{ "id": 8625427, "name": "SONOTONE CORPORATION v. CARL J. BALDWIN", "name_abbreviation": "Sonotone Corp. v. Baldwin", "decision_date": "1947-04-30", "docket_number": "", "first_page": "387", "last_page": "391", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "227 N.C. 387" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "N.C.", "id": 9292, "name": "Supreme Court of North Carolina" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 5, "name_long": "North Carolina", "name": "N.C." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "152 A. L. R., 405", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "224 N. C., 154", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8596759 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/224/0154-01" ] }, { "cite": "217 N. C., 658", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8615301 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/217/0658-01" ] }, { "cite": "98 A. L. R., 958", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "195 N. E., 277", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "208 Ind., 245", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ind.", "case_ids": [ 1531791 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ind/208/0245-01" ] }, { "cite": "9 A. L. R., 1456", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "155 S. E., 154", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "199 N. C., 539", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8608163 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/199/0539-01" ] }, { "cite": "98 A. L. R., 963", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "52 A. L. R., 1356", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "199 N. W., 10", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "159 Minn., 296", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Minn.", "case_ids": [ 158140 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/minn/159/0296-01" ] }, { "cite": "52 A. L. R., 1350", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "293 S. W., 993", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "155 Tenn., 110", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Tenn.", "case_ids": [ 8533449 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/tenn/155/0110-01" ] }, { "cite": "217 N. C., 670", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8615598 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/217/0670-01" ] }, { "cite": "163 A. L. R., 397", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "86 Atl., 564", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "87 Conn., 23", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Conn.", "case_ids": [ 494463 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/conn/87/0023-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 629, "char_count": 10644, "ocr_confidence": 0.461, "pagerank": { "raw": 3.219620000399696e-07, "percentile": 0.8670273826775229 }, "sha256": "4b703000e61a8c131b914b8117509126fc0ea72e68f9fefe67920f17e1986f04", "simhash": "1:7063e3b7578ed304", "word_count": 1770 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:20:04.384970+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "SONOTONE CORPORATION v. CARL J. BALDWIN." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Stacy, C. J.\nOn the hearing, the case was made to turn primarily on whether the restrictive covenant, here sought to be enforced, is in writing and signed by the defendant. The statute provides that no contract or agreement limiting the right of any person to do business anywhere in North Carolina shall be enforceable unless such contract or agreement is in writing and duly signed by the party who agrees not to enter into any such business within the prescribed territory. G. S., 75-4.\nI. CHARACTER OF CONTRACT.\nThat the parties regarded their written contract of January 1, 1943, as being in full force and effect during the year 1946 is evidenced by the following:\n1. From and after December 31, 1945, the parties continued their operations under the contract, each rendering the same services and proceeding as theretofore. See, Styles v. Lyon, 87 Conn., 23, 86 Atl., 564; 35 Am. Jur., 454 and 460; 17 C. J. S., 318.\n2. On June 21, 1946, the parties duly executed and signed an amendment to the contract.\n3. On December 11, 1946, the defendant, by letter signed by him as \u201cMgr.,\u201d tendered his resignation as District Manager of defendant\u2019s Charlotte territory, effective December 31, 1946.\nThe effect of the memorandum of June-21, 1946, was to put in writing the mutual understanding of the parties that the written contract between them was still operative and to continue it in force as amended. It was signed by tbe defendant in bis capacity as District Manager. His letter of resignation, written on December 11, was also signed by bim as \u201cMgr.\u201d True, in tbis letter, tbe defendant speaks of \u201ctbe absence of contract,\u201d but tbis would seem to be a contradiction in terms. He resigns as District Manager effective at a later date. He evidently regarded bimself as District Manager at tbat time. Under wbat contract % Moreover, tbe defendant was then looking forward to bis contemplated work with tbe Telex Corporation.\nTbe defendant confidently cites, as controlling, tbe decision in Jenkins v. King (Ind., 1946), 65 N. E. (2d), 122, 163 A. L. R., 397, but tbat case was made to rest on a different principle. There, tbe extension of tbe contract by implication alone was all tbe plaintiff bad to rely upon. Here, the parties readopted tbe contract and amended it by writing duly executed and signed on June 21, 1946.\nII. VALIDITY 03? COVENANT.\nThere is no ambiguity in tbe restrictive covenant. It was inserted for tbe protection of tbe plaintiff, and to inhibit tbe defendant, for a limited time, from doing exactly wbat be now proposes to do. Exterminating Co. v. Wilson, ante, 96. Tbe parties regarded it as reasonable and desirable when incorporated in tbe contract. Subsequent events, as disclosed by tbe record, tend to confirm, rather than refute, tbis belief. Freedom to contract imports risks as well as rights. Such a covenant is lawful if the restriction is no more than necessary to afford a fair protection to the covenantee and is not unduly oppressive on tbe cove-nantor and not injurious to tbe interests of the public. Beam v. Rutledge, 217 N. C., 670, 9 S. E. (2d), 471; Matthews v. Barnes, 155 Tenn., 110, 293 S. W., 993, 52 A. L. R., 1350; Granger v. Craven, 159 Minn., 296, 199 N. W., 10, 52 A. L. R., 1356; Anno. 98 A. L. R., 963.\nMany of tbe authorities in tbis jurisdiction dealing with restrictive covenants are collected in tbe case of Moskin Bros. v. Swartzberg, 199 N. C., 539, 155 S. E., 154.\nPerhaps it should be noted tbat cases arising out of tbe conventional relation of master and servant, or employer and employee, are somewhat different in their solution from the one here presented. Anno. 9 A. L. R., 1456. The controlling factors are dissimilar. A workman \u201cwho has nothing but his labor to sell and is in urgent need of selling that\u201d may unwittingly accede to an unguarded restriction at the time of his employment, but one who is competent to serve as District Manager \u00f3f a large corporation is supposed to understand and fully appreciate the significance of bis 'engagements. While the law frowns upon unreasonable restrictions, it favors the enforcement of contracts intended to protect legitimate interests. It is as much a matter of public concern to see tbat valid engagements are observed as it is to frustrate oppressive ones.\nThe covenant here seems reasonable in its terms and purposes. It appears to meet the test of validity. Grand Union Tea Co. v. Walker, 208 Ind., 245, 195 N. E., 277, 98 A. L. R., 958, and note. It is reasonably limited both in respect of time and territory, which distinguishes it from Comfort Spring Corp. v. Burroughs, 217 N. C., 658, 9 S. E. (2d), 473. Likewise, Kadis v. Britt, 224 N. C., 154, 29 S. E. (2d), 543, 152 A. L. R., 405, is distinguishable in its factual situation.\nIn undertaking to change horses for what the defendant regards a better mount, he is reminded of his obligation to the steed which.brought him safely to midstream and readied him for the shift. The purpose here is to call his attention to the matter.\nNo reversible error has been made to appear.\nAffirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "Stacy, C. J." } ], "attorneys": [ "Whitlock, Dockery & Moore for plaintiff, appellee.", "Howard B. Arbuckle, Jr., for defendant, appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "SONOTONE CORPORATION v. CARL J. BALDWIN.\n(Filed 30 April, 1947.)\n1. Contracts \u00a7\u00a7 11d, 7a \u2014 Acts of parties and amendment duly executed and signed after expiration of term of contract held readoption and extension of agreement for subsequent year.\nThe contract under which defendant was employed as plaintiff\u2019s district-manager contained a covenant that defendant Avould not engage in business in competition with plaintiff for a period df one year after the termination of the contract, and stipulated that its term Avas for one year Avith provision for automatic reneAA'al for not more than two additional years if defendant sold his quota. The parties continued to- operate under this contract for four successive years, and three and one-half years after its. execution executed an amendment signed by both parties. At the end of the fourth year defendant tendered his resignation in a letter signed by him as manager. Seld: The contract Avas extended and was in force and effect for the fourth consecutive year, and in an action to enforce the covenant not to engage in business in competition Avith plaintiff during the fifth year, defendant\u2019s contention that the covenant was not in writing and signed by him as required by statute, G. S., 75-4, is untenable,\n2. Contracts \u00a7 7a\u2014\nIn a contract of employment of a district manager for a specified territory, covenant that he should not engage in business in competition with the employer for a period of tAvelve months subsequent to the termination of the contract Avithin the territory or a radius of fifty miles thereof is reasonably limited as to time and territory and affords no more than fair protection to the covenantee without injury to the interest of the public, and therefore the covenant is valid and enforceable. Dissimilitude of contracts arising out of the conventional relationship of master and servant is pointed out.\n3. Same\u2014\nWhile the law frowns upon unreasonable restrictions, it favors the enforcement of contracts intended to protect legitimate interests.\nAppeal by defendant fr-om Hamilton, Special Judge, at January Extra Term, 1947, of Mecklenburg.\nCivil action to enjoin plaintiff\u2019s former District Manager from entering competitive employment in violation of bis agreement.\nTbe Sonotone Corporation has been selling hearing aids in the Caro-linas for approximately 20 years and has built up a large demand for its products in this territory. The defendant, Carl J. Baldwin, is an expert in the audiomatric measurement of hearing loss and the proper fitting of hearing aids to compensate for such loss. He obtained his training in this field while working for the plaintiff.\nIn 1939 the defendant entered the employ of the plaintiff in the territory of the Carolinas. On 1 January, 1943, he agreed in writing to become Manager or District Manager for the sale of plaintiff\u2019s products in 40 counties in North Carolina and 9 contiguous counties in South Carolina. The defendant was given exclusive retail sales rights of plaintiff\u2019s products for one year, with provision that the contract should be deemed automatically renewed from year to year for not more than two additional years, if the defendant sold his annual quota. The defendant agreed to devote himself exclusively to the business of selling plaintiff\u2019s products and supplies.\nIt was further stipulated that \u201cUpon the termination of this contract . . . the Manager agrees that he will not engage ... in the business of manufacturing and/or selling any products or devices ... in competition with the Manufacturer, or any agents or managers of the Manufacturer, either directly or indirectly as principal, or as agent or employee, in the Territory and within an area extending fifty (50) miles on every side thereof during a period of twelve (12) months from the date of termination.\u201d\nThe parties operated under this agreement for the first year and the two succeeding years. At the end of the third year on 31 December, 1945, the parties continued to operate in the same way without anything being said about a new contract. On 21 June, 1946, the following written stipulation was duly executed by the parties:\n\u201cJune 21, 1946\n\u201cIt is hereby mutually agreed that the territory outlined in clause number one of this contract be changed as of this date, to read as follows :\n\u201cEffective January 1, 1946, the minimum monthly sales quota outlined in clause number thirty-two, shall be $4,465.00 per mo.\n\u201cDeaN Bobbitt, President.\n\u201cE. W. Burns, Assistant Secretary.\n\u201cCael J. BaldwiN, District Manager Sonotone of Charlotte.\n\u201cMus. OaRl J. Baldwin,\nWitness for the District Manager.\u201d\nIn September, 1946, the defendant began negotiations with one of plaintiff\u2019s competitors, Telex Corporation, and agreed to become Division Manager for this corporation, effective January 1, 1947, in nine states, including North and South Carolina.\nThereafter, on December 11, 1946, by letter duly signed by the defendant as \u201cMgr.,\u201d he tendered to the plaintiff his resignation as District Manager of the Charlotte territory to take effect at the end of the year, December 31, 1946.\nOn learning of defendant\u2019s contract with the Telex Corporation, the plaintiff instituted this action to enforce the restrictive covenant in its contract with the defendant.\nA temporary restraining order was issued and this was continued to the hearing, limited, however, to the 49 counties mentioned in the contract.\nFrom this order, the defendant appeals, assigning errors.\nWhitlock, Dockery & Moore for plaintiff, appellee.\nHoward B. Arbuckle, Jr., for defendant, appellant." }, "file_name": "0387-01", "first_page_order": 435, "last_page_order": 439 }