#### JOE TROITINO v. AL. J. GOODMAN.

(Filed 26 September, 1945.)

1. Reference §§ 3b, 8—

Where it appears that an accounting between plaintiff and defendant is necessary, objection to a compulsory reference is without merit.

3.Appeal and Error § 39—

An exception, without reason, argument or authority in support thereof, is taken as abandoned on ¿ppeal. ,

3. Appeal and Error § 37e—

Findings of fact, made by a referee and approved by the trial court, when supported by competent evidence, are not subject to review on appeal, except where some question of law is involved.

4. Contracts § 35b—

“ In actions for breach of contract, the damages recoverable are such as may reasonably be supposed to have been in the contemplation of the parties when the contract was made. The injured party is entitled to full compensation for his loss, and to be placed as near as may be in the condition which he would have occupied had the contract not been breached. But ho is not entitled to enrichment.

5. Same—

Whether special damages, arising from the breach of a contract, may be regarded as within the contemplation of the parties, and therefore recoverable, would depend upon the information communicated, or the *407knowledge of the parties at the time, and the reasonable foreseeability of ■ such damages.

6. Same—

Where plaintiff purchased from defendant road machinery, which defendant agreed to put in first-class condition for immediate use and also to secure leases thereon, on commission and at current rentals, for at least three months or until plaintiff should need the machinery, upon defendant’s failure both to repair and lease, the proper measure of damages is, not necessarily the difference between the purchase price and the value of the machinery, but the difference between its actual value and what its value would have been had it been put in first-class condition for immediate use, plus a fair rental value for a period of three months less commissions on such value. If the plaintiff paid an extravagant price for the machinery, he is not to recover for this slothfulness, in the absence of an allegation of fraud or overreaching.

7. Contracts § 1—

Liberty to contract carries with it the right to exercise poor judgment as well as good judgment — “as a man consents to bind himself, so shall he be bound.”

8. Contracts § 25b—

In an action for breach of contract in the sale of machinery, where plaintiff has been allowed as damages the difference between the actual value of the machinery and what its value would have been had it been put in first-class condition for immediate service, plaintiff cannot also recover sums expended by him in an effort to1 put the machinery in condition for operation and service. He cannot recover the difference in value and also the cost of eliminating this difference.

9. Contracts § 18% —

A plaintiff may not sue for rescission of a contract and its breach at the same time. The one is in disaffirmance of the contract; the other in its affirmance.

10. Appeal and Error § 37e—

Where there are no findings to support a referee’s conclusions, exceptions thereto must be sustained and the cause remanded for additional findings.

11. Damages § la: Contracts § 25b—

While the courts are not disposed to permit one who breaches his contract without any valid excuse to prescribe the rights of the innocent party, nevertheless, one who is injured in his person or property by the wrongful or negligent act of another is required to protect himself from loss, if he can do so with reasonable exertion or at trifling expense; and ordinarily, he will be allowed to recover from the delinquent party only such damages as he could not, with reasonable effort, have avoided.

12. Appeal and Error § 48—

Where a case is tried under a misapprehension of the law, or correct principles are erroneously applied, the appellate practice with us is to order another hearing.

*408Appeal by defendant from Olive, Special Judge, at July Term, 1945, of BuNcombe.

Civil action for damages arising out of contracts made in connection with, sales of second-band machinery.

Plaintiff is a contractor engaged in road construction. Defendant is a dealer in used road machinery. Both are residents of Buncombe County.

Three separate transactions are set out in the complaint :

First. It is alleged that on 30 October, 1942, the plaintiff purchased from the defendant two Cletrac Tractors — one with bulldozer attached and the other with angledozer attached — for a cash consideration of $9,250; that as an inducement to the sale, the defendant agreed to put the equipment in first-class condition for immediate use, and to secure leases for the tractors at current rental levels for a period of at least three months, or until the plaintiff should need the machinery in his own business; that the defendant neglected, failed and refused to make the needed repairs and to lease the equipment, as he agreed to do, by reason of which the tractors were rendered of no monetary value to the plaintiff; that in an effort to repair one of these tractors, and place it in usable condition, the plaintiff expended the sum of $328.66, which inured to the benefit of the defendant.

Second. It is alleged that on 1 November, 1942, the plaintiff purchased from the defendant one TD-40 International Tractor to be equipped with angledozer and pump; that as an inducement to the sale, the defendant agreed to put the tractor in first-class mechanical condition, and to lease the same at the prevailing rental value for a period of at least three months; that the plaintiff agreed to pay the defendant therefor the sum of $3,500, and then and there made a cash payment of $2,000 on account; that the defendant failed and refused to put the equipment in first-class mechanical condition and to lease it, as he had agreed to do, by reason of which the tractor is now useless to the plaintiff.

Third. It is alleged that on 1 November, 1942, the plaintiff purchased from the defendant one Back Hoe digger for a cash consideration of $150; that as an inducement to the sale, the defendant agreed to attach the same to an Ensley Crane or Shovel belonging to the plaintiff; that the Back Iloe, “the property of this plaintiff,” is now in the possession of the defendant unattached, and by reason of the defendant’s failure to comply with his agreement to attach the Back Hoe to plaintiff’s Ensley Crane or Shovel and deliver same to plaintiff in first-class mechanical condition, the plaintiff has been deprived of the use and possession thereof since the date of purchase.

*409Wherefore, the plaintiff demanded a return of all moneys paid the defendant for the several items'of machinery, damages for rental losses and money expended for repairs.

The defendant filed answer, admitted the sale of the different pieces of machinery, but denied any and all liability, and set up a counterclaim for 10% commission on all rentals collected during the three months next following the purchase of the Cletracs.

It appearing that an accounting would be necessary, the court ordered a reference, and named Hon. S. Gr. Bernard of the Asheville bar as referee.

The referee found the facts in detail, all in favor of the plaintiff, the crucial ones, presently pertinent, being as follows:

“4. It was further agreed between plaintiff and defendant that for his services in securing leases for said Cletracs the defendant was to receive ten (10%) per centum of all rents collected on leases secured by defendant.”

“17. That the plaintiff expended the following sums of money for parts and repairs to said Cletracs in an effort to put the same in condition for operation and service: . . . $791.55.”

“18. That in purchasing and paying for said Cletracs the plaintiff relied and acted upon the representations and agreement of the defendant that he would put said Cletracs and equipment in first-class condition and that he would secure leases for the same for at least three months at current rental prices.”

“19. That the defendant breached his said contract with the plaintiff by failing to put said Cletracs and equipment in first-class condition and to rent out the same for a period of three months at current rental values.”

“21. That at the time said Cletracs were sent out by defendant and at the time the same were delivered to the plaintiff, said Cletracs were worth the sum of $2,000.”

“28. That in agreeing to purchase and pay for said TD-40 International Tractor and equipment and in paying the defendant the sum of $2,000, the plaintiff relied and acted upon the representations and agreement of the defendant to attach an angledozer and a pump to said tractor and put the same and equipment in first-class condition and to secure leases therefor for at least three months at current rentals.”

“29. That the defendant breached his contract with the plaintiff by failing to put said TD-40 International Tractor and equipment in first-class condition, to lease the same, or to tender delivery thereof to the plaintiff.”

*410“30. That on or about the 12tb day of November, 1942, tbe plaintiff purchased from the defendant one Bach Hoe and the defendant agreed to attach the same to an Ensley Crane belonging to the plaintiff.”

“32. That the defendant breached his contract with the plaintiff to attach said Back Hoe to said crane and still has said Back Hoe in his possession.”

“33. That the failure of the defendant to attach said Back Hoe to said crane rendered said Back Hoe of no value to the plaintiff.”'

Upon the facts as found by the referee, the following conclusions were reached :

“1. That the plaintiff is entitled to recover from the defendant the purchase price of the two detraes, viz., the sum of $9,250, less the value of said detraes, viz., $2,000, with interest thereon from October 30, 1942.

“2. That the plaintiff is entitled to recover from the defendant the rental value of the detrae with bulldozer attached for a period of three months, viz., $1,980, and the rental value of the detrae with angledozer attached for a period of three months, viz., $2,025, less rents collected in the amount of $1,114, with interest thereon from March 13, 1943.

“3. That the plaintiff is entitled to recover from the defendant the cost of parts and repairs to said detraes in the sum of $328.66, with interest thereon from June 7, 1943.

“4. That the plaintiff is entitled to recover from the defendant the cash payment on one TD-40 International Tractor in the amount of $2,000, with interest thereon from November 1, 1942.

“5. That the plaintiff is entitled to recover from the defendant the rental value of said TD-40 International Tractor for three months, viz., $1,934 (balance of damages sued for), with interest thereon from March 13, 1943.

“6. That the plaintiff is entitled to recover from the defendant the purchase price of a Back Hoe, viz., $750, with interest thereon from November 12, 1942.

“7. That the defendant is entitled to recover from the plaintiff commissions at ten per cent on $1,114, viz., $111.40, with interest thereon from March 13, 1943.”

("Without objection, the parties seem to have dealt with another item not covered by the pleadings.)

Exceptions were filed to the findings of fact and conclusions of the referee, all of which were overruled by the trial court, save and except the defendant was allowed commissions on rentals of $4,005 first awarded the plaintiff, rather than on $1,114 as reported by the referee. In all other respects, the report of the referee was approved and confirmed.

*411From tbe judgment thus entered, tbe defendant appeals, assigning errors.

Sale, Pennell ■& Pennell for plaintiff, appellee.

T. A. TJzzell, Jr., and J. M. Horner for defendant, appellant.

Stacy, C. J.

Tbe first exception is to tbe order of compulsory reference entered in tbe cause. Tbe appellant states no reason or argument and cites no authority in support of tbe exception. Hence it is to be taken as abandoned. Rule 28, Rules of Practice, 221 N. C., 562. Moreover, it is without merit. Chesson v. Container Co., 223 N. C., 378, 26 S. E. (2d), 904.

Also, it may be noted, tbe findings of fact, made by tbe referee and approved by tbe trial court, are not subject to review on appeal, except where some question of law is involved, as they are supported by competent evidence. Wilkinson v. Coppersmith, 218 N. C., 173, 10 S. E. (2d), 670; Kenney v. Hotel Co., 194 N. C., 44, 138 S. E., 349.

Tbe case divides itself into three parts :

I. The Cletrac Tractors.

There is no allegation of fraud or misrepresentation in tbe sale of tbe Cletracs. Tbe plaintiff relied upon tbe advice of bis former partner in making tbe purchase. It was a cash transaction. McAden v. Craig, 222 N. C., 497, 24 S. E. (2d), 1. Tbe amount paid was $9,250. In addition, and as an integral part of tbe sale, tbe defendant agreed to put tbe equipment in first-class condition for immediate use and to secure leases therefor at current rental prices for at least three months. Tbe defendant was to receive 10% of all rents collected on leases secured by him.

Tbe defendant neglected to put tbe equipment in first-class condition for immediate use and failed to secure leases for tbe full first three months, as be bad agreed to do, albeit some rentals were collected during this period. As damages for breach of tbe agreement tbe plaintiff was awarded tbe difference between tbe purchase price and tbe value of tbe Cletracs with interest from tbe date of sale, plus tbe alleged cost of parts and repairs, plus tbe full rental value for three months following delivery of tbe machinery, less 10% of this rental value due tbe defendant as commissions. Berbarry v. Tombacher, 162 N. C., 497, 77 S. E., 412; Lumber Co. v. Mfg. Co., 162 N. C., 395, 78 S. E., 284.

Tbe question now presented is tbe correctness of tbe measure of damages applied by tbe court below.

*412As an inducement to the sale of the detraes the defendant agreed to put them in first-class condition for immediate use and to secure leases for them at current rental levels for a period of at least three months— the defendant to he paid 10% of all rents collected on leases secured by him.

It has often been said that in actions for breach of contract, the damages recoverable are such as may reasonably be supposed to have been in the contemplation of the parties when the contract was made. Chesson v. Container Co., 216 N. C., 337, 4 S. E. (2d), 886; Frick Co. v. Shelton, 197 N. C., 296, 148 S. E., 318; Monger v. Lutterloh, 195 N. C., 274, 142 S. E., 12; Lane v. R. R., 192 N. C., 287, 134 S. E., 855, 51 A. L. R., 1114; Builders v. Gadd, 183 N. C., 447, 111 S. E., 771; Sprout v. Ward, 181 N. C., 372, 107 S. E., 214; Gardner v. Tel. Co., 171 N. C., 405, 88 S. E., 630, L. R. A. 1916-E, 484; Tillinghast v. Cotton Mills, 143 N. C., 268, 55 S. E., 621; 15 Am. Jur., 454; 55 C. J., 872. The injured party is entitled to full compensation for his loss, and to be placed as near as may he in the condition which he would have occupied had the contract not been breached. Bowen v. Bank, 209 N. C., 140, 183 S. E., 266; 8 R. C. L., 433. “Generally speaking, the amount that would have been received if the contract had been kept and which will completely indemnify the injured party is the true measure of damages for its breach.” Machine Co. v. Tobacco Co., 141 N. C., 284, 53 S. E., 885, 8 L. R. A. (N.S.), 255.

Whether special damages arising from the breach of a contract may he regarded as “within the contemplation of the parties,” and therefore recoverable, would depend upon the information communicated or the knowledge of the parties at the time and the reasonable foreseeability of such damages. Iron Works v. Cotton Oil Co., 192 N. C., 442, 135 S. E., 343; Gardner v. Tel. Co., supra; Barrow v. R. R., 184 N. C., 202, 113 S. E., 785; Steel Co. v. Copeland, 159 N. C., 556, 75 S. E., 1002; Peanut Co. v. R. R., 155 N. C., 148, 71 S. E., 71; Hardware Co. v. Buggy Co., 167 N. C., 423, 83 S. E., 557; Hadley v. Baxendale, 9 Eng. Exch., 321; Gulf States Creosoting Co. v. Loving, 120 F. (2d), 195; 46 Am. Jur., 867.

The following expression of the pertinent test is to be found in the Restatement of the Law on Contracts, page 509:

> “Sec. 330. Foreseeability of Harm as a Requisite for Recovery. In awarding damages, compensation is given for only those injuries that the defendant had reason to foresee as a probable result of his breach when the contract was made. If the injury is one that follows the breach in the usual course of events, there is sufficient reason for the defendant to foresee it; otherwise, it must he shown specifically that the defendant had reason to know the facts and to foresee the injury.”

*413Our own decisions are in full support of this statement. Pendergraph v. Express Co., 178 N. C., 344, 100 S. E., 525; Cary v. Harris, 178 N. C., 624, 101 S. E., 486; Kime v. Riddle, 174 N. C., 442, 93 S. E., 946; Winn v. Finch, 171 N. C., 272, 88 S. E., 332; Robertson v. Halton, 156 N. C., 215, 72 S. E., 316; Cable Co. v. Macon, 153 N. C., 150, 69 S. E., 14; Lumber Co. v. R. R., 151 N. C., 23, 65 S. E., 460; Furniture Co. v. Express Co., 148 N. C., 87, 62 S. E., 145, 30 L. R. A. (N. S.), 483; Spiers v. Halstead, 74 N. C., 620.

As a general rule, the loss or injury actually sustained, rather than the price paid or agreed to be paid on full performance of the contract, is the measure of damages for its breach. 15 Am. Jur., 445. The purpose is to save the innocent party from harm, or to make him whole, so far as can be done by monetary award. 15 Am. Jur., 449. The injured party is entitled to the pecuniary difference between his position upon breach of the contract and what it would have been, had the contract been performed. But he is not entitled to be enriched by the breach. Perry v. United States, 294 U. S., 330, 79 L. Ed., 912, 95 A. L. R., 1335; Texas Co. v. Pensacola Marine Corp., 279 F., 19, 24 A. L. R., 1336. It all comes to what was reasonably in the minds of the parties at the time of the making of the contract. The question of special damages was fully considered in the cases of Iron Works v. Cotton Oil Co., supra; Builders v. Gadd, supra; and Furniture Co. v. Express Co., supra.

The proper measure of damages for the breach of the agreement here under review would seem to be the difference between the value of the detraes as delivered and what the value would have been if they had been put in first-class condition for immediate use as promised, plus a fair rental value for a period of three months less commissions on such rental value. Guano Co. v. Livestock Co., 168 N. C., 442, 84 S. E., 774; L. R. A., 1915-D, 875; Underwood v. Car Co., 166 N. C., 458, 82 S. E., 855; Brewington v. Loughran, 183 N. C., 558, 112 S. E., 257, 28 A. L. R., 1543; Brown v. R. R., 154 N. C., 300, 70 S. E., 625; Mfg. Co. v. Oil Co., 150 N. C., 150, 63 S. E., 676, 134 Am. St. Rep., 899; Parker v. Fenwick, 138 N. C., 209, 50 S. E., 62 7; Mfg. Co. v. Gray, 126 N. C., 108, 35 S. E., 236; S. c., 129 N. C., 438, 40 S. E., 178, 57 L. R. A., 193; Pritchard v. Fox, 49 N. C., 141; Marsh v. McPherson, 105 U. S., 709; 46 Am. Jur., 863.

Beeovery is to be restricted to the difference, not necessarily between the purchase price and the value of the Cletracs, but to the difference between their actual value and what their value would have been if they had been put in first-class condition for immediate use. 46 Am. Jur., 863. The evidence here discloses quite a disparity between the purchase price of the tractors and what their value would have been if they had *414been put in the condition as promised. Jn 1942, plaintiff’s former partner, upon whose judgment the purchase was made, thought they were worth $4,600 apiece, or a total of $9,200. On the hearing, he said he had changed his opinion and he then believed they were worth “2000, if they had been in good mechanical condition.” This estimate was accepted by the referee and approved by the court below. So, if the plaintiff paid $9,250 for tractors worth only $2,000, he is not to recover for this slothfulness, in the absence of an allegation of fraud or overreaching on the part of the defendant. Liberty to contract carries with it the right to exercise poor judgment as well as good judgment. Knott v. Cutler, 224 N. C., 421, 31 S. E. (2d), 359. It is the simple law of contracts that “as a man consents to bind himself, so shall he be bound.” Elliott on Contracts (Vol. 3), sec. 1891; Feigel v. Products Co., 195 N. C., 659, 143 S. E., 186; Nash v. Royster, 189 N. C., 408, 121 S. E., 356; Clancy v. Overman, 18 N. C., 402.

True it is, that in a number of cases the rule for the admeasurement of damages for breach of warranty in the sale of personal property has been stated as the difference between the purchase price and the actual value of the goods sold, but these cases proceed upon the theory that, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, the purchase price is to be regarded as the value of the property. Guano Co. v. Livestock Co., supra; Critcher v. Porter Co., 135 N. C., 542, 47 S. E., 604; 55 C. J., 872; 46 Am., Jur., 866.

It follows, from what is said above, that there was error in approving the first conclusion of the referee.

Nor is the plaintiff entitled to recover for sums alleged to have been expended by him in an effort to put the Cletracs in condition for operation and service. This would be included in arriving at the difference between the value of the Cletracs and what they would have been worth had they been put in first-class condition for immediate use. Mfg. Co. v. Oil Co., 150 N. C., 150, 63 S. E., 676. It has been repeatedly held that where the articles delivered are not what the contract calls for, as in the case of defective machinery, the measure of the vendee’s damage is what it would reasonably cost to supply the deficiency. Marsh v. McPherson, 105 U. S., 709; Mfg. Co. v. Phelps, 130 U. S., 520, 32 L. Ed., 1035. In any event, however, the plaintiff is entitled to but one recovery for the deficiency. He may not have the difference in value and then the cost of eliminating this difference.

The case is not like Underwood v. Car Co., supra, or Kester v. Miller Bros., 119 N. C., 475, 26 S. E., 115, where the vendee was induced to make repairs at the instance of the vendor in an effort to see if the car in *415the one case and tbe engine in tbe other could be made to come up to representations.

It would seem tbat tbe exception to tbe third conclusion of tbe referee was well interposed.

II. The TD-40 INTERNATIONAL Tractor

Tbe plaintiff purchased an International Tractor from tbe defendant for $3,500 and paid $2,000 on account. As an inducement to tbe sale, tbe defendant agreed to equip tbe tractor with angledozer and pump, put it in first-class mechanical condition, and lease it at tbe prevailing rental price for a period of at least three months. Tbe referee found tbat this agreement bad been breached, and awarded tbe plaintiff a recovery of tbe cash payment of $2,000, with interest from tbe date of sale, plus tbe rental value of tbe tractor for a period of three months. It is not apparent upon what theory a recovery of tbe “cash payment” was allowed. If upon tbe theory of a rescission of tbe contract, tbe rental value for three months would not be recoverable, as this would be to rescind in part and to affirm in part. 13 C. J., 623. A plaintiff may not sue for tbe rescission of a contract and its breach at tbe same time. Lykes v. Grove, 201 N. C., 254, 159 S. E., 360. Tbe one is in disaffirmance of tbe contract; tbe other in its affirmance. Machine Co. v. Owings, 140 N. C., 503, 53 S. E., 345.

Nor has tbe plaintiff sought to rescind here. He is seeking to recover for breach of tbe contract, but there are no findings to support tbe recovery of tbe “cash payment” as an award of damages under tbe proper rule for their admeasurement. In a cash transaction, it is generally understood tbat tbe payment of tbe purchase price and tbe delivery of tbe property are to take place simultaneously or as concurrent acts. Hence, in an action for specific performance or for breach of tbe contract, it would seem tbat tbe plaintiff in tbe action, whether buyer or seller, would be required to show an offer on bis part to perform, or tbat such offer was rendered unnecessary by tbe refusal of tbe defendant to comply. McAden v. Craig, 222 N. C., 497, 24 S. E. (2d), 1; Hughes v. Knott, 138 N. C., 105, 50 S. E., 586; S. c., 140 N. C., 550, 53 S. E., 361; Blalock v. Clark, 137 N. C., 140, 49 S. E., 88; Ducker v. Cochrane, 92 N. C., 597; 55 C. J., 322 and 1116.

Much tbat is said above under tbe beading of The detraes may be applicable to tbe facts as they are finally established in respect of the sale and purchase of tbe TD-40 International Tractor. Tbe exceptions to tbe fourth and fifth conclusions of tbe referee should have been sustained and additional findings made.

*416III. The BacK Hoe.

On 12 November, 1942, tbe plaintiff purchased from the defendant a Back Hoe, paying therefor in cash the sum of $750. As an inducement to the sale, the defendant agreed to attach it to plaintiff’s Ensley Crane or Shovel and deliver same to plaintiff in first-class mechanical condition. This he neglected to do. The referee finds that the failure to attach the Back Hoe to the plaintiff’s crane or shovel rendered it worthless to him, and awarded the plaintiff recovery of “the purchase price of a Back Hoe, viz., $750, with interest thereon from November 12, 1942.” This was approved by the trial court.

It is in evidence, however, without contradiction, that the Back Hoe could have been attached to the crane or shovel for not “more than $25.” In fact, this is the plaintiff’s own testimony. The law, therefore, imposed upon the plaintiff the duty “to do what reasonable business prudence requires in order to minimize his loss.” Cotton, Oil Co. v. Tel. Co., 171 N. C., 705, 89 S. E., 21; Monger v. Lutterloh, supra; Oil Co. v. Burney, 174 N. C., 382, 93 S. E., 912.

It is true that where a party breaches his contract without any valid excuse, the courts are not disposed to permit him to prescribe the rights of the innocent party. Nevertheless, it is a sound principle of law that one who is injured in his person or property by the wrongful or negligent act of another is required to protect himself from loss, if he can do so with reasonable exertion or at trifling expense; and ordinarily, he will be allowed to recover from the delinquent party only such damages as he could not, with reasonable effort, have avoided. Construction Co. v. Wright, 189 N. C., 456, 127 S. E., 580; Mills v. McRae, 187 N. C., 707, 122 S. E., 762. “The general principle is fully recognized with us that, in case of contract broken or tort committed, the injured party should do what reasonable care and business prudence require to minimize the loss”-Hoke, J., in Yowmans v. Hendersonville, 175 N. C., 574, 96 S. E., 45.

In application of this principle, the exception to the referee’s sixth conclusion should have been sustained and additional findings made.

Where'a case is tried under a misapprehension of the law, or correct principles are erroneously applied, the appellate practice with us is to order another hearing. Coley v. Dalrymple, ante, 67; McGill v. Lumberton, 215 N. C., 752, 3 S. E. (2d), 324; S. v. Williams, 224 N. C., 183, 29 S. E. (2d), 744.

The cause will be remanded for further proceedings as to justice appertains and the rights of the parties may require.

Error and remanded.