the proximate cause was the plaintiff\u2019s negligent use of the hammer, under the circumstances. Martin v. Mfg. Co., cited and distinguished.\n5. Same \u2014 Proximate Cause.\nWhere there is evidence tending to show that the plaintiff, an employee acting under the instruction of his employer or his alter ego, was injured by striking an imperfect drill furnished him to do his work, and in the course of his employment, with a hammer, by a particle flying from the drill into his eye, the question of proximate cause is one for the jury, under conflicting evidence.\n<6. Same \u2014 Inspection\u2014Instructions.\nIn an action to recover damages by the employee for the negligence of his employer to furnish him a safe tool with which to do his work, and the want of care of the plaintiff to inspect it is relied upon as a defense: Held, the plaintiff had the right to assume that the defendant had furnished him a proper tool, and a requested instruction offered by the defendant that omits all reference to the plaintiff\u2019s exercise of due care under the circumstances, is properly refused.\n'7. Instructions \u2014 Appeal and Error.\nWhere the plaintiff seeks to recover dam\u00e1ges for an alleged negligent personal injury on a trial involving contributory negligence and proximate cause, the use of the words \u201ccontributory negligence\u201d in defining proximate cause in the judge\u2019s charge, will not be held for reversible error, when from the other parts of the charge a jury of intelligent men must have clearly understood the principle upon which they were being instructed.\nS. Employer and Employee \u2014 Master and Servant \u2014 Negligence\u2014Duty of Employer \u2014 Tools and Appliances \u2014 Instructions\u2014Ordinary Care\u2014 Appeal and Error.\nThe duty of the employer to furnish his employee safe tools with which to perform his services, and a safe place to do so, depends upon the exercise by Mm of ordinary care in providing them, and an instruction that imposes upon the employer an absolute duty to furnish them, without qualification, leaving out the ordinary care required of him in their selection, is reversible error.\nAppeal by defendant from W\u00e9bb, J., at November Term, 1921, of G-uileobd.\nPlaintiff alleged that he was injured by the negligence of the defendant. Defendant denied negligence, and pleaded plaintiff\u2019s contributory negligence and assumption of risk. The issues of negligence, contributory negligence, assumption of risk, and damages were answered in favor of the plaintiff.\nJudgment on the verdict, and appeal by the defendant.\nThe plaintiff\u2019s statement of facts is substantially as follows: \u201cThe plaintiff, at the time of his injury, was in the employ of the defendant as a carpenter, having had no experience in concrete work. The defendant was engaged in erecting a brick and concrete building, and had laid the concrete floors in the building, same having been poured in forms made of wood and supported by 2-inch boards held up by timbers 4x4. For some reason it became necessary to drill holes through the second floor of the building, and the defendant\u2019s superintendent Cooper ordered the plaintiff and a fellow-servant to do so. The concrete of which the floor was composed had been set up three or four days, but the part where the plaintiff was working and in which the holes had to be drilled, had been run two or three weeks before. The wooden forms were still underneath the concrete. In order to drill the holes and do the work required of the plaintiff, the defendant furnished him a drill made of some of the reinforcing iron left over from use in the concrete. The plaintiff was aided in this work by a fellow-workman \u2014 one held the drill and the other hit it with a hammer. The drill was 2% or 3 feet long and about 1% inches in diameter. One end was flattened out and sharpened, the flat end being wider than the body of the drill. The plaintiff and his fellow-servant, after drilling one or two holes, were undertaking to get the drill out of the hole where it had become stuck. It could not be driven through because the top had become battered and flattened so that it would not pass through the hole; neither could it be pulled back, as the point had become stuck in the wooden form underneath the concrete. The defendant\u2019s superintendent, Cooper, gave orders for the plaintiff to go underneath and knock the drill back, while his fellow-servant stayed on top and held it. In obedience to this order the plaintiff went underneath, got a step-ladder, went upon it, and with a hammer weighing about 2% pounds struck the end of the drill; whereupon, with the first stroke a piece flew off the drill and hit him in the left eye, putting it out. It was not light underneath the floor. His eye had been in good condition up to that time.\u201d\nWilson & Frazier and B. C. StrudwicJe for plaintiff.\nJ. Lawrence Jones and F. P. Blob good, Jr., for defendant." }, "file_name": "0450-01", "first_page_order": 510, "last_page_order": 517 }