{
  "id": 8633346,
  "name": "MRS. EVA CARTER NISSEN, Widow of HARRY E. NISSEN, Deceased, Employee, v. CITY OF WINSTON-SALEM, Employer, Self-Insurer",
  "name_abbreviation": "Nissen v. City of Winston-Salem",
  "decision_date": "1934-07-11",
  "docket_number": "",
  "first_page": "888",
  "last_page": "893",
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    {
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      "cite": "206 N.C. 888"
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    "name_abbreviation": "N.C.",
    "id": 9292,
    "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina"
  },
  "jurisdiction": {
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    "name_long": "North Carolina",
    "name": "N.C."
  },
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      "cite": "201 N. C., 701",
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      "reporter": "N.C.",
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        8627675
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    {
      "cite": "59 L. R. A., 915",
      "category": "reporters:federal",
      "reporter": "L.R.A.",
      "opinion_index": 0
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    {
      "cite": "96 N. W., 936",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "N.W.",
      "opinion_index": 0
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:27:02.537957+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
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  "casebody": {
    "judges": [],
    "parties": [
      "MRS. EVA CARTER NISSEN, Widow of HARRY E. NISSEN, Deceased, Employee, v. CITY OF WINSTON-SALEM, Employer, Self-Insurer."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "BeogdbN, J.\nCounsel for defendant state in their brief accurately and succinctly the questions of law involved, to wit:\n(1) Was the chief of the fire department of the city of Winston-Salem, who was killed in a motor vehicle wreck while answering a fire call, an employee within the meaning of the Workmen\u2019s Compensation Law?\n(2) Is the Supreme Court bound by the findings of the Industrial Commission and the Superior Court in this case?\n0. S., 8081 (i), Michie\u2019s Code, 1931, provides: \u201cThe term \u2018employee\u2019 means every person engaged in an employment under any appointment or contract of hire or apprenticeship ... ; as relating to municipal corporations and political subdivisions of the State the term \u2018employee\u2019 shall include all officers and employees thereof, except such as are elected by the people or elected by the council, or other governing body of said municipal corporation or political subdivision, who act in purely administrative capacities, and to serve for a definite term of office.\u201d The deceased was elected or appointed by the board of aldermen as chief of the fire department for the defendant, to hold office for one year, or until his successor is elected and qualified.\nThe defendant asserts tbat tbe deceased was an executive officer of tbe city and tbat the duties prescribed by ordinance were purely administrative. Tbe statute, supra, withdrew from tbe operation of tbe compensation law all officers of a municipality elected by tbe council or other governing body, . . . who \u201cact in purely administrative capacities.\u201d Obviously tbe word \u201cpurely\u201d in its ordinary sense means exclusively. No precise and invariable definition of tbe word \u201cadministrative\u201d can be given. Tbe meaning given by tbe appellate courts and textwriters depends upon tbe particular facts and circumstances under review. Black\u2019s Law Dictionary (3d ed.), p. 59, defines or rather describes tbe word \u201cadministrative\u201d as \u201cpertaining to administration. Particularly, having tbe character of executive or ministerial action. In this sense, administrative functions or acts are distinguished from such as are judicial,\u201d etc. Tbe Michigan Court in People v. Salsbury, 96 N. W., 936, says: \u201cTbe term \u2018administration\u2019 is also conventionally applied to tbe whole class of public functionaries, or those in charge of tbe management of tbe executive department. Mecbem, in bis work on Public Officers (section 655), makes tbe following statement: \u2018This class of officers is known by different names. They are sometimes called \u2018executive officers,\u2019 sometimes \u2018administrative,\u2019 sometimes \u2018ministerial,\u2019 and with slight shades of distinction; but for convenience sake, and as may properly be done, they will all be treated here under tbe general beading of \u2018ministerial\u2019 officers, and there will be included all officers whose duties are wholly or chiefly ministerial.\u201d See, also, State v. Loechner, 59 L. R. A., 915. McQuillin in bis work on Municipal Corporations (2d ed.), Yol. 2, p. 38, quotes Judge Cooley, as follows: \u201cTbe officer is distinguished from tbe employee in tbe greater importance, dignity and independence of bis position; in being required to take an official oath, and perhaps give an official bond; in tbe liability to be called to account as a public offender for misfeasance or non-feasance in office, and usually, though not necessarily in tbe tenure of bis position.\u201d\nSo far as tbe record discloses tbe deceased took no oath of office, gave no bond, bad no authority to employ or discharge firemen, and was apparently removable by action of tbe board of aldermen. Moreover, be was subject at all times to tbe control, supervision and direction of said board. Indeed, be could not go out of town without tbe \u201cconsent of tbe mayor or tbe fire and building committee.\u201d It would seem tbat tbe position of tbe deceased was in tbe nature of a foreman of tbe \u25a0fire department or bead fireman for tbe city of Winston-Salem.\nAssuming, however, tbat Nissen was an officer, did be perform \u201cpurely administrative acts ?\u201d\nThe evidence discloses that the deceased customarily and habitually performed the duties of fireman, or as one witness declared, \u201che was a good hand. . . . He would help just the same as the rest of the boys.\u201d\nThe \u201cdual-capacity\u201d doctrine has been adopted in determining the rights of the parties in compensation eases: \u201cthat is to say, that executive officers of a corporation will not be denied compensation merely because they are executive officers if, as a matter of fact, at the time of the injury they are engaged in performing manual labor or the ordinary duties of a workman. Hence, one of the fundamental tests of the right to compensation is not the title of the injured person, but the nature and quality of the act he is performing at the time of the injury.\u201d Hodges v. Mortgage Co., 201 N. C., 701. Of course, all of these principles must be construed and considered in the light of reason and common sense. Obviously the mayor of a city would not become an employee merely because he occasionally picked up a piece of hose or occasionally used a shovel or mattock when in the presence of a street force. Desultory, disconnected, infrequent acts of manual labor performed by an administrative officer and not reasonably required by the exigencies of the situation, would not classify such officer as a workman.\nHowever, in the ease at bar a consideration of the limited discretion and power of the chief of the fire department and the fact that he customarily and habitually performed the duties of ordinary firemen, and that the very nature of his employment apparently required such work upon his part, lead the court to the conclusion that the deceased did not \u201cact in purely administrative capacities,\u201d and the award is approved.\nIn answer to the second question of law propounded, it is sufficient to observe that both the Supreme and the Superior courts are bound by the findings of the Industrial Commission where there is any competent evidence to support such findings. Of course, if the facts are admitted and only one inference could be reasonably drawn therefrom, such facts present a pure question of law; but in the case at bar the chief of the fire department acted in a supervisory capacity, and also as a workman. Both the Industrial Commission and the trial judge found, upon competent evidence, that the deceased was an employee within the meaning of the Compensation Act, and such finding so made is conclusive.\nAffirmed.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "BeogdbN, J."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Manly, Hendren & Womble for claimant.",
      "Parrish & Deal for defendant."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "MRS. EVA CARTER NISSEN, Widow of HARRY E. NISSEN, Deceased, Employee, v. CITY OF WINSTON-SALEM, Employer, Self-Insurer.\n(Filed 11 July, 1934.)\n1. Master and Servant F a \u2014 Nature of duties at time of injury determines whether injured person is employee or executive officer.\nWhether an injured person is an executive officer or an employee within the meaning of the Compensation Act, N. C. Code, 8081 (i), is to be determined by the nature of the act performed by him at the time of the injury, but mere desultory, disconnected, and infrequent acts of manual labor not reasonably required by the exigencies of the situation will not classify an executive officer as an employee in the performance of such acts.\n2. Same \u2014 Dependents of fire chief, killed in collision on way to fire, held entitled to compensation under facts of this case.\nIn this hearing before the Industrial Commission there was evidence that the fire chief of defendant city was killed in a collision while on his way to a fire, that the fire chief in the course of his duties habitually did the work of a regular fireman in fighting fires, and that, although he was elected for a term of one year by the board of aldermen, he was not required to take oath of office or give bond, had no authority to employ or discharge firemen, and that at all times he was under the control, supervision and direction of the board of aldermen. Held, the evidence was sufficient to support a finding that the fire chief, at the time of his injury, was an employee of the city within the meaning of the Compensation Act, it appearing that he did not act purely in an administrative capacity even if it be granted that he was an elected officer, N. C.\u2019 Code, 8081 (i).\n3. Master and Servant 1? i\u2014\nThe finding of the Industrial Commission that a fire chief of a city, at the time of his injury, was an employee of the city, and not an elected officer acting in a purely administrative capacity, is conclusive on appeal when supported by competent evidence.\nCivil aotiow, before Alley, J., at March Term, 1934, of Eoesyth.\nOn 9 September, 1932, the board of aldermen of the city of Winston-Salem elected Harry E. Nissen chief of the fire department of said city, to serve for one year, and fixed his salary at $2,892 per annum. The ordinance of Winston-Salem then in force provided in substance that the board of aldermen in September of each year should elect a chief of the fire department, who \u201cshall hold office for one year or until his successor is elected and qualified and shall receive such salary as may be fixed by the board of aldermen.\u201d It was further provided that \u201cthe chief of the fire department shall be the commanding officer of the department under the supervision of the mayor and fire and building committee, and shall be responsible to the board of aldermen for its proper management. The property of the department shall be in his care and for its safety and proper assignment he shall be directly responsible to the board of aldermen. It shall be the duty of the chief to see that all rules, regulations and orders prescribed by the board of aldermen are promptly and faithfully respected and obeyed, and whenever any violation of the same is reported to him or comes under his personal observation, he shall promptly investigate the same and report the matter to the board.\u201d The chief had authority to suspend any member of the department from duty, \u201cbut shall immediately report such suspension, together with all the facts in the case to the board of aldermen for its consideration and action.\u201d It was the duty of the chief to respond to all fire alarms and \u201cupon arrival at the scene of the fire at once assume command, taking every precaution for the protection of life and property. . . . He shall not absent himself from the city without the consent of the mayor or the fire and building committee.\u201d Certain other duties were imposed upon the chief of the fire department, such as making reports of all fires, furnishing certain information with respect thereto, and to inspect all buildings and premises in the city, to see that they are kept free from empty boxes, waste paper, ashes, and rubbish \u201cwhich may be liable to cause or spread fire, and for the purpose of remedying any condition that may in his opinion be liable to cause or spread fire, and to enforce all the ordinances of the city relating to the prevention of fires.\u201d\nOn 28 November, 1932, there was a fire alarm in Winston-Salem and the deceased, together with various units of the fire department, responded to the call. While the first fire was in progress another alarm was turned in from another part of the city. Thereupon the chief in company with another fireman started to the second fire, and on the way at the corner of Sixth and Cherry streets there was a collision between the automobile driven by the deceased and a bus, and as a result of such collision the deceased was killed.\nA claim was filed with the Industrial Commission and a hearing held on 16 June, 1933. Certain testimony was taken at the hearing, and this testimony tended to show that Nissen had been chief of. the fire department for more than fourteen years. He stayed at home part of the time and at the station part of the time, but was on duty practically all the time. Jenkins, who had been a member of the fire department for fourteen years, said with reference to the duties of the chief: \u201cHe had to make out his fire reports and looked after buying stuff and writing orders and stuff like that, and write requisitions and emergency orders and things like that. . . . When we have a fire we would go around over the building and try to find the cause of the fire and if we couldn\u2019t find it that night we would go back the next day and several times we would have to make several trips back. He did not have a stenographer. He wrote out his own reports. He had an alarm system in the house same as at the station. He attended fires at all times and was a good hand. He wore the same outfit to the fires as the men wore. At night he would wear boots and rubber pants. . . . He would help just the same as the rest of the boys and give orders what to do. . . . Lots of times me and him would go in and rush the furniture to the middle of the room and take these top holders and cover them up and I couldn\u2019t do this by myself. . . . Sometimes we were short of men at meal hours and men would take the hose and run off with them and maybe leave one man at the truck, and the driver can\u2019t connect up by himself and me and him has went and connected up with the hydrant. ... I have seen him take an axe and bust open some doors and an axesaw and saw off locks. . . . Lots of times I have seen him chop holes in floors. He was a fellow that could stand lots of smoke and could gu in like that. He wasn\u2019t a fellow that would say go do something. He would say, let\u2019s go. . . . After the fire was over he would go around and hunt for kerosene rags or rags that would cause spontaneous combustion. . . . He was on duty all the time.\u201d Another fireman, testifying for claimant said: \u201cI have seen him take hold of hose and help get him to knock down doors and do things like that. ... I have seen him take hold of the hose and help the men when they were in a strain.\u201d Another fireman, witness for plaintiff, said: \u201cHe was always there and looked the place over to see where he could locate his men at and then lots of times he would help the men. I have seen him saw off locks, tear down doors, chop holes in the floor, and anything that was to be done. I have seen him moving or carrying out' furniture. I have seen him carry hose. . . . He would do anything that the men would do.\u201d\nThe hearing commissioner found as a fact \u201cthat the chief of the fire department was an employee as contemplated by the terms of the Workmen\u2019s Compensation Law, and that his dependents are entitled to recover.\u201d . . . Thereupon an award was made and the defendant appealed to the full Commission, which approved the findings of fact and award, and the defendant appealed to the Superior Court.\nCertain findings of fact were made by the trial judge. The vital finding was as follows: \u201cThe court finds as a fact that the said Harry E. Nissen, although he was elected by the board of aldermen of the city of Winston-Salem as chief of the fire department to serve for a definite term and for a stated amount of salary, did not act in a purely administrative capacity, and when attending a fire customarily discharged the duties of an ordinary fireman.\u201d\nFrom the judgment approving the award of the Industrial Commission the defendant appealed to the Supreme Court.\nManly, Hendren & Womble for claimant.\nParrish & Deal for defendant."
  },
  "file_name": "0888-01",
  "first_page_order": 950,
  "last_page_order": 955
}