#### SCOTT DILLINGHAM, Sole Trustee for SOUTHERN FINANCE & BONDING COMPANY, v. L. H. GARDNER and O. K. BENNETT, Trustee.

(Filed 5 March, 1941.)

1. Ejectment § 14—

Where the evidence discloses that the deed and the deed of trust constituting links in defendant’s chain of title were registered in the office of the register of deeds, the instruments are competent in evidence without proof of their signatures or execution in the absence of any question of defect in the probates.

2. Bills and Notes § 23—

Possession of a note raises the presumption that the possessor is a holder thereof and he may sue thereon without proof of the signatures of the endorsers, since a mere holder of a negotiable instrument may sue thereon in his own name. C. S., 3032.

3. Mortgages §§ 30a, 39f—

Upon attack of foreclosure by the owner of the equity of redemption, the holder of the notes secured by the deed of trust is entitled to introduce them in evidence without proof of the signatures of the endorsers *228when it appears of record that the notes were signed by the trustor, since the mere holder of a negotiable instrument which is past due, is entitled to require the trustee to foreclose.

4. Evidence § 43f—

Objection to the admission in evidence of a paragraph of the original complaint on the ground that it was drawn prior to the time when defendant seeking its admission was made a party, and therefore in no way affected him, is untenable when it appears that after the joinder of the defendant, plaintiff in his reply adopted his original complaint and averred that each and every allegation therein was true.

5. Ejectment § 14—

Where, in an action to quiet title, a defendant later joined sets up a cross action asserting title in himself, a paragraph of the complaint alleging that the original defendant’s sole claim was under a particular instrument, is competent and is properly admitted in evidence in behalf of the defendant later joined who claims under deed from the original defendant, since he is entitled to its admission in order to show a common source of title and to connect plaintiff with that source.

6. Ejectment § 15—

AVhere, in an action to quiet title, defendant sets up a cross action asserting title in himself, defendant’s evidence tending to establish a common source of title and a better title from that source is sufficient to overrule plaintiff’s motion for judgment as in case of nonsuit on defendant’s further defense and counterclaim.

7. Mortgages § 39f—

The recitals in the trustee’s deed to the purchaser at the foreclosure sale are prima facie evidence of the correctness of the facts therein set forth, and the burden of proving otherwise is on the person attacking the validity of the foreclosure.

8. Same — Evidence held sufficient to support conclusion that foreclosure sale was properly conducted.

Evidence, including the recitals in the trustee’s deed, tending to show that defendant was a holder of notes secured by two deeds of trust on adjacent property, that the notes were past due, that proper advertisement was made under both deeds of trust and the sale held jointly, that the amount of defendant’s bid in a sum a few dollars less than the amount of the notes was announced by the person holding the sale as representative of the trustees, that further bids were asked for but no further bids offered, that defendant was declared the last and highest bidder, that the owner of the equity of redemption was represented at the sale by his attorney who made no objection of the method of sale and approved same, that the sale was reported to the clerk and no advance bid was made or attempted to be made, and that after the expiration of ten days the trustee executed deed to him, is held sufficient to support conclusions of law that the foreclosure was properly conducted and that defendant acquired title thereunder.

*2299. Mortgages §§ 32c, 39f — Holding of joint sale in foreclosure of separate deeds of trust held not prejudicial to owner of equity of redemption.

The owner of adjacent tracts of land executed deeds of trust on the respective tracts to different trustees. Defendant was the holder of the notes secured by both deeds of trust. Upon default, foreclosure was advertised by the respective trustees, but the same person conducted the sale as representative of both trustees. Each tract was separately offered for sale and bid in by defendant for approximately the amount of the respective notes secured thereby, and then both tracts were offered together and bid in by defendant at a slightly higher figure. Held,: Although the manner of sale was unusual, no prejudice resulted to plaintiff, the owner of the equity of redemption, and he is not entitled to upset the foreclosure.

10. Mortgages §§ 34c, 39f—

The statute, O. S., 2591, does not require a report of the sale to the clerk until an advance bid has been properly made, and therefore when separate deeds of trust are foreclosed at one sale, the owner of the equity of redemption is not prejudiced by a joint report of the sale, resulting in the necessity of the depositing or securing of a larger sum for a resale, when he fails to show that any person desired or proposed to advance the bid or that the sale was for less than the proprety was worth.

11. Mortgages § 35a — When trustee merely announces bid of cestui theretofore given him and sells to cestui, and parties act in good faith, sale is valid.

When the person conducting the sale for the trustee enters a bid for, and sells the property to the cestui, conflicting evidence as to the bona fides of the sale raises an issue for the jury, but where the judge of the county court in which the action is instituted, in the absence of a request for a jury trial, tries the case in accordance with its statutory procedure, the court’s finding that the person conducting the sale for the trustee merely announced the bid theretofore given him by the cestui, is equivalent to the verdict of a jury and supports the conclusion that the sale was valid.

12. Appeal and Error § 37e—

Where the county court in which the action is instituted hears the evidence and finds the facts in accordance with its practice in the absence of a request for a jury trial, its findings, affirmed by the Superior Court, are binding upon the Supreme Court on appeal when the findings are supported by evidence.

13. Husband and Wife § 4c: Mortgages § 39f-—

When the purchaser at the foreclosure sale makes out a prima facie case in his cross action in ejectment, the burden is on the owner of the equity of redemption to prove the irregularity in the sale relied on by him, and his attack of the deed of trust on the ground that the husband of the feme trustor did not sign the instrument cannot be sustained when, although the marriage of the feme testator is admitted, he fails to show that she was married on the date the instrument was executed.

14. Appeal and Error § 40a—

An exception to a conclusion of law cannot be sustained when the facts found support the conclusion.

*230Appeal by plaintiff from Armstrong, J., at October Term, 1940, of BtJNCOMBE.

J. Scroop Styles and J ames E. Rector for plaintiff, appellant.

Don C. 7oung for defendant L. H. Gardner, appellee.

ScheNCK, J.

This was an action originally instituted in the general county court of Buncombe County by tbe plaintiff against tbe defendant O. K. Bennett, trustee, wherein it is sought to have plaintiff’s title quieted to Lots 20 and 27 in Middlebrook subdivision, Buncombe County, under the provisions of C. S., 1743, by having declared void a deed of trust upon said lots executed by Mary Elizabeth Dillingham to O. K. Bennett, trustee, securing a note for $500.00 payable to C. C. Willis, agent, recorded in office of the register of deeds for Buncombe County, 21 August, 1937, in Book of Deeds of Trust 354, at page 347, the gravamen of the action being that said deed of trust was executed by Mary Elizabeth Dillingham as if she were a feme sole, whereas at the time of the execution thereof, 14 August, 1937, she was married to and was living with one Howard Scarborough, who did not execute said deed.

The defendant O. 3L Bennett, trustee, answered and denied the allegations of the complaint, and alleged that the deed of trust mentioned therein had been foreclosed and that deed to the Lots 20 and 27 therein described had been made by him to L. H. Gardner, who became the last and highest bidder therefor at the foreclosure sale; and suggested that the said Gardner be made a party defendant.

L. H. Gardner was duly made party defendant, and came into court and filed answer wherein he denied the allegations of the complaint, and by way of further answer and counterclaim alleged that he was the owner and entitled to the possession of the said Lots 20 and 27, by virtue of deed from O. K. Bennett, trustee, made pursuant to foreclosure of said deed of trust, and asked that judgment be entered that the plaintiff take nothing by its action and that he, L. H. Gardner, be declared owner and entitled to the possession of the locus in quo.

The plaintiff filed reply to the further defense and counterclaim of the defendant L. H. Gardner in which it denied that there had been a valid foreclosure of said deed of trust to O. K. Bennett, trustee, from Mary Elizabeth Dillingham, and adopted and reiterated its allegations in the complaint to the effect that said deed of trust was never validly executed by Mary Elizabeth Dillingham, the purported grantor therein.

The judge of the Buncombe County court heard the evidence, found the facts, entered conclusions of law, and adjudged the defendant L. H. Gardner to be the owner and entitled to the possession of the locus in quo, namely, Lots 20 and 27 of the Middlebrook subdivision, Buncombe County.

*231From the judgment of the county court the plaintiff appealed to the Superior Court, assigning as error the admission of certain evidence, the findings of facts, the conclusions of law, and the judgment of the county court, all of which assignments were overruled and the judgment affirmed by the Superior Court.

From the action of the Superior Court overruling the assignments of error in the trial in the county court • and the entering of judgment affirming the judgment of the county court the plaintiff appealed to the Supreme Court, assigning error.

Assignments of error Nos. 1, 2 and 3 are abandoned.

Assignments of error Nos. 4, 5 and 6 are to the admission in evidence of the deed of trust to O. K. Bennett, trustee, from Mary Elizabeth Dillingham, and of the deed from 0. K. Bennett, trustee, to L. H. Gardner, without proof of the signature or execution by the grantors therein. The evidence does reveal, however, that both deeds were registered in the office of the register of deeds. This made them competent evidence, in the absence of any suggestion of defect in the probates. Wilhelm v. Burleyson, 106 N. C., 381, 11 S. E., 590; Everett v. Newton, 118 N. C., 919, 23 S. E., 961; Hodgin v. Liberty, 201 N. C., 658, 161 S. E., 94.

One of these exceptions is to the admission in evidence without proof of signature of the note of Mary Elizabeth Dillingham to C. C. Willis, agent, for $500.00 secured by the deed of trust to O. K. Bennett, trustee, and assigned by C. C. Willis, ag'ent, to R. W. Willis, assigned by R. W. Willis to Mary Frances Willis, and assigned by R. W. Willis and Mary Frances Willis to L. H. Gardner. The record contains the following: “The defendant L. H. Gardner introduced in evidence a promissory note dated August 12th, 1937, signed by Mary Elizabeth Dillingham under seal for the sum of $500.00, payable to C. C. Willis, agent, or order, four months after date with interest from date until paid at the rate of 6% per annum, said note with credits and endorsements thereon as follows:

“$500.00 Asheville, N. C., August 12th, 1937.

“Four months after date, for value received, the undersigned promise to pay O. C. Willis, Agent, or order, the sum of $500.00, with interest from date until paid at the rate of six per cent per annum. . . .

Maby Elizabeth DilliNGham (Seal).

“Scott Dillingham

Pay to R. W. Willis, C. C. Willis, Agent

Pay to Mary Francis Willis R. W. Willis

Payment of principal on this note extended for one year from Sept. 24, 1938 — Int. to remain as shown on face of note. . .

*232Tbis September 24, 1938.

For value received tbis note is assigned and transferred to L. H. Gardner — -without recourse on me. Tbis September 24, 1938.

R. W. Willis, Mary FraNcis Willis.”

Tbe appearance in tbe record of tbe entry tbat there was introduced in evidence “a promissory note, dated August 12th, 1937, signed by Mary Elizabeth Dillingham,” and the further evidence that such note was in the possession of the defendant Gardner would be sufficient evidence of his being a holder of the note and therefore make it competent evidence in an action attacking the validity of a foreclosure sale to collect said note, irrespective of any requirements to prove the signatures of the endorsers to show a holder in due course, since a mere holder of a negotiable instrument may sue thereon in his own name. C. S., 3032.

Assignments of error 4, 5 and 6 are untenable.

Assignment of error No. 7 is to the admission in evidence of the fifth paragraph of the original complaint to the effect that the sole claim of the defendant O. 3L Bennett, trustee, to any title to the locus in quo is the deed of trust executed by Mary Elizabeth Dillingham. It is contended by the plaintiff that this was error for the reason that the original complaint in no way affected the defendant Gardner since he was not a party to the action when it was filed. This contention is untenable, if for no other reason than the fact that in its reply to the further defense or counterclaim of the defendant Gardner the plaintiff adopted its complaint theretofore filed and averred that each and every allegation therein was true. It was also competent to show a common source of title of the defendant and of the plaintiff for the purpose of further showing a better title in the defendant from that source, the allegation being that the plaintiff claimed through Mary Elizabeth Dillingham Scarborough, the same source through which the defendant claimed. Mobley v. Griffin, 104 N. C., 112, 10 S. E., 142.

Assignments of error Nos. 8 and 9 are to the refusal of the court to grant plaintiff’s motion for a judgment as in case of nonsuit on defendant’s further defense and counterclaim at the close of defendant’s evidence and renewed at the close of all the evidence. These assignments are untenable. The defendant Gardner introduced his chain of title consisting of deed to him from O. K. Bennett, trustee, and deed of trus-t from Mary Elizabeth Dillingham to O. 3L Bennett, trustee, and then introduced deed from Mary Elizabeth Dillingham Scarborough to the plaintiff, thereby connecting his title with the same source as that of the plaintiff, and by reason of the fact that the deed of trust to Bennett, trustee, was prior to the deed to plaintiff showed a better title in himself. Mobley v. Griffin, supra, and cases there cited.

*233Tbe plaintiff contends tbat tbe evidence fails to establish facts sufficient to justify tbe conclusion of law tbat tbe foreclosure of tbe deed of trust to O. K. Bennett, trustee, from Mary Elizabeth Dillingham, was properly conducted, and therefore tbe deed from 0. K. Bennett, trustee, to defendant Gardner was void. Tbe recitals in this deed are prima facie evidence of tbe correctness of tbe facts therein set forth and tbe burden of proving otherwise is on tbe person attacking tbe sale, in this case tbe plaintiff. Brewington v. Hargrove, 178 N. C., 143, 100 S. E., 308. Tbe facts as recited in this deed support the conclusion tbat there was a valid foreclosure.

Tbe recitals in tbe deed of foreclosure, as well as tbe other evidence in tbe case, tend to show tbat tbe defendant was the bolder of two notes executed by Mary Elizabeth Dillingham, tbat they were past due, tbat tbe first of these notes for $500.00 was secured by tbe deed of trust to O. 3L Bennett, trustee, from Mary Elizabeth Dillingham, and tbe second for $1,500.00 was secured by a deed of trust to one J. C. Eamsey, trustee, from tbe same grantor, and tbat O. K. Bennett and J. G. Eamsey advertised foreclosure sales in different advertisements but to take place at tbe same time and place, tbat Don C. Young represented both trustees, and conducted both sales, tbat at tbe sale under tbe deed of trust to O. K. Bennett, Young announced tbat be was instructed by defendant Gardner, who held tbe note, to bid $500.00, and asked for other bids, but no further bids were offered, and Gardner was declared to be tbe last and highest bidder; a similar proceeding was followed under tbe deed of trust to J. C. Eamsey and L. H. Gardner was declared to be tbe last and highest bidder for $1,500.00; and then tbe property included in both deeds of trust were offered together and a bid of $2,200.00 was announced by Young for Gardner, and no further bids were offered, and Gardner was declared to be tbe last and highest bidder; tbat present at tbe sale was James E. Eector, attorney for tbe plaintiff, tbe grantee of tbe maker of tbe deeds of trust, and tbe owner of tbe equity of redemption, who made no objection to tbe method of tbe sale, and approved same; tbat tbe principal security for tbe two notes was a bouse which was constructed partially on Lot No. 28, which was included in tbe Eamsey deed of trust, and partially on Lot No. 27, which was included in tbe Bennett deed of trust; tbat said sale was reported to tbe clerk, tbat no advanced bid was made to tbe clerk, and no effort made to advance said bid, and no desire manifested upon tbe part of tbe plaintiff or anyone else to advance tbe bid; tbat after tbe expiration of ten days O. K. Bennett, trustee, executed deed to L. H. Gardner for tbe land included in tbe deed of trust to him, and J. C. Eamsey, trustee, did likewise for tbe land included in tbe deed of trust to him; tbat Don C. Young did not act as agent of Gardner at tbe foreclosure sale but merely announced bids for him as be bad been requested to do.

*234While the offering of the properties in the two deeds of trust together was unusual, no prejudice was thereby created against the plaintiff, but, on the contrary, this proceeding inured to its benefit rather than to its detriment in that the amount realized thereby was increased by $200.00, and the amount thereof, $2,200.00, was within $4.00 of the total amount due on both notes, $2,204.00.

So far as the report of the sale to the clerk was concerned, no report is required to be made by the statute, C. S., 2591, until an advanced bid has been made and properly safeguarded or paid into the office of the clerk, Pringle v. Loan Assn., 182 N. C., 316, 108 S. E., 914, and no prejudice is shown to have arisen therefrom since there is no evidence of any desire or purpose of anyone to advance the bid or bids, or that the sale was for a less value than the property possessed.

In the cases relied upon by the plaintiff, Davis v. Doggett, 212 N. C., 589, 194 S. E., 288; Mills v. B. & L. Assn., 216 N. C., 664, 6 S. E. (2d), 549; and Warren v. Land Bank, 214 N. C., 206, 198 S. E., 624, it was held that if the evidence was conflicting the issue of the lona fides of the sale should be submitted to the jury. The equivalent of this was done in the case at bar, the judge of the Buncombe County court, in accord with the statute governing the court (N. C. Code, 1939 [Michie], 1608 [u]), in the absence of a request for a jury, heard the evidence and found the facts — and these facts found by him and affirmed by the Superior Court, are binding upon this Court, since there was evidence to support them. Chandler v. Conabeer, 198 N. C., 757, 153 S. E., 313.

The case at bar is somewhat similar to that of Elkes v. Trustee Corporation, 209 N. C., 832, 184 S. E., 826, wherein is reiterated the principle that the burden is upon the trustor attacking a foreclosure to prove his grounds for attack, since the execution of the power of sale contained in the deed of foreclosure is presumed regular. However, there is no suggestion in the case at bar of inadequacy of price paid as was made in the Dikes case, supra.

There was no evidence offered by the plaintiff tending to show that Mary Elizabeth Dillingham was not a feme sole when she executed the deed of trust to O. K. Bennett, trustee, which constituted a link in defendant Gardner’s chain of title. While her marriage to Howard Scarborough is admitted, the date of such marriage is not in evidence.

Assignment of error No. 10 is to certain of the findings of fact contained in the judgment of the judge of the Buncombe County court. We have examined this assignment, and each of its subdivisions, and are of the opinion that each of such findings of fact is supported by competent evidence, and, since affirmed by the Superior Court, are binding upon us. Those subdivisions of this assignment that relate to the conclusion of law of the judge of the county court are untenable, since they are sustained by the facts found.

*235Any discussion of the remaining assignments of error is obviated by what has been said as to those assignments preceding them.

Since upon the record we find no error, the judgment of the Superior Court overruling the assignments of error made in the Buncombe County court and affirming the judgment of that court must be Affirmed.