{
  "id": 8625775,
  "name": "GURNEY P. HOOD, Commissioner of Banks, et al., v. E. A. DAVIDSON and FIDELITY AND CASUALTY COMPANY OF NEW YORK",
  "name_abbreviation": "Hood v. Davidson",
  "decision_date": "1934-11-21",
  "docket_number": "",
  "first_page": "329",
  "last_page": "335",
  "citations": [
    {
      "type": "official",
      "cite": "207 N.C. 329"
    }
  ],
  "court": {
    "name_abbreviation": "N.C.",
    "id": 9292,
    "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina"
  },
  "jurisdiction": {
    "id": 5,
    "name_long": "North Carolina",
    "name": "N.C."
  },
  "cites_to": [
    {
      "cite": "135 S. E., 463",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "192 N. C., 108",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8617609
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/192/0108-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "157 S. E., 857",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "200 N. C., 484",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8623489
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/200/0484-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "132 S. E., 576",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "191 N. C., 575",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8630451
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/191/0575-01"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cite": "129 S. E., 721",
      "category": "reporters:state_regional",
      "reporter": "S.E.",
      "opinion_index": 0
    },
    {
      "cite": "190 N. C., 284",
      "category": "reporters:state",
      "reporter": "N.C.",
      "case_ids": [
        8600826
      ],
      "opinion_index": 0,
      "case_paths": [
        "/nc/190/0284-01"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "analysis": {
    "cardinality": 620,
    "char_count": 17131,
    "ocr_confidence": 0.455,
    "pagerank": {
      "raw": 1.936632186434194e-07,
      "percentile": 0.7349702627450481
    },
    "sha256": "579c8c73437a75c21a34e9935b89c79b35887a8b2b87ee3ef98e10ecd0d21c7f",
    "simhash": "1:4ce5572fde20ee71",
    "word_count": 2898
  },
  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:17:31.653514+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
  },
  "casebody": {
    "judges": [],
    "parties": [
      "GURNEY P. HOOD, Commissioner of Banks, et al., v. E. A. DAVIDSON and FIDELITY AND CASUALTY COMPANY OF NEW YORK."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "BbogdeN, J.\n(1) Do Fidelity Bonds Nos. 1096651, dated 21 May, 1926, and 1267548, witb endorsement thereon, constitute one bond or contract of indemnity, or are they separate and independent contracts of indemnity ?\n(2) Was notice given by tbe plaintiff as required?\n(3) Was claim for loss given in accordance witb tbe terms of tbe contract ?\nTbe first bond, or No. 1096651, provided tbat \u201ctbe right to make a claim hereunder shall cease at tbe end of fifteen months after tbe termination, expiration, or cancellation of this bond.\u201d According to finding of fact No. 80 invalid loans made between 21 May, 1926, and 21 May, 1929, aggregate $21,698.90. Obviously no claim was made for these loans within a period of fifteen months from 21 May, 1929, and hence there could be no recovery for losses sustained from 21 May, 1926, to 21 May, 1929, when Bond No. 1267548 was given, unless tbe two bonds are to be deemed and construed as one contract. Tbe first bond, or Bond No. 1096651, provided tbat it should \u201ccontinue in force until terminated or canceled as hereinafter provided.\u201d Tbe method specified in said bond for such termination or cancellation rested upon \u201ca written notice stating when tbe cancellation takes effect served on employer or sent by registered letter ... at least thirty days prior to tbe date tbat the cancellation takes effect.\u201d There is no evidence and no finding of fact tbat such notice was ever given. Consequently, it must be determined whether Bond No. 1267548, given on 21 May, 1929, is in itself a termination and cancellation of tbe former bond. Bond No. 1267548 carried a rider constituting a part of tbe bond itself, and this rider contained tbe following clause, to wit: \u201c(a) This individual bond is issued as a continuation of tbe individual bond . . . numbered 1096651, dated 21 May, 1926. (b) And tbe said old bond and this renewal bond shall be deemed one bond, (c) Tbe company\u2019s aggregate liability under both bonds for all loss or losses shall not exceed tbe greatest amount for which tbe company is liable under one of tbe said bonds.\u201d Tbe foregoing language is plain and unequivocal, and it would seem manifest that the defendant surety company has chosen apt words to weld the two instruments together and mate them one. It has been held that \u201cwhen two or more papers are executed by the same parties at the same time, or at different times, and show on their face that each was executed to carry out the common intent, they should be construed together.\u201d Perry v. Surety Co., 190 N. C., 284, 129 S. E., 721. Moreover, if the language of the instrument or instruments is ambiguous, they must be construed most strongly against the defendant, who chose words to suit itself and sold them tO' the bank for compensation for the purpose of indemnifying against loss occasioned by unfaithful officers. In addition, it has been generally held that in determining the meaning of an indefinite contract, the .construction placed upon the contract by the parties themselves will usually be adopted by the Court. Wearn v. R. R., 191 N. C., 575, 132 S. E., 576; Cole v. Fibre Co., 200 N. C., 484, 157 S. E., 857; Loan Association v. Davis, 192 N. C., 108, 135 S. E., 463.\nIn. view of the language of Bond No. 1267548, the construction thereof by the parties, and the pertinent principles of law, it is concluded that the two bonds constitute one contract of indemnity, and therefore Bond No. 1096651, as amended and modified by Bond No. 1267548 bases liability upon certain express conditions specified therein, to wit: (a) \u201cThat the employer shall, within a reasonable time and at all events not later than thirty days after discovery of loss hereunder, notify the surety thereof,\u201d etc. (b) \u201cThat claim for loss hereunder shall be itemized with full particulars, including the amount and date of each item, . . . and presented to the surety within three months after the discovery of such loss.\u201d (c) \u201cThat any suit . . : to recover against the surety on account of loss hereunder shall be brought before the expiration of twelve months from the discovery of such loss,\u201d etc. In other words, liability rests upon notice in thirty days after discovery of loss, itemized proof of loss within three months after such discovery and suit within twelve months from such discovery.\nThe bank was closed on 3 October, 1931, and on 6 November, 1931, the liquidating agent wrote a letter to1 the surety declaring the intention of plaintiff \u201cto put you on notice as to shortage which has become apparent.\u201d\nThe referee concluded that the notice of loss given by the liquidating agent complied with the contract. This conclusion was approved by the trial judge and there was competent evidence to support it. The liquidating agent testified that he mailed a letter giving the notice \u201cwithin three or four days after I discovered the certificates of deposit outstanding, which were marked paid upon the register.\u201d\nOn 19 December, 1931, an itemized proof of loss was submitted to tbe defendant specifying in detail certain claims arising from tbe unlawful and wrongful acts of tbe principal in tbe bond. Tbis proof of loss was furnished \u201cwitbin three months after discovery of such loss.\u201d There are certain discrepancies between tbe proof of loss so furnished and tbe proof produced at tbe trial, but tbe referee concluded that tbe proof of loss was in compliance with tbe contract and tbis conclusion was approved by tbe trial judge, and there was evidence to support such conclusion.\nTbe record discloses that tbe suit was brought witbin twelve months from tbe discovery of tbe loss and a careful study of tbe findings of fact, tbe exceptions thereto, and tbe rulings of tbe trial judge do not convince tbe Court of reversible error.\nTbe question of liability of tbe surety upon both bonds was not presented in tbe trial court, and for that reason has not been considered in determining tbe rights of tbe parties in tbe case.\nAffirmed.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "BbogdeN, J."
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Gray & Christopher for plaintiff.",
      "S. W. Black and Edwin B. Whitaker for Fidelity and Casualty Company of New York."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "GURNEY P. HOOD, Commissioner of Banks, et al., v. E. A. DAVIDSON and FIDELITY AND CASUALTY COMPANY OF NEW YORK.\n(Filed 21 November, 1934.)\n1. Principal and Surety B e\u2014\nAmbiguous language in a surety bond will be construed most strongly against tbe surety wbo ebose tbe words to suit itself.\n2. Contracts B a\u2014\nIn determining tbe meaning of an indefinite contract, tbe construction placed upon tbe contract by tbe parties themselves will usually be adopted by tbe Court.\n3. Principal and Surety B d \u2014 Bank official\u2019s bond and renewal thereof held to constitute but one contract under facts of this case.\nDefendant surety executed a bond for a bank officer wbieb provided tbat it should continue in force until terminated or canceled by written notice to tbe employer stating when such cancellation should be effective, which notice should be given at least thirty days prior to such cancellation. Three years thereafter tbe same surety executed a bond on tbe same officer to tbe same employer, which bond stated that it was issued as a continuation of tbe old bond, tbat tbe old bond and the renewal should be deemed one bond, and tbat tbe surety\u2019s aggregate liability should not exceed tbe greatest amount for which tbe surety was liable under one of tbe bonds: Held, tbe two papers, executed for a common intent, will be construed together, and in view of tbe language of tbe bonds and tbe construction placed thereon by tbe parties, together with tbe pertinent principles of law, the two bonds constituted but one contract of indemnity.\n4. Same \u2014 Claim against surety held filed within, time prescribed under bank official\u2019s bond and renewal thereof which constituted one bond.\nTbe bond of a bank official provided, among other conditions relating to notice, filing claim and suit, tbat no claim should be filed thereunder after fifteen months from tbe expiration or cancellation of tbe bond. Thereafter a renewal bond was executed by tbe surety, which renewal bond and original bond constituted but one contract, and there was no evidence tliat the old bond had been canceled in accordance with its terms. Loss covered by the contract was sustained during the period covered by the original bond, but was not discovered until more than fifteen months after the execution of the renewal bond: Held, the right to file claim and sue on the bond to recover such loss was not precluded by the limitation in the original bond, since the original bond had not expired and had not been canceled in accordance with its terms, and the provisions in the second bond requiring notice in thirty days after discovery of loss, itemized proof of loss within three months after such discovery, and suit within twelve months from such discovery, amended and modified like provisions in the first bond, and governed the rights of the parties.\n5. Appeal and Error J c \u2014 Findings,of fact by referee, approved by trial court, and supported by evidence, are conclusive on appeal.\nIn this action against the surety on the bond of a bank officer, the referee found that notice of loss under the contract and an itemized statement thereof was given the surety as required by the contract, which findings were supported by evidence and approved by the trial court upon appeal: Held, the surety\u2019s contentions that notice and an itemized statement were not given as required by the contract cannot be sustained.\n6. Appeal and Error B b\u2014\nWhere an aspect of the law involved in a case is not presented in the trial court it will not be considered in determining the rights of the parties upon appeal to the Supreme Court.\nCivil action, before Small, J., at July Special Term, 1934, of Cl-IEROKEE.\nThe record discloses that the Cherokee Bank was duly chartered as a North Carolina bank in the year 1920, and that upon organization of the bank E. A. Davidson became president thereof until the bank was closed on account of insolvency on 3 October, 1931.\nOn 21 May, 1926, the Fidelity and Casualty Company of New York executed and delivered to the Cherokee Bank Fidelity Bond No. 1096651, indemnifying said bank in the sum of $10,000 against loss through the fraud, dishonesty, embezzlement, or wrongful abstraction of E. A. Davidson. Certain pertinent clauses of this bond are noted, as follows: (a) \u201cThe term of this bond begins on 21 May, 1926, . . . and shall continue in force until terminated or canceled as hereinbefore provided.\u201d (b) \u201cWithout prejudice . . . the company may cancel this bond at any time by a written notice, stating when the cancellation takes effect, served on the employer or sent by registered letter to the employer . . . at least thirty days prior to the date that the cancellation takes effect,\u201d etc. (c) \u201cUpon discovery of employer of any dishonesty . . . the employer shall give immediate written notice thereof to the company. . . . Affirmative proof of loss under oath, together with full particulars of such loss, shall be filed with the company at its home office within three months after such discovery. . . . The right to make claim hereunder shall cease at the end of fifteen months after the termination, expiration, or cancellation of this bond.\u201d\nThereafter, on 21 May, 1929, the defendant Casualty Company \u201cexecuted and delivered to said bank another Fidelity bond, known as No. 1267548, indemnifying said bank against the same acts of E. A. Davidson as specified in the former bond . . . while in any position in the continuous employ .of the employer, after twelve o\u2019clock noon of 21 May, 1929, and before the employer shall become aware of any default on the part of the employee, and discovered before the expiration of three years from the termination of such employment or cancellation of this bond, whichever may first happen.\u201d This second bond, as aforesaid, contains certain pertinent clauses, to wit: (a) \u201cThe employer shall, within a reasonable time and at all events not later than thirty days after discovery of loss hereunder, notify the surety thereof,\u201d etc. (b) \u201cClaim for loss hereunder shall be itemized with full particulars, including the amount and date of each item, subscribed and sworn to by the employer, and presented to the surety within three months after the discovery of such loss.\u201d (c) \u201cAny suit or action to recover against the surety . . . shall be brought before the expiration of twelve months from the discovery of such loss,\u201d etc.\nTo the foregoing bond was attached a rider constituting a part of said bond, as follows: \u201cThis individual bond is issued as a continuation of the individual bond . . . numbered 1096651 and dated 21 May, 1926.\n\u201cIt is hereby understood and agreed that the continuance of the said old bond in this manner shall not bar a recovery under the said old bond for loss in all other respects covered thereunder, and the said old bond and this renewal bond shall be deemed one bond.\n\u201cIt is further understood and agreed that the company\u2019s liability (1) for any loss occurring within the term of the old bond shall not exceed the limit of the company\u2019s liability specified under the said old bond; (2) for any loss occurring within the terms of this renewal bond shall not exceed the limit of the company\u2019s liability specified in this renewal bond, . . . the company\u2019s aggregate liability under both bonds for all loss or losses shall not exceed the greatest amount for which the company is liable under one of the said bonds.\u201d\nOn 3 October, 1931, the Bank of Oherokee was closed by proper authority. On 6 November, 1931, the liquidating agent of the bank notified the defendant surety that there was an apparent shortage in the books of the Cherokee Bank \u201cwhich the auditors have just begun to discover,\u201d and further notified the defendant surety that it held surety bonds issued by it on behalf of E. A. Davidson and Charles William Oarringer, who were active officers of the bank. This letter was received by the defendant surety on 9 November, 1931. On 19 December, 1931, the plaintiff filed a proof of loss with the surety, stating that E. A. Davidson, president of the bank, had violated various banking statutes in abstracting and misapplying the funds of the bank, showing a direct and indirect liability of Davidson amounting to $24,910.05. In addition, certain other notes were listed, bringing the total amount of proof of loss to the sum of $36,624.73.. The proof of loss declared: \u201cThe Fidelity and Casualty. Company of New York is further notified that an accurate and complete examination of the affairs of said Cherokee Bank has not yet been consummated and claimants expressly reserve the right to include in their claim on said bonds other and additional items that may in the future come to light. Notice is further given that the grounds set out above on which liability may be predicated shall not be exclusive, but the right is expressly reserved to include other and additional grounds of liability.\u201d\nThe present suits were instituted on 23 February, 1932, and on 19 September, 1932. The suits were consolidated. A complaint and \u25a0amended complaint were filed and answer and amended answer filed by the surety company. The case on appeal shows the following: \u201cThe defendant Fidelity and Casualty Company of New York denied liability on the ground that there had been no breach of the bond by Davidson, or losses\" to the bank, and on the further ground that the Cherokee Bank and the plaintiff Commissioner of Banks had failed to comply with the terms of the bond in regard to notifying it of the losses claimed within the time required by the bond, and had also failed to file proof of loss in accordance with the terms of the bond.\u201d\nThereafter, Hon. G-. L. Jones was appointed referee. Hearings were had at various times and on 23 October, 1933, the referee filed a comprehensive report setting out in detail his findings of fact and conclusions of law. There are ninety-three findings of fact and thirty-three conclusions of law.\nThe referee concluded that the endorsement on Bond No. 1267548 constituted Bond No. 1267548 a continuation of Bond No. 1096651. He found as a fact that notice and proof of loss furnished the surety were in compliance with the terms of the bond (findings 82 and 83). Upon the findings and conclusions of law the referee declared that the plaintiff was entitled to judgment against E. A. Davidson for the sum of $38,144.57, and that the plaintiff was entitled to a judgment against the defendant surety company for the sum of $25,596.71, said judgment to be discharged \u201cupon the payment of $10,000, and interest thereon, from 19 March, 1932.\u201d\nBoth parties filed exceptions\" to the referee\u2019s report, and thereafter such exceptions were heard by the trial judge, who made certain findings and certain amendments to tbe report of tbe referee, and adjudged tbat tbe plaintiff was entitled to recover of tbe defendant surety tbe sum of $20,853.44, \u201csaid judgment ... to be discharged upon tbe payment by said defendant of tbe sum of $10,000, witb interest . . . from 19 March, 1932,\u201d etc.\nFrom tbe foregoing judgment tbe defendant surety appealed.\nGray & Christopher for plaintiff.\nS. W. Black and Edwin B. Whitaker for Fidelity and Casualty Company of New York."
  },
  "file_name": "0329-01",
  "first_page_order": 397,
  "last_page_order": 403
}