{ "id": 2221607, "name": "ZEB V. GRUBB, Trading and Doing Business as GRUBB MOTOR COMPANY, v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY, INC.", "name_abbreviation": "Grubb v. Ford Motor Co.", "decision_date": "1935-12-11", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "88", "last_page": "93", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "209 N.C. 88" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "205 N. C., 575", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8630242 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/205/0575-01" ] }, { "cite": "204 N. C., 288", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8616430 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/204/0288-01" ] }, { "cite": "201 N. C., 393", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8625653 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/201/0393-01" ] }, { "cite": "200 N. C., 396", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8622133 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/200/0396-01" ] }, { "cite": "188 N. C., 392", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8653901 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/188/0392-01" ] }, { "cite": "165 N. C., 644", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8661027 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/165/0644-01" ] }, { "cite": "188 N. C., 186", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8653478 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/188/0186-01" ] }, { "cite": "191 N. C., 323", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8628969 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/191/0323-01" ] }, { "cite": "178 N. C., 595", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11273405 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/178/0595-01" ] }, { "cite": "207 N. C., 413", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "166 N. C., 580", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "181 N. C., 205", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8655617 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/181/0205-01" ] }, { "cite": "150 N. C., 146", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 11270074 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/150/0146-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 617, "char_count": 14158, "ocr_confidence": 0.464, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.6965181453822096e-07, "percentile": 0.700101820608074 }, "sha256": "305b7806d1bde078e7dbcf8aac06653c9be5ba7908b17d6fa88896f28b2d8a2a", "simhash": "1:37ee7f451e6792f7", "word_count": 2353 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:34:31.527681+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "ZEB V. GRUBB, Trading and Doing Business as GRUBB MOTOR COMPANY, v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY, INC." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Devin, J.\nThe defendant contends the judgment of nonsuit should be sustained on one of three grounds:\n(1) That evidence of the oral contract relied on was incompetent.\n(2) That the person with whom plaintiff alleges he orally contracted was not authorized to make such a contract.\n(3) That the agency contract being determinable at will, there was no consideration to support the oral agreement.\n1. The oral agreement to repurchase the Ford parts was entirely separate and apart from the written contract of agency, and did not vary, contradict, or modify any of its terms. The oral agreement was made more than a year later than the agency contract and was in accord with its terms. It was provided in the agency contract that \u201cupon termination of this agreement the company may, at its option, repurchase from dealer, all or any part of company\u2019s products in dealer\u2019s possession. And the dealer agrees to sell such products to the company at the price paid therefor plus freight.\u201d\nThe plaintiff testified in effect that defendant agreed subsequently by parol to exercise the option given it in the written contract.\nIt is well settled that the rule that parol evidence will not be admitted to contradict or modify a written contract does not apply when the modification takes place after the execution of the contract. Freeman v. Bell, 150 N. C., 146. Nor is it incompetent to prove by parol evidence another and subsequent agreement with respect to the same subject matter. The principle excluding parol evidence has no application to subsequent agreements which change or modify the original contract. Mfg. Co. v. McPhail, 181 N. C., 205; McKinney v. Matthews, 166 N. C., 580.\n2. The rule is well established that one is bound by the acts and agreements of his agent while the agent is acting within the scope of his authority or agency, and equally so when the agent is acting within the apparent scope of such authority or agency.\nHere plaintiff testifies that the defendant\u2019s Mr. Hancock, who made the agreement for the defendant, was the zone manager in charge of the territory; that plainitff went to defendant\u2019s Norfolk branch to see \u201cMr. Wood\u201d about plaintiff\u2019s dealership and was in effect told that Mr. Hancock had been designated to handle it; that this was a matter with reference to the manner of conducting and the continuance of his dealership.\nThe letter of resignation relied on by defend\u00e1nt was addressed to the Norfolk office of the defendant Ford Motor Company, and from this fact the reasonable inference may be drawn that this was the same office to which plaintiff had gone and by which the matter had been referred to \u201cMr. Hancock.\u201d\nIn R. R. v. Lassiter, 207 N. C., 413, Clarkson, J., quotes from R. R. v. Smitherman, 178 N. C., 595, as follows: \u201cWhile as between the principal and agent the scope of the latter\u2019s authority is that authority which is actually conferred upon him by his principal, . . . such . . . restrictions do not affect third persons ignorant thereof, and as between the principal and third persons, the mutual rights and liabilities are governed by the apparent scope of the agent\u2019s authority, which is that authority which the principal has held the agent out as possessing, or which he has permitted the agent to represent that he possesses. . . . The authority must, however, have been actually apparent to the third person, who . . . must have dealt with the agent in reliance thereon, in good faith and in the exercise of reasonable prudence, in which ease the principal will be bound by the acts of the agent performed in the usual and customary mode of doing such business.\u201d Bobbitt v. Land Co., 191 N. C., 323; Gallop v. Clark, 188 N. C., 186.\nUnder the circumstances testified to by plaintiff, he was justified in dealing with Hancock as the authorized agent of Eord Motor Company, or as acting within the apparent scope of his authority.\n3. While the written contract constituting plaintiff a Eord dealer contains the provision, \u201cThis agreement may be terminated at any time at the will of either party by written notice to the other,\u201d the continuance of this contract seems to have been regarded by the parties, according to plaintiff\u2019s evidence, as of some value, and plaintiff\u2019s resignation of sufficient benefit to the defendant, or detriment to the plaintiff, to constitute consideration for the oral agreement sued on.\nThe oral agreement consisted of mutual promises, each to the other, which the plaintiff testifies he performed on his part not only with respect to the surrender of his contract, but also as to the performance of other acts to be done under the agreement.\nThe principle is stated in Institute v. Mebane, 165 N. C., 644:\n\u201cA valuable consideration in the sense of the law may consist either in some right, interest, or benefit accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss, or responsibility given, suffered, or undertaken by the other. Courts will not ask whether the thing which forms the consideration does in fact benefit the promisee or a third party, or is of any substantial value to anyone. It is enough that something is promised, done, forborne, or suffered by the party to whom the promise is made, as consideration for the promise made to him.\u201d\nTo the same effect is Exum v. Lynch, 188 N. C., 392; R. R. v. Ziegler, 200 N. C., 396; Ex parte Barefoot, 201 N. C., 393; Warren v. Bottling Co., 204 N. C., 288; Grier v. Weldon, 205 N. C., 575.\nIn Ford Motor Co. v. Kirkmyer, 65 Fed. (2d), 1001, cited by counsel for defendant, Circuit Judge Parker, in a well considered opinion, construed a dealership contract of the Ford Motor Company and reached the conclusion in that case that the contract being terminable at will could not form the basis of an action for damages because of lack of consideration and mutuality. But the facts upon which that opinion was based are distinguishable from those in the case at bar, and do not militate against the position here taken.\nThe rule is that on a motion for nonsuit the plaintiff\u2019s evidence must be considered in its most favorable aspect. Viewing it in this light, we conclude that upon none of the grounds urged by defendant can the nonsuit be sustained.\nThe plaintiff\u2019s evidence was sufficient to have entitled him to have it submitted to the jury with appropriate instructions.\nThe judgment of nonsuit is\nReversed.", "type": "majority", "author": "Devin, J." } ], "attorneys": [ "Bon A. Walser and Martin & Brinkley for plaintiff.", "Phillips & Bower and Gansler \u2022& Gansler for defendant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "ZEB V. GRUBB, Trading and Doing Business as GRUBB MOTOR COMPANY, v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY, INC.\n(Filed 11 December, 1935.)\n1. Evidence J a \u2014 Parol evidence of separate, subsequent agreement in accord with original written contract, held competent.\nPlaintiff\u2019s contract with defendant motor company provided that upon the termination of the agency contract defendant might repurchase from plaintiff dealer, at its option, products of defendant in plaintiff\u2019s possession at the price paid, plus freight, and that the contract might not be enlarged, varied, or modified except in writing. Plaintiff offered evidence of a parol agreement entered into more than a year thereafter in which plaintiff agreed to resign his agency and defendant agreed to repurchase accessories and equipment in plaintiff\u2019s possession at seventy-five per cent of list price. Held: Evidence of the separate, subsequent parol agreement in accord with the original written contract was competent.\n3. Principal and Agent C b \u2014 Agent held to have acted within apparent scope of authority and principal was bound by his agreement.\nPlaintiff\u2019s automobile agency contract provided that it might not be enlarged, vari\u00e9d, modified, or canceled except by an instrument executed by defendant motor company\u2019s president, vice-president, secretary, or assistant secretary. Plaintiff testified that in consequence of differences between him and defendant company, he went to defendant\u2019s branch office, and was told that the matter would be taken up by defendant\u2019s zone manager, that thereafter he entered into an agreement with the zone manager under which he agreed to resign his agency and defendant company agreed to repurchase equipment on hand at a stipulated price, that he mailed his resignation to the same branch office of defendant, which accepted same on behalf of defendant company. Held: Defendant\u2019s zone manager had apparent authority, under plaintiff\u2019s evidence, to enter the agreement for the resignation of the agency and the repurchase of equipment by defendant, and defendant company\u2019s motion to nonsuit on the ground that the zone manager was without authority to make the agreement should be denied.\n3. Contracts A d \u2014 Plaintiff\u2019s evidence held to show sufficient consideration to support contract sued on.\nPlaintiff\u2019s automobile agency contract provided that it might be terminated at any time at the will of either party. Plaintiff declared on a contract under the terms of which he agreed to resign his agency, and continue to service cars made by defendant until defendant could obtain another dealer, etc., in consideration of defendant\u2019s agreement to repurchase equipment on hand. Plaintiff testified that he resigned his agency and performed all other acts to be done by him under the agreement. Held: Defendant\u2019s motion to nonsuit on the ground that as the agency contract was terminable at will, there was no consideration sufficient to support the contract declared on, should have been denied, since plaintiff\u2019s evidence discloses some detriment suffered by plaintiff or benefit accruing to defendant.\n4. Trial D a\u2014\nOn a motion to nonsuit, the evidence must be considered in the most favorable aspect for plaintiff.\nAppeal by plaintiff from McElroy, /., at May Term, 1935, of Davidson.\nEeversed.\nPlaintiff, a former local agent and dealer in products of tbe defendant motor company, brings tbis action for damages for breach of contract. He offered evidence tending to sbow tbat be bad been engaged since 1 June, 1932, in tbe automobile business in Lexington, under a written contract with tbe defendant; tbat in August, 1933, be entered into an oral agreement with defendant through its zone manager to tbe effect tbat if be would resign bis agency and cancel bis contract therefor, tbe defendant would repurchase from him at seventy-five per cent of list price tbe parts, accessories, and other equipment which bad been sold to him by defendant; tbat be did so resign and cancel bis agency contract, but defendant failed and refused to repurchase said property, whereby be sustained a loss.\nTbe written contract of agency contains tbe following provisions:\n\u201c(c) Tbis agreement may be terminated at any time at tbe will of either party by written notice to tbe other party given either by registered mail or by personal delivery, and such termination shall also operate to cancel all orders theretofore received by Company and not delivered.\u201d\n\u201c(d) Upon termination of tbis agreement Company may, at its option, repurchase from Dealer all or any part of Company\u2019s products in Dealer\u2019s possession, and Dealer agrees to sell such products to Company at tbe price paid therefor plus freight, but less any liens or encumbrances thereon. And Dealer hereby grants Company tbe right to enter tbe premises of Dealer upon termination of tbis agreement and to take possession of all or any part of said products upon tender of the purchase price thereof, determined as above.\u201d\n\u201c(h) The terms of this agreement may not be enlarged, varied, modified, or canceled by any agent or representatives of Company, except by an instrument in writing executed by the President, Vice-President, Secretary, or Assistant Secretary of Company, and Company will not be bound by any alleged enlargement, variation, modification, or agreement not so evidenced.\u201d\nPlaintiff testified that in consequence of some differences that had arisen between him and defendant he went to Norfolk, Virginia, in August, 1933, to see \u201cMr. Wood\u201d to discuss the matter of his agency.\nThat Mr. Wood told him he was busy and he would send Mr. Hancock to see him; that Mr. Hancock, who was defendant\u2019s zone manager in charge of this territory, came to see him several times and talked with him about the way to conduct the business, about service and repairs, about demonstrators and salesmen and reports, and general survey of the way to operate the Ford business; that on 16 August, 1933, Mr. Hancock \u201casked me if I would resign, and I told him I would if they would take the parts and equipment off my hands \u2014 that I would have too large a loss if I didn\u2019t dispose of them. He said if I would continue to service his Ford cars and buy Ford parts from them and look after the cars in the territory until they got a new dealer, they would take them off my hands when they got a new dealer here. The price was to be cost for parts and seventy-five per cent of list price for equipment. I agreed to that.\u201d That thereupon Mr. Hancock wrote out the resignation and he signed it and gave it to him. The resignation is in the following words: \u201cGrubb Motor Co., Authorized Ford Dealer, Phone 485, Lexington, N. C., 8-16-33. Ford Motor Company, Norfolk, Va. Gentlemen: We hereby notify you of the cancellation and termination of our Ford Sales Agreement with your Company, dated 1 June, 1932, in accordance with paragraph 9, section E of that agreement, such cancellation to be effective upon receipt of this notice by you. Very truly yours, Grubb Motor Co., by Zeb V. Grubb.\u201d\nPlaintiff further testified that he in all respects complied with the terms of the agreement on his part; that defendant appointed Wright Motors, Inc., new dealer for the territory, but failed and refused to repurchase the parts and equipment; that thereafter he tried to dispose of said property and put up a sign: \u201cFord-Service \u2014 Genuine Parts, Equipment\u201d \u2014 \u201cFormer Ford Dealer,\u201d but that defendant stopped him by an injunction from the United States Court for infringement of registered trademark \u201cFord\u201d; that thereafter he instituted this suit.\nAt the close of plaintiff\u2019s evidence, the court sustained motion to nonsuit, and from judgment thereon plaintiff appealed.\nBon A. Walser and Martin & Brinkley for plaintiff.\nPhillips & Bower and Gansler \u2022& Gansler for defendant." }, "file_name": "0088-01", "first_page_order": 150, "last_page_order": 155 }