{ "id": 8658169, "name": "STATE v. JOHN STEEN", "name_abbreviation": "State v. Steen", "decision_date": "1923-06-08", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "768", "last_page": "783", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "185 N.C. 768" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "18 N. C., 62", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "13 N. C., 209", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11276597 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/13/0209-01" ] }, { "cite": "114 N. C., 879", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8651760 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/114/0879-01" ] }, { "cite": "104 N. C., 893", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8652646 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/104/0893-01" ] }, { "cite": "92 N. C., 756", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11275070 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/92/0756-01" ] }, { "cite": "66 N. C., 126", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11276670 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/66/0126-01" ] }, { "cite": "25 N. C., 296", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8690849 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/25/0296-01" ] }, { "cite": "17 N. J. Eq., 101", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.J. Eq.", "case_ids": [ 511106 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nj-eq/17/0101-01" ] }, { "cite": "184 N. C., 694", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11272101 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/184/0694-01" ] }, { "cite": "156 N. C., 641", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11272488 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/156/0641-01" ] }, { "cite": "94 N. C., 973", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8652712 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/94/0973-01" ] }, { "cite": "83 N. C., 634", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11278956 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/83/0634-01" ] }, { "cite": "78 N. C., 504", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8697138 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/78/0504-01" ] }, { "cite": "178 N. C., 705", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "100 N. C., 429", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8650916 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/nc/100/0429-01" ] }, { "cite": "182 N. C., 478", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "85 N. C., 585", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11278936 ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/nc/85/0585-01" ] }, { "cite": "184 N. C., 480", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 3 }, { "cite": "182 N. C., 799", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 3 }, { "cite": "136 N. C., 628", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8661615 ], "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/nc/136/0628-01" ] }, { "cite": "5 Ariz., 239", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ariz.", "case_ids": [ 1542313 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/ariz/5/0239-01" ] }, { "cite": "178 N. C., 702", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11273975 ], "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/nc/178/0702-01" ] }, { "cite": "22 L. R. A. (N. S.), 650", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L.R.A.N.S.", "opinion_index": 3 }, { "cite": "189 N. Y., 408", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.", "case_ids": [ 50209, 1192201 ], "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/ny/189/0408-01", "/ny-crim/21/0460-01" ] }, { "cite": "14 L. R. A. (N. S.), 689", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L.R.A.N.S.", "opinion_index": 3 }, { "cite": "100 N. C., 488", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 3 }, { "cite": "48 N. C., 430", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 3 }, { "cite": "13 N. C., 211", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 3 }, { "cite": "121 N. C., 582", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 3 }, { "cite": "26 N. C., 88", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8685627 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/nc/26/0088-01" ] }, { "cite": "92 Mo., 533", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mo.", "opinion_index": 3 }, { "cite": "12 How., 555", "category": "reporters:scotus_early", "reporter": "How.", "opinion_index": 3 }, { "cite": "20 Am. Dec., 616", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "Am. Dec.", "opinion_index": 3 }, { "cite": "2 Wend., 352", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Wend.", "case_ids": [ 3516151 ], "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/wend/2/0352-01" ] }, { "cite": "104 Me., 394", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Me.", "case_ids": [ 483246 ], "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/me/104/0394-01" ] }, { "cite": "37 Barb., 64", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Barb.", "case_ids": [ 5088435 ], "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/barb/37/0064-01" ] }, { "cite": "92 N. C., 760", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 3 }, { "cite": "118 N. C., 1177", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8654712 ], "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/nc/118/1177-01" ] }, { "cite": "155 N. C., 485", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8652729 ], "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/nc/155/0485-01" ] }, { "cite": "166 N. C., 356", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11269721 ], "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/nc/166/0356-01" ] }, { "cite": "176 N. C., 484", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 3 }, { "cite": "173 N. C., 796", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 3 }, { "cite": "182 N. C., 815", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8658946 ], "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/nc/182/0815-01" ] }, { "cite": "162 N. C., 244", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 3 }, { "cite": "184 N. C., 695", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 3 }, { "cite": "85 N. C., 585", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11278936 ], "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/nc/85/0585-01" ] }, { "cite": "17 N. J. Eq., 101", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.J. Eq.", "case_ids": [ 511106 ], "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/nj-eq/17/0101-01" ] }, { "cite": "184 N. C., 694", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11272101 ], "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/nc/184/0694-01" ] }, { "cite": "156 N. C., 641", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11272488 ], "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/nc/156/0641-01" ] }, { "cite": "94 N. C., 973", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8652712 ], "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/nc/94/0973-01" ] }, { "cite": "83 N. C., 634", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11278956 ], "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/nc/83/0634-01" ] }, { "cite": "78 N. C., 504", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8697138 ], "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/nc/78/0504-01" ] }, { "cite": "100 N. C., 429", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8650916 ], "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/nc/100/0429-01" ] }, { "cite": "114 N. C., 879", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8651760 ], "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/nc/114/0879-01" ] }, { "cite": "104 N. C., 893", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8652646 ], "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/nc/104/0893-01" ] }, { "cite": "25 N. C., 296", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8690849 ], "opinion_index": 3, "case_paths": [ "/nc/25/0296-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1353, "char_count": 42997, "ocr_confidence": 0.469, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.3206886383277745e-07, "percentile": 0.7899562870267726 }, "sha256": "64beed3b9258ed6768dd5f0073e6da0dabbc5eac44a3f134281d31b150fc0b8b", "simhash": "1:e62013e9e97acce3", "word_count": 7507 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:46:28.944101+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "HoKE, J., concurs in dissent." ], "parties": [ "STATE v. JOHN STEEN." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Clare, C. J.\nThe evidence as to the guilt of the defendant is practically without exception, but the defendant insists that this matter as to the character of the witness is fatal. The defendant\u2019s counsel, in his brief, raises no objection to the fact that the usual preliminary question was not put to this witness: \u201cDo you know the general character of the witness Sapphire?\u201d but bases his objection entirely upon the character of the testimony given in by Mr. Corpening, \u201cMr. Corpening swears that Sapphire\u2019s character was good, and states the ground for his testimony; tbat be made tbe trip to Atlanta, made a personal investigation, and from bis investigation would say tbat Sapphire\u2019s character was good.\u201d\nFrom the record and the large number of affidavits filed, it is apparent that conditions were such in Eockingham and Eichmond County that the good-citizens organized what was called the \u201cMcLendon Club\u201d to secure the enforcement of laws of the State. The board of commissioner's of the town and county thought it necessary, in order to break up the great amount of whiskey dealing in said town and county, to employ a detective. They obtained from the detective agency in Atlanta, Harry Sapphire, one of their agents. He came to Eockingham, went to work and secured much of the evidence upon which the defendant was convicted. His residence was in Atlanta. the defendant contends that Corpening\u2019s testimony as to the evidence of general reputation obtained in this manner is not admissible. There is evidence of Corpening\u2019s high character. It would seem that being sent there by the officials of the town and by the good people who organized for the purpose of enforcing the law, that bis motives could not be questioned, but however that might be, it was for the jury, bis fellow-citizens, to weigh bis testimony. It was just to the' defendant as well as to the State to ascertain the character of the witness Sapphire. Evidence as to Sapphire\u2019s character could not otherwise well have been placed before the jury other than by the method used. Depositions by witnesses living in Atlanta would not have been competent, nor could witnesses have been brought from there as to Sapphire\u2019s character, for that would have required proof of the character of such witnesses themselves. the jury were entitled to know Sapphire\u2019s character, which could not have been proven in any better way than by sending, as was done, a reliable, well known citizen of the county and of the town to investigate bis standing and general character in Atlanta, where be lived. It is reasonable that under these circumstances Corpen-ing was better informed as to the general character of Sapphire than the casual acquaintances, who are usually brought forward as character witnesses.\nIn North Carolina the testimony of a character witness is confined to the general reputation of the person whose character is attacked, or supported, in the community in which be lives. S. v. Parks, 25 N. C., 296; S. v. Perkins, 66 N. C., 126; S. v. Gee, 92 N. C., 756; S. v. Wheeler, 104 N. C., 893; S. v. Coley, 114 N. C., 879, and numerous other cases since. Eeputation is the general opinion, good or bad, held of a person by those of a community in which be resides. This is eminently a matter of hearsay, based upon what the witness has beard or learned, not as to any particular acts, but as to the general opinion or standing in the community.\nCorpening\u2019s testimony could not be excluded as hearsay, for that is general reputation. The question was, What was Sapphire\u2019s general reputation in Atlanta, where he lived? If a resident of Atlanta had been brought as a witness at this trial, and put upon the stand, he might have testified that he had never heard anything against Sapphire\u2019s character in Atlanta, and his testimony would have been admissible, its weight being left to the jury, as was Corpening\u2019s.\nCorpening himself was well known to the jury. He stated in effect that he had been to Atlanta, that he had investigated as to the reputation \u2014 that is, the general character that Sapphire bore there, and his evidence being based upon such investigation, as he states, was certainly not inferior to the statements of casual acquaintances or others who are so often put upon the stand as character witnesses, and whose testimony is necessarily based upon hearsay \u2014 that is, what people say in regard to the person whose character is in question.\nThe defendant relied strenuously upon what was said in S. v. Parks, 25. N. C., 296. In that case Johnathan Worth was put upon the stand to impeach the character of one Lane. Worth, upon cross-examination, stated that he \u201cdid not know Lane\u2019s general character in his neighborhood ; that he was not certain that he knew his general character in the county; that he did not know whether a-majority of those he heard speak spoke well or ill of it, but that he had heard a great many respectable men speak well of Lane\u2019s character and a great many equally respectable speak ill of it.\u201d In that case -the Court held that the testimony of Worth was erroneously received, because \u201cthe witness is not to be discredited because of the opinion which any person, or any number of persons, may have expressed to his disadvantage, unless such opinions have created -or indicated a general reputation of his want of moral principle. The impeached witness must, therefore, profess to know the general reputation of the witness sought to be discredited before he can be heard to speak of his own opinion or others as to the reliance to be placed upon the testimony of the impeached witness. S. v. Boswell, 13 N. C., 209; Downey v. Smith, 18 N. C., 62.\u201d In that case Jonathan Worth expressly stated that he did not know the general character of Lane, that he had heard a great many people speak both for and against him. It is very certain, therefore, that his testimony as to the character of Lane should have been rejected.\nThe present case is in strong contrast. The witness testified that he went to Atlanta to ascertain what was the general reputation of the impeached witness.' That he had investigated, and that implies, of course, that under all these circumstances he had made careful inquiry such as could have been produced before the jury if the trial had taken place in Atlanta, and that as a result of bis investigation be would say tbat Sapphire\u2019s character was good.\nThe issue in this case was as to the violation of law alleged against the defendant. The question as to character of Sapphire, one of the witnesses against him, was, so to speak, entirely collateral. It was intended only to give to the jury some estimate of the weight they should give to the testimony of the witness Sapphire. The officials and leading-public citizens had taken the trouble and been at the expense of sending Corpening (who was admittedly a man of high character in the community) to Atlanta to inquire as to the general reputation of the witness Sapphire. This speaks well for their sense of justice. The jury have passed upon the credibility of Corpening. Unlike Jonathan Worth in the case above quoted, Corpening stated that he had investigated as to Sapphire\u2019s character, and would say from such investigation that it was good.\nIt is rarely that the character witness can testify from investigation as to the good or bad character of the witness to which he testified. It was open to the defendant to bring witnesses from Atlanta to testify, if they could have done so, that Sapphire\u2019s general character was bad in that community. The good citizens of Rockingham, in enforcing the law, wished to be just. There is no question that the testimony, if believed by the jury, was that Corpening had gone to Atlanta for the purpose of ascertaining the general reputation of Sapphire among the people who knew him, that he had carefully investigated it, and that he had found that his general reputation was good.\nIt is not often that a character witness can show himself so competent to testify as to the character of another, as Corpening on this occasion. His testimony was properly submitted to the jury for what weight they saw fit to give it. .\nAfter the fullest and most careful consideration of this case, we find\nNo error. \u2022", "type": "majority", "author": "Clare, C. J." }, { "text": "Adams, J.,\nconcurring: The defendant relies upon three exceptions, neither of which in my judgment can be sustained, and for this reason I do not hesitate to concur in the opinion of the Court as written by the Chief Justice.\n1. The defendant entered a formal motion to quash the indictment on the ground that certain members of the grand jury, by whom the bill was returned, were directly or indirectly interested in the prosecution of the defendant; but both the opinion of the Court and the dissenting-opinion of Associate Justice Stacy, sub silentio, admit that this exception requires no discussion.\n2. The defendant\u2019s exception to his Honor\u2019s charge, I am convinced is equally untenable. It is freely conceded that the burden of proving an alibi does not rest upon the defendant, and that it is incumbent upon the State to establish his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt; but, as I see it, the instruction complained of strictly complies with these principles. If there is one ruling to which this Court has adhered, it is that the instructions given by a trial judge shall be considered in their entirety and not in disjointed, detached, or isolated paragraphs; and when thus treated, his Honor\u2019s charge was less favorable to the State than were several other charges that have been sustained on appeal. With respect to the alibi, the judge gave this instruction: \u201cIf one accused of crime, when the time and place of the commission of the alleged crime is fixed, can show, and does show, that at that time, and at the place alleged, that he was not there, and it would have been impossible for him to have committed the crime, that is evidence that the jury may consider in passing upon the question, and if it is established he could not have committed the crime on account of being elsewhere at the time and place fixed, why that would be a defense.\u201d And at the close of the charge he said: \u201cNow, are you satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that this defendant made these sales as charged by the State? These sales of spirituous liquor to Mr. Sapphire? If so, it would be your duty to convict him. If you have a reasonable doubt about it, it would be your duty to acquit.\u201d\nIn S. v. Freeman, 100 N. C., 429, the trial judge, after telling the jury that the burden was upon the State to show the defendant\u2019s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, gave this additional instruction: \u201cThe rule of law is, in a ease of this kind, where the prisoner sets up the defense of an alibi \u2014 that is, that he was at some other place at the time when the crime was committed \u2014 -the burden of proof rests on the prisoner to establish the fact to the satisfaction of the jury that he was not present, but was at some other place when the crime was committed. If the jury is satisfied from the evidence that the prisoner remained at home on the night in question, this would be an end of the case, and the prisoner should be acquitted; but if they are not satisfied of the truth of the alibi, then it is for them to say whether they are satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that the rape was committed upon the person of the prosecutrix by the prisoner, as alleged by the State.\u201d Commenting on the charge, Chief Justice Smith said: \u201cWhile we do not assent to what is said about the shifting of the burden of proof, when the proof offered by the prisoner tends to show his absence from the place where the offense was perpetrated, and his presence elsewhere at the time, yet the charge in general is so clear and explicit as to what is required of the State in order to a conviction that it could not be misleading to the jurors, fairly considered.\u201d\nAnd in S. v. Bryant, 178 N. C., 705, Mr. Justice Walker said: \u201cThe judge\u2019s charge on the question of the alibi was, it seems to us, not prejudicial to the defendant. He charged substantially that the prisoner relies upon an alibi, which means that he was not, and could not have been at the place of the homicide when it was committed, as he was elsewhere at the time. He is not required to satisfy you of the alibi beyond a reasonable doubt, but if the jury is satisfied from the evidence that he was not at the place when the homicide was committed, and at the time when the deceased met her death, then a verdict of not guilty should be returned, etc. But if the jury is not so satisfied, then it is for the jury to consider all the evidence and say whether or not they are satisfied from the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the prisoner killed the deceased, etc. This instruction was not erroneous, but followed our decisions. S. v. Jaynes, 78 N. C., 504; S. v. Reitz, 83 N. C., 634; S. v. Starnes, 94 N. C., 973; S. v. Freeman, 100 N. C., 429; S. v. Rochelle, 156 N. C., 641.\u201d\nIn these eases the-court expressly or substantially imposed upon the defendant the burden of proving his alibi, and in each case the instruction was sustained. But in the instant ease the learned judge did not go so far. As I understand them, his instructions, taken together, mean this: If the defendant showed that he was at the particular places designated by his witnesses when the sales were made, this would be a defense; but even if he failed to do so, the burden would still rest upon the State to satisfy the jury beyond a reasonable doubt that he made the sales at the dates and places testified to by the witnesses for the prosecution.\nThe instruction is in line with the decisions of this Court.\n3. In considering the exception referring to the testimony of A. G. Corpening, it is important to keep in view the restricted scope of the examination, and to avoid confusion by the insertion of extraneous and unrelated questions.\nOur decisions have unquestionably settled the \u201cprinciple that a witness will not be allowed to testify as to general character until he shall have first qualified himself by saying that he knows the reputation of the person whose character is in question, when objection is made on that ground, but I think this is not the ground presented in the defendant\u2019s brief. The Chief Justice has well said that the defendant raises no objection to the fact that the usual preliminary question was not put to the witness, and his conclusion is abundantly supported by the defendant\u2019s brief. Apart from reference to certain portions of his Honor\u2019s charge, the learned counsel states the gravamen of his exception in these words: \u201cIt is a fundamental principle of character evidence that the witness must have the foundation for forming his opinion or the means of knowing the general character of the party.\u201d Emphasis is laid not on the knowledge acquired, but on the means by which it is acquired, \u201cthe foundation for forming his opinion.\u201d To this one question the argument was addressed, and it appears that the only attack on the admission of the evidence or the qualification of the witness rests on the admitted fact that he went to Atlanta and investigated Sapphire\u2019s character; so the exception presents the direct question whether evidence as to character, based on knowledge acquired by such investigation, is admissible as a matter of law. \"\nIn opposition it is urged that the witness necessarily speaks, not of his own knowledge, but of what he has learned. True, what another has told the witness about one\u2019s character is not competent in itself (S. v. Mills, 184 N. C., 694), but in its ultimate analysis a witness\u2019s estimate of general character is a composite of what he has heard and otherwise acquired. I find nothing in the record restricting the witness\u2019s knowledge to what he had heard. Whether it was so restricted was a matter to be elicited by cross-examination. Greenleaf very clearly draws the distinction between character and reputation (1 Ev., sec. 461-d), but in our courts \u201cgeneral character\u201d is treated in actual'practice as synonymous with general reputation. Upon this principle it is generally held, as shown by cases cited in the dissenting opinion, that it is not indispensable that a witness should have resided in the same community with the person of whose character he proposes to testify, the chief requirement being that the witness\u2019s knowledge must be derived from intercourse with the neighbors or associates of the person whose character is in question. I can see no convincing reason why such knowledge cannot be acquired by one who goes into a particular community for the particular purpose of attaining this end. Whether the witness has actually acquired such knowledge may in some instances be a preliminary question for the court when properly raised, and in others a question for the jury, but this does not warrant the assumption that such knowledge cannot be acquired in the manner indicated.\nAgain, it is said that if this practice is allowed it will be possible for a party to procure the testimony of prejudiced witnesses. In its practical operation this objection may be urged against the law as it now stands. In a criminal action the State can neither compel the attendance nor take the deposition of a nonresident witness. But the defendant is not precluded; he has the right to introduce the deposition of witnesses, resident and nonresident. The objection, practically applied, would confer upon the defendant in such action exclusive access to the testimony of nonresident witnesses, ;prejudiced or otherwise, subject, of course, to cross-examination by the State. What doctrine could impart greater solace to a defendant whose conviction depended on the testimony of a nonresident witness ?\nThe two eases apparently supporting the exception are Douglass v. Tousey, 20 A. D. (N. Y.), 616, and Reid, v. Reid, 17 N. J. Eq., 101, but they are distinguishable from the case at bar. In the former a witness went to another part of the State to subpoena witnesses and \u201clearn the character\u201d of the prosecutrix, but there being evidence only of the witness\u2019s subjective opinion, the proposed evidence was excluded as hearsay. And in Reid\u2019s case, supra, the witness merely detailed the opinions of others. On the other hand, in Foulkes v. Sellway, 3 Esp., 236, Lord Kenyon sustained the testimony of a witness who had gone to the place where the plaintiff lived to inquire into his character.\nMy conclusion is this: living in the same community with a witness whose character is under investigation is not indispensable to a knowledge of his character, for as Greenleaf says the witness to reputation must be one who by residence in the community, or otherwise, has had an opportunity to learn the community\u2019s estimate; and if the witness has knowledge of such estimate he is qualified to testify. I think my conclusion is sustained by the general trend of the decisions.", "type": "concurrence", "author": "Adams, J.," }, { "text": "ClaeKSON, J.,\nconcurring: After a witness has been examined in chief, his credit may be sustained or impeached in various modes: (1) By proving or disproving the facts stated by him, by the testimony of other witnesses; (2) by general evidence affecting his credit for truth and veracity or general moral character. The regular mode of examining into the general reputation is to inquire of the witness whether he knows the general reputation of the person in question among his neighbors, and what that reputation is. Greenleaf on Evidence, vol. 1 (15 ed.), sec. 461; S. v. Efler, 85 N. C., 585. This law and practice has been long recognized by our courts. \u00ab\n\"While upholding the rule of evidence stated in the exhaustive dissenting opinion of Associate Justice Stacy, I think upon the whole record the defendant is not entitled to a new trial. \u201cIt is now the settled rule of appellate courts that verdicts and judgments will not be set aside for harmless error, or. for mere error and no more. To accomplish this result, it must be made to appear not only that the ruling complained of was erroneous, but that it was material and prejudicial, amounting to a denial of some substantial right. Our system of appeals, providing for a review of the trial court on questions of law, is founded upon sound public policy, and appellate courts will not encourage litigation by reversing judgments for slight error, or for stated objections, which could not have prejudiced the rights of appellate in any material way.\u201d In re Ross, 182 N. C., 478.", "type": "concurrence", "author": "ClaeKSON, J.," }, { "text": "Stacy, J.,\ndissenting: The principal evidence against the defendant was that given by Harry Sapphire, a detective, who testified that he had purchased liquor from the defendant on five different occasions. The jury convicted on two counts and acquitted on three, though the evidence on all five of the charges was of the same character. .\nIn support of Sapphire\u2019s testimony, the State offered A. G. Corpening, a character witness, who testified as follows:\n\u201cQ. Have you made any investigation of Mr. Sapphire and his character? (Objection; overruled; exception by defendant.) A. I made a trip to Atlanta and made a personal investigation, and from my investigation I would say his character was good.\u201d\n\u201cAnd to the overruling of the objection and admission of the answer the defendant excepts.\u201d\nTo my mind the natural and correct interpretation to be placed on the testimony of A. G. Corpening is that he was not undertaking to speak of his own knowledge concerning the character of the witness Sapphire, but was giving the result of his investigation, or the conclusion reached by him, from what others had told him, or from what he had learned about the witness in Atlanta. The record is silent as to whether this investigation was long or short, or whether it was made among friends and acquaintances or strangers, or whether his informers were few or many. He does not say that he knows the general reputation or character of the witness, and this is a necessary prerequisite or qualification to his right to testify under our decisions.\n\u201cIt is fully recognized that in the trial of causes the testimony of a witness may be impeached by evidence of his bad character; and it is equally well established that before this is allowed the impeaching witness must qualify himself by saying, under oath, that he knows what such character is.\u201d Hoke, J., in S. v. Mills, 184 N. C., 695.\n\u201cNo principle of evidence is more clearly settled in North Carolina, nor by a longer line of decisions, than that a witness will not be allowed to testify as to character until he shall have first qualified himself by stating that he knows the reputation of the person in question.\u201d Avery, J., in S. v. Coley, 114 N. C., 879.\n\u201cThe witness is not to be discredited, because of the opinions which any person or any number of persons may have expressed to his disadvantage, unless such opinions have created or indicate a general reputation of his want of moral principle. The impeaching witness must, therefore, profess to know the general reputation of the witness sought to be discredited before he can be heard to speak of his own opinion or of the opinion of others, as to the reliance to be placed on the testimony of the impeached witness.\u201d Gaston, J., in S. v. Parks, 25 N. C., 296.\n\u201cThe rule as to this matter bas been, fully settled by many decisions of this Court. It is this: the party bimself, wben be goes upon the witness stand, can be asked questions as to particular acts, impeaching bis character, but as to other witnesses it is only competent to ask the witness if be \u2018knows the general character of the party.\u2019 If be answers \u2018No,\u2019 be must be stood aside. If be answers \u2018Yes,\u2019 then the witness can, of bis own accord, qualify bis testimony as to what extent the character of the party attacked is good or bad.\u201d Clark, C. J., in Edwards v. Price, 162 N. C., 244. See, also, S. v. Haywood, 182 N. C., 815; S. v. Killian, 173 N. C., 796; Tillotson v. Currin, 176 N. C., 484; S. v. Robertson, 166 N. C., 356; S. v. Holly, 155 N. C., 485; S. v. Ussery, 118 N. C., 1177; S. v. Gee, 92 N. C., 760.\nAn impeaching or sustaining witness is not to speak of the general reputation or character of another unless be knows it, and such knowledge must be founded on an acquaintance and intercourse with the neighbors or associates of the person whose character is in question. this intercourse, of necessity, must be of some length of time sufficient, at least, to enable the witness to gather the general esteem or estimation in which the party is held in the community where be resides, or at the place where be carries on bis business. Curtis v. Fay, 37 Barb., 64. It is not indispensable that the witness should have resided in the same community with the person, of whose character be proposes to testify (though the contrary is supported by authority), but be must speak of bis own knowledge and not merely from what others have told him, for this would b\u00e9 no more than reputation of reputation, or hearsay. S. v. Lambert, 104 Me., 394; Reid v. Reid, 17 N. J. Eq., 101; Douglass v. Tousey, 2 Wend., 352; 20 Am. Dec., 616, and note; 10 R. C. L., 954.\n\u201cIt is not enough that the impeaching witness professes merely to state what be bas beard \u2018others say\u2019; for those others may be but few. He must be able to state what is generally said of the person, by those among whom be dwells, or with whom be is chiefly conversant; for it is this only that constitutes bis general reputation or character. And, ordinarily, the witness ought bimself to come from the neighborhood of the person whose character is in question. -If be is a stranger, sent thither by the adverse party to learn bis character, be will not be allowed to testify as to the result of bis inquiries; but otherwise, the court will not undertake to determine, by a preliminary inquiry, whether the impeaching witness bas sufficient knowledge of the fact to enable him to testify; but will leave the value of bis testimony to be determined by the jury.\u201d Greenleaf on Evidence, sec. 461.\n\u201cIn order to discredit a witness, you can examine only to bis general character. . . . But it was remarked by plaintiff\u2019s counsel that witnesses do not always understand what-is meant by general character; and, therefore, it is necessary to vary the question, so as to adapt it to their comprehension. That is true, and therefore there is no impropriety in proposing the question in various forms, so that the substance be retained. But you must never depart from general character. . . . There are few men of whom some do not speak well, and some evil.. ('Woe unto you when all men shall speak well of you.\u2019 Luke, 6 :26.) But the question is, What is said by people in general ? This is the true point of inquiry, and everything which stops short of it is incorrect.\u201d Tilghman, C. J., in Wike v. Lightner, 11 Ser. & Rawle, p. 199.\n\u201cWhen it is attempted to impeach a witness on account of a want of moral character, it cannot be done by the impeaching witness \u2018merely stating what he has heard others say, for those others may be but few. He must be able to' state what is generally said of a person, by those among whom he dwells or with whom he is chiefly conversant, for it is this only which constitutes his general character.\u2019 \u201d Mr. Justice Wayne in Gaines v. Helf et al., 12 How., 555.\n\u201c(The witness to reputation) must be able to state what is generally said of the person by those among whom he dwells, or with whom he is chiefly conversant, not by those among or with whom he may have sojourned for a brief period, and who have had neither time nor opportunity to test his conduct, acts, or declarations, or to form a correct estimate of either. A man\u2019s character is to be judged by the general tenor and current of his life, and not by a mere episode in it.\u201d Brace, J., in Waddingham v. Hulett, 92 Mo., 533. See, also, Wigmore on Evidence, sec. 1616, and cases there cited.\nIn Mawson v. Hartsink, 4 Esp. Rep. (Eng.), 103 (cited with approval in S. v. O\u2019Neale, 26 N. C., 88), an impeaching witness was asked to state whether he had made particular inquiries as to the general character of a witness about which he proposed to testify. Lord Sllen-horough ruled that the question was improper, and gave the following reasons for his position: \u201cThat cannot be evidence. That information must be from persons not on their oaths; perhaps not reliable. If this were allowed, when it was known that a witness was likely to be called, it would be possible for the opposite party to send around to persons who had prejudices against him, and from thence to form an opinion, which was afterwards to be told in court, to destroy his credit.\u201d\nThe words of Lord Ellenborough are particularly appropriate here, for, to my mind, the precedent we are setting is a dangerous one. In the O\u2019Neale case, 26 N. C., 88, an impeaching witness was asked if he knew the general character of another witness. He replied that he did not know whether he did or not. He was then asked \u201cwhether he knew in what estimation Elizabeth Earnest was held in his neighborhood before she left it.\u201d The Court said the latter question was properly excluded because it was too circumscribed, and did not amount to an inquiry as to ber general character before she left the .neighborhood. It will be observed that in the case at bar the witness does not even purport to speak of general character; but I do not place my dissent on this ground. That would be too narrow and technical. Where the testimony of a character witness is objected to, as it is here, he should be required to qualify himself by first saying that he knows the general character of the witness, or party, before he is allowed to give his testimony in evidence. This is the direct holding with us in a number of cases heretofore cited. See, also, S. v. Wheeler, 104 N. C., 893; S. v. Hairston, 121 N. C., 582; S. v. Efler, 85 N. C., 585.\nAgain, in S. v. Boswell, 13 N. C., 211, Toomer, J., speaking directly to the question now under consideration, used the 'following language: \u201cA witness introduced to impeach the general character of another 'should not be permitted to give evidence of particular facts, nor repeat hearsay of strangers to the witness, whose testimony is intended to be discredited. He should only speak of the general moral character of the witness, as known among his neighbors and acquaintances. The discrediting witness should not express an opinion founded on his knowledge of particular facts, nor upon the hearsay of strangers to the witness intended to be discredited.\u201d Some of the expressions employed in this opinion were subsequently disapproved in Hooper v. Moore, 48 N. C., 430; but, in no case, has the above portion of the opinion been overruled, criticised, or disapproved. On the other hand, this language was quoted with approval by Smith, C. J., in S. v. Bullard, 100 N. C., 488; and, indeed, its correctness can hardly be the subject of cavil or debate. See McQuiggan v. Ladd, 79 B. T., 90; 14 L. R. A. (N. S.), 689, and note; People v. Van Gaasbeck, 189 N. Y., 408; 22 L. R. A. (N. S.), 650, and note. This latter note contains an exhaustive review of the English and American authorities on the subject.\nBy the general character or reputation of every individual, that is, by the estimation in which he is held in the society or neighborhood where he is known, his word and his oath are valued. If his general character be free from imputation, his testimony weighs well. But if it be sullied, in the same proportion his word will be doubted. An impeaching or sustaining witness should speak only of his own knowledge, and then only with regard to the settled judgment or estimate of the community, touching the moral stamina or worth of the party whose character is in question. \u201cCharacter,\u201d said Mr. HrsJcine, in the trial of Thomas Hardy for treason, \u201cis the slow-spreading influence of opinion, arising from the deportment of a man in society. As a man\u2019s deportment, good or bad, necessarily produces one circle without another, and so extends itself till it unites in one general opinion, that general opinion is allowed to be given in evidence.\u201d 24 State Trials, p. 1079. Tbe rul4 is tbat where an impeaching or sustaining witness is called, he must first qualify him-: self by saying whether he knows the general reputation or character of the witness or party about which he proposes to testify. -If he answer that he does not, he should be stood aside without being cross-examined on the subject. And if he reply in the affirmative, he should be confined to general reputation or character. \u25a0 This is not an idle matter; for, in many cases, its proper enforcement is essential to a fair and impartial administration of justice. Due process of law is something more than a high-sounding phrase; and the well established rules of evidence have been adopted, not merely for book-writing and law-school instruction, but the primary purpose of such adoption is for actual observance in the trial of causes.\nAgain, the defendant excepts to the following part of the charge: \u201cIf one accused of crime \u2014 when the time and place of the commission of the alleged crime is fixed, can show and does show that at that time and at the place alleged, that he was not there, and it would have been impossible for him to have committed the crime, that is evidence that the jury may consider passing upon the question, and if it is established he could not have committed the crime on account of being elsewhere at the time and placed fixed, why that would be a defense.\u201d\nThe foregoing is all that was said to the jury in regard to the defendant\u2019s alibi. True, in the closing paragraph of the charge, his Honor instructed the jury that they must be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt of the defendant\u2019s guilt before a verdict could be rendered against him, and that, if they had a reasonable doubt about it, it would be their duty to acquit the defendant. But this was far removed from the above instruction, which forms the basis of the defendant\u2019s fifth exception.\nIn S. v. Jaynes, 78 N. C., 504, it was said: \u201cThe burden of proving an alibi did not rest upon the prisoner. The burden remained upon the State to satisfy the jury upon the whole evidence of the guilt of the prisoner. It was only necessary for the prisoner in his defense to produce such an amount of testimony, whether by evidence tending to show an alibi or otherwise, as to produce in the minds of the jury a reasonable doubt of his guilt.\u201d To like effect are the following cases: S. v. Bryant, 178 N. C., 702; S. v. Rochelle, 156 N. C., 641; S. v. Freeman, 100 N. C., 429; S. v. Starnes, 94 N. C., 973; S. v. Reitz, 83 N. C., 634. See, also, 12 Cyc., 619.\nAn alibi \u2014 meaning \u201celsewhere\u201d- \u2014 is not, properly speaking, a defense within any accurate meaning of the word \u201cdefense\u201d; but it is a mere fact which may be used to call in question the identity of the person charged, or the entire basis of the prosecution. 8 R. C. L., 124 and 224.\nIn Schultz v. Territory, 5 Ariz., 239; 52 Pac., 352, the law upon the subject of an alibi seems to be very satisfactorily stated as follows: \u201cthe burden of proof never rests upon the accused to show bis innocence, or to disprove the facts necessary to establish the crime with wbicb be is charged. the defendant\u2019s presence at, and participation in, the corpus delicti, are affirmative material facts that the prosecution must show beyond a reasonable doubt to sustain a conviction. For the defendant to say be was not there is not an affirmative proposition; it is a denial of the existence of a material fact in the case. He meets the evidence of the prosecution by denying it. If a consideration of all the evidence in the case leaves a reasonable doubt of bis presence, be must be acquitted.\u201d\nI think the instruction, as given, was calculated to mislead, and in all probability did mislead, the jury. S. v. Morgan, 136 N. C., 628. the charge to the jury, in its different parts, should not be conflicting; and while a slightly inaccurate or incomplete instruction may be cured by subsequently supplying the defect or accurately stating the law, an erroneous placing of the burden of proof is not cured by a correct statement, widely separated from the excepted portion, and appearing elsewhere in the charge, unless the erroneous part is specifically withdrawn. S. v. Falkner, 182 N. C., 799, and cases there cited.\nThe rule as to the burden of proof is important and indispensable in the trial of causes. It constitutes a substantial right of the party upon whose adversary the burden rests, and hence it should be carefully guarded and rigidly enforced by the courts. Hosiery Co. v. Express Co., 184 N. C., 480.\nAddendum.\nSince writing tbe above, two concurring opinions have been prepared and filed herein. To my mind, what is said in these opinions tends to strengthen rather than to weaken tbe position that prejudicial error was committed on tbe trial of this cause.\nIt is contended that the objection to the testimony of A. G. Corpening is not properly presented. 'Why not? the defendant objected and excepted to the question propounded to the witness. He then objected and excepted to the admission of bis evidence. To say that the exception cannot be sustained because the defendant has not assigned the correct reason therefor, in my opinion, is untenable. the appeal is not here in any limited sense. I do not understand it to be the rule with us that when objection is made to the admission of evidence, counsel must state the ground upon wbicb the objection is based, unless requested to do so by the court. This may be the practice in other jurisdictions, but not so in North Carolina; at least, up to the present time the rule has been otherwise. The crucial point is that Oorpening failed to qualify as a character witness, in the face of objection, and this is a condition precedent to his right to testify under our decisions. It must follow, therefore, that his evidence is incompetent, and that the defendant has been erroneously convicted. The sufficiency of the form of the objection and the materiality of the evidence now in question were both presented and directly considered in S. v. Mills, 184 N. C., 694.\nHoKE, J., concurs in dissent.", "type": "dissent", "author": "Stacy, J.," } ], "attorneys": [ "Attorney-General Manning and Assistant Attorney-General Nash for the State.", "W. B. Jones for defendant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "STATE v. JOHN STEEN.\n(Filed 8 June, 1923.)\n1. Evidence \u2014 Witnesses\u2014Character\u2014Hearsay.\nA character witness is confined to the general reputation of the person whose character is attacked or supported, in the community in which he lives, depending upon what the witness has heard or learned as to the general opinion of his standing in the community, evidence of this kind being a matter of hearsay.\n3. Same \u2014 Investigation of Character.\nThe law-abiding citizens of a town associated themselves together for the purpose of aiding the enforcement of law and order, especially the prohibition law, which was being extensively violated there, and for the purpose employed a detective from another state to investigate and procure evidence for a conviction: Held,, competent, the testimony of a citizen of the town and a man of high character, who was sent to the community in which the detective resided for the purpose of investigation, and in anticipated attack upon his evidence, that he had made an investigation of the witness\u2019s character, and he would say it was good.\n3. Same \u2014 Appeal and Error \u2014 Objections and Exceptions.\nThe question as to whether a character witness has qualified himself to give his testimony by first saying he knew the general reputation of the person, is not presented on apxjeal, when no exception has been taken on that ground in the appellant\u2019s brief, but only to his answer to the question, after he has stated a proper ground upon which he had based his opinion.\nAbams and Clarkson, JJ., concurring; Hoke and Stacy, JJ., dissenting, Stacy, J., writing the dissenting opinion.\nAppeal by defendant from Long, J., at October Term, 1922, of RICHMOND.\nTbe defendant was convicted upon two bills of indictment charging sales of liquor to one Harry Sapphire. It appears from the evidence that conditions as to \u201cbootlegging\u201d in that town and county were such that the good citizens of the town of Rockingham organized a club to secure the enforcement of laws, among them W. N. Everett, now Secretary of State, and \"Walter L. Parsons, formerly a Senator, and other prominent and well known citizens of the State, as appears from the affidavits in the record, of which Mr. Everett\u2019s is a sample, that \u201cthere has been such widespread violation of the liquor laws in Richmond County, and that by reason of the numerous reports of violations and the inability of the officers of the town and county to arrest the violators of such laws on account of such officers being generally known, and the violators of such laws through their organization being kept posted on the movements of such officers, the boards of town and county commissioners, through their mayor and chairman, respectively, have agreed to have the violation of the liquor laws investigated by an outside representative, and to prosecute any and all persons dealing in liquor.\u201d His affidavit further states that the \u201cboards of town and county commissioners have been actuated by the highest motives in the employment of an investigator to ascertain violation of the liquor laws; that such action on the part of said boards has been for the best interests of the town and eoimty, and with regard and pursuant to their duties as such commissioners,\u201d and that \u201cthe McEendon Club is an organization of Christian men of Eichmond County, formed for the purpose of fostering Christian ideals, and to secure enforcement of all laws of the State,\u201d and was not \u201can organization to persecute any person or persons, but to prosecute any and all violators of the law.\u201d\nThere are a large number of affidavits in the record to sustain the action taken to procure the investigation of such violations. In order to ferret out the guilty parties, a detective from Atlanta was - secured, with whose aid evidence was laid before the grand jury, indictments were found, and on trial the defendant was convicted of violation of the liquor laws in two cases.\nKnowing that an attack would naturally be made upon the character of the detective, A. G. Corpening, one of the town commissioners, went to Atlanta after the preliminary hearing of the case against the defendant, and shortly before the trial in the Superior Court, to investigate as to his character. At the trial the following question was asked, \u201cMr. Corpening, have you made any investigation of Mr. Sapphire\u2019s character?\u201d Objection by defendant, overruled, and exception. To the above question the witness replied, \u201cI made a trip to Atlanta and made a personal investigation, and 'from my investigation I would say his character was good.\u201d This exception presents the only question necessary to consider in this action.\nAttorney-General Manning and Assistant Attorney-General Nash for the State.\nW. B. Jones for defendant." }, "file_name": "0768-01", "first_page_order": 834, "last_page_order": 849 }