{ "id": 8626782, "name": "S. H. BANKS et al. v. TENNESSEE MINERAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION and H. C. SMITH and Wife, BERTIE SMITH", "name_abbreviation": "S. H. Banks v. Tennessee Mineral Products Corp.", "decision_date": "1932-03-23", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "408", "last_page": "411", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "202 N.C. 408" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "132 S. E., 576", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "191 N. C., 575", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8630451 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/191/0575-01" ] }, { "cite": "53 S. E., 24", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "119 S. E., 862", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "122 S. E., 268", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "111 S. E., 372", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "138 S. E., 737", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "108 S. E., 491", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "80 S. E., 249", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "164 N. C., 268", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8657334 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/164/0268-01" ] }, { "cite": "79 S. E., 676", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "163 N. C., 325", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11271826 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/163/0325-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 533, "char_count": 10020, "ocr_confidence": 0.475, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.0152345790695094e-07, "percentile": 0.5432768474146562 }, "sha256": "e423614ec182bde146bafdef6ab3936d40c9c92521994394ab637dca1faf199c", "simhash": "1:8fc35d80df066ddf", "word_count": 1719 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:38:17.445618+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "S. H. BANKS et al. v. TENNESSEE MINERAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION and H. C. SMITH and Wife, BERTIE SMITH." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "BeogdeN, J.\nThe plaintiffs own the surface of a tract of land and the defendants oiyn the minerals or feldspar beneath the same. Hence the question of law presented is: What are the relative rights of the parties ?\n\u201cThat mineral substances beneath the surface in the earth may be conveyed by deed distinct from the right to the surface itself is now well settled.\u201d Outlaw v. Gray, 163 N. C., 325, 79 S. E., 676; Hoilman v. Johnson, 164 N. C., 268, 80 S. E., 249. This Court has not been called upon to consider many questions growing out of the mining-industry, and hence no decision has been called to our attention indicating that the principle of sublateral or subjacent support has ever been adopted in this State, or that occasion had ever arisen to discuss the proposition. The general principle deduced from the decisions of states where the mining industry has flourished is that the owner of the surface has the right of subjacent support unless such right has been waived in specific terms or terms reasonably implying such waiver. 40 C. J., p. 1195, et seq.; Hall v. Harvey Coal & Coke Co., 108 S. E., 491; Continental Coal Co. v. Connellsville By-Products Coal Co., 138 S. E., 737; Georgia Iron Ore Co. v. Jones, 111 S. E., 372; Cole v. Signal Knob Coal Co., 122 S. E., 268; Goody Koontz v. White Star Mining Co., 119 S. E., 862; Griffin v. Fairmont Coal Co., 53 S. E., 24. The various opinions in the Griffin case, supra, present every phase of the question together with the authorities supporting the various conclusions and deductions relating to the subject.\nIn the case at bar the final solution of the question involved must rest upon a construction of the deed in order to determine the intention of the parties to the conveyance. The deed held by the plaintiffs recites that \u201csaid land, as above described, being sold subject to said mineral rights and privileges,\u201d etc. The original deed from Smith to the grantor of the plaintiffs not only reserved the absolute ownership of the mineral or feldspar beneath the surface of the land and the right of ingress, egress and regress, but also \u201cthe necessary mining privileges for the operation of said mineral rights.\u201d A feldspar operation, as described in the evidence, is properly conducted by a method known as pit mining. It is not a process of tunneling beneath the surface for substantial distances, but apparently consists of digging horizontal holes in the ground. Indeed, tbe evidence tends to show that upon tbe tract of land in question tbe feldspar was frequently found close to tbe surface. Hence tbe expression in tbe deed \u201coperation of said mineral rights\u201d must be construed in tbe light of accepted and prevailing methods of mining feldspar, and such operation does not involve tbe principle of subjacent support, provided, of course, that tbe mining operation is conducted in a careful and reasonable manner so as to prevent interference with tbe surface of tbe land except insofar as such interference may be necessary in tbe reasonable and careful prosecution of tbe mining operation. Indeed, tbe plaintiffs did not contemplate tbe application' of tbe principle of subjacent support. One of tbe plaintiffs was asked tbe following question: \u201cDo you think it would be practical to go in there and put a roof over tbe spar when tbe feldspar comes within a foot or two of tbe surface?\u201d Tbe witness answered: \u201cNo sir, I don\u2019t. I didn\u2019t do it when I mined and was interested in tbe property and tbe surface. I dug just tbe same as anybody else and what I wanted was to get tbe spar with tbe least expense.\u201d Tbe practical construction placed upon a written instrument by tbe parties thereto before a controversy arises, is ordinarily given great weight by tbe courts in arriving at tbe true meaning and intent of tbe language employed in tbe contract. Wearn v. R. R., 191 N. C., 575, 132 S. E., 576. Furthermore, tbe deed of plaintiffs for tbe surface expressly provides that such surface is held \u201csubject to said mineral rights and privileges.\u201d\nThere was evidence that tbe plaintiffs bad erected about 2,000 feet of wire upon tbe land and that said wire bad been destroyed during tbe time tbe defendant Smith was conducting mining operations thereon, but there is no evidence that said wire was destroyed by Smith or with bis knowledge, consent or procurement.\nUpon tbe whole case, tbe Court is of tbe opinion that tbe judgment of nonsuit was properly entered.\nAffirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "BeogdeN, J." } ], "attorneys": [ "Charles Hutchins for plaintiffs.", "Watson & Fonts and, C. D. Bailey for defendants." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "S. H. BANKS et al. v. TENNESSEE MINERAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION and H. C. SMITH and Wife, BERTIE SMITH.\n(Filed 23 March, 1932.)\n1. Minerals B b \u2014 Minerals may be conveyed separate from ground surface.\nMineral substances beneath the surface of the earth may be conveyed by deed distinct from the title to the surface itself.\n2. Minerals C c \u2014 Held: owner of surface could not recover damages thereto caused by mining feldspar by usual method under facts of this case.\nWhere the grantor has acquired by deed the right to the feldspar beneath the surface of the ground with the right of ingress, egress and regress, together with the privileges necessary to the mining of the ore, he may not be held liable for damage to the surface of the ground in extracting the ore when the method used by him was the customary and approved method- of mining this particular mineral, and his deed, by a proper construction, gave him the right to work the mine by the method used.\n3. Same \u2014 Where plaintiff fails to show that fence was destroyed by defendant or with his procurement, etc., he may not recover therefor.\nWhere the plaintiff in his action to recover damages against the operator of a feldspar mine for the destruction of a fence upon the surface of the land owned by him, in order to recover therefor he must show that the fence was destroyed by the defendant or'with his consent, knowledge or procurement.\n4. Contracts B a \u2014 Practical construction of contract by parties before differences thereunder will be given weight in arriving at intent.\nIn construing a deed to the mineral rights in land the method of mining recognized by the original parties before differences between them may be received in evidence upon the question of the intent of the parties in this respect.\nCivil actioN, before Harwood, Special Judge, at August Term, 1931, of YaNCEY.\nPrior to 27 May, 1919, II. C. Smith was the owner in fee of certain lands in Burnsville Township, Yancey County. On said date Smith and wife, by warranty deed, conveyed said land to H. F. Harris. The deed contained the following reservation: \u201cThe mineral interests on and in all of the above described land south of the following line is hereby expressly excepted and does not pass under this deed . . . together with the right of .ingress, regress and egress over and upon the lands hereby excepted with the necessary mining privileges for the operation of said mineral rights.\u201d On 14 July, 1919, Harris and wife conveyed the land to Jos. M. Robinson. Said deed contains the following clause:\n\u201cThe mineral rights, interest and privileges described in the deed from H. B. Smith and Burt Smith to II. E. Harris, dated 27 May, 1919, and recorded in Book of Deeds No. 55, at page 164, Yancey County, and not conveyed, said lands as above described being sold subject to said mineral rights and privileges, reference to which deed is hereby made for description of said mineral rights and privileges retained and held by the said H. C. Smith and Burt Smith.\u201d In the warranty clause of said deed the grantor inserts a general covenant of warranty \u201csubject only1 to the mineral rights hereinbefore referred to.\u201d On 6 September, 1919, Robinson conveyed the land to W. B. Banks. The Banks deed contains the following clause: \u201cThe mineral rights, interest and privileges described in deed from H. C. Smith and wife to H. E. Harris, dated 27 May, 1919, . . . are not conveyed, said lands as above described being sold subject to said mineral rights and privileges,\u201d etc. The warranty clause contains the following language: \u201cExcept the mineral rights noted above,\u201d etc. W. B. Banks died and the plaintiffs are his heirs at law.\nThe evidence tended to show that on 15 February, 1928, Smith and wife leased to their codefendant, Tennessee Mineral Products Corporation, the said land, and that said corporation went into possession of said land and mined feldspar thereon. Feldspar sometimes comes close to the surface and sometimes it is six to ten feet beneath the surface. It is mined by what is described as \u201cpit mining\u201d; that is to say, by digging horizontal holes or pits in the earth. Some of these pits were 100 feet wide and 200 feet deep. There was evidence tending to show that the father of plaintiffs had mined the land during his lifetime.\nThe cause of action alleged by plaintiffs was that the defendants had dug many pits or holes in the land and that the waste material, while placed upon the old dumps, had resulted in increasing the area of dumps and thus rendering the surface of the land less valuable. The testimony tended to show that six or seven acres of land was destroyed for agricultural purposes by reason of the mining operations, and that the plaintiffs had suffered material damage by reason of such operations. The plaintiffs contend that the defendants were required by law to take the mineral or feldspar without injuring the surface of the land, and that, therefore, it was the duty of the defendants to provide subjacent support for the surface. There was evidence that a short time prior to the entry of defendant, Tennessee Mineral Products Corporation, the plaintiffs had constructed a wire fence of about 2080 feet upon the land, and that this fence had been completely destroyed during the mining operations of defendant, Smith.\nAt the conclusion of the evidence for plaintiffs the trial judge sustained a motion for nonsuit as to all defendants and from judgment in accordance therewith, plaintiffs appealed.\nCharles Hutchins for plaintiffs.\nWatson & Fonts and, C. D. Bailey for defendants." }, "file_name": "0408-01", "first_page_order": 474, "last_page_order": 477 }